The Nobel Scientists

by Kurian, George Thomas

• ISBN13: 9781573929271
• ISBN10: 1573929271
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-10-01
• Publisher: Prometheus Books

Summary

This outstanding reference work brings together profiles of the more than 450 scientists who have won the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, or medicine/physiology. Now available on the centenary of the Nobel Prize, this valuable resource illustrates, through the extraordinary contributions of the scientists profiled, the phenomenal growth of science and technology in the last 100 years. Presented chronologically for easy reference, each entry provides a basic biography followed by information on the scientific career and achievements of the particular scientist. Also noted and discussed are the value and significance of the contributions for which the Nobel Prize was awarded. Many photographs accompany the entries, and the work concludes with indexes organised by name, nationality, and scientific discovery. This one-of-a-kind reference book will be a valuable addition to both academic and school libraries, as well as an approachable source of fascinating information for the average person interested in science.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. 11
Chemistry
1901
Jacobus van't Hoff	p. 14
1902
Emil Fischer	p. 14
1903
Svante Arrhenius	p. 15
1904
William Ramsay	p. 16
1905
Adolf von Baeyer	p. 17
1906
Henri Moissan	p. 17
1907
Eduard Buchner	p. 18
1908
Ernest Rutherford	p. 19
1909
Wilhelm Ostwald	p. 20
1910
Otto Wallach	p. 20
1911
Marie Curie	p. 21
1912
Victor Grignard	p. 22
Paul Sabatier	p. 23
1913
Alfred Werner	p. 24
1914
Theodore W. Richards	p. 24
1915
Richard Willstatter	p. 25
1918
Fritz Haber	p. 26
1920
Walther Nernst	p. 27
1921
Frederick Soddy	p. 28
1922
Francis W. Aston	p. 28
1923
Fritz Pregl	p. 29
1925
Richard Zsigmondy	p. 30
1926
Theodor Svedberg	p. 31
1927
Heinrich Wieland	p. 32
1928
Adolf Windaus	p. 33
1929
Hans von Euler-Chelpin	p. 33
Arthur Harden	p. 34
1930
Hans Fischer	p. 35
1931
Friedrich Bergius	p. 36
Carl Bosch	p. 36
1932
Irving Langmuir	p. 37
1934
Harold C. Urey	p. 38
1935
Frederic Joliot	p. 39
Irene Joliot-Curie	p. 40
1936
Petrus Debye	p. 40
1937
Walter N. Haworth	p. 41
Paul Karrer	p. 42
1938
Richard Kuhn	p. 43
1939
Adolf Butenandt	p. 43
Leopold Ruzicka	p. 44
1943
Georg von Hevesy	p. 45
1944
Otto Hahn	p. 46
1945
Artturi Virtanen	p. 47
1946
John H. Northrop	p. 48
Wendell M. Stanley	p. 48
James B. Sumner	p. 49
1947
Robert Robinson	p. 50
1948
Arne Tiselius	p. 51
1949
William F. Giauque	p. 51
1950
Kurt Alder	p. 52
Otto Diels	p. 53
1951
Edwin M. McMillan	p. 54
Glenn T. Seaborg	p. 54
1952
A. J. P. Martin	p. 55
R. L. M. Synge	p. 56
1953
Hermann Staudinger	p. 57
1954
Linus C. Pauling	p. 58
1955
Vincent du Vigneaud	p. 59
1956
Cyril N. Hinshelwood	p. 60
Nicolay N. Semenov	p. 61
1957
Alexander Todd	p. 62
1958
Frederick Sanger	p. 63
1959
Jaroslav Heyrovsky	p. 63
1960
Willard F. Libby	p. 64
1961
Melvin Calvin	p. 65
1962
John C. Kendrew	p. 66
Max Perutz	p. 67
1963
Giulio Natta	p. 67
Karl Ziegler	p. 68
1964
Dorothy C. Hodgkin	p. 69
1965
R. B. Woodward	p. 70
1966
Robert S. Mulliken	p. 71
1967
Manfred Eigen	p. 72
Ronald Norrish	p. 73
George Porter	p. 73
1968
Lars Onsager	p. 74
1969
Derek Barton	p. 75
Odd Hassel	p. 76
1970
Luis F. Leloir	p. 77
1971
Gerhard Herzberg	p. 77
1972
Christian Ainfinsen	p. 78
Stanford Moore	p. 79
William H. Stein	p. 80
1973
Ernst Fischer	p. 81
Geoffrey Wilkinson	p. 81
1974
Paul J. Flory	p. 82
1975
John W. Cornforth	p. 83
Vladimir Prelog	p. 84
1976
William N. Lipscomb	p. 85
1977
Ilya Prigogine	p. 86
1978
Peter D. Mitchell	p. 87
1979
Herbert C. Brown	p. 88
Georg Wittig	p. 89
1980
Paul Berg	p. 90
Walter Gilbert	p. 90
Frederick Sanger	p. 91
1981
Kenichi Fukui	p. 91
Roald Hoffmann	p. 92
1982
Aaron Klug	p. 93
1983
Henry Taube	p. 94
1984
R. Bruce Merrifield	p. 95
1985
Herbert A. Hauptman	p. 96
Jerome Karle	p. 97
1986
Dudley R. Herschbach	p. 97
Yuan T. Lee	p. 98
John C. Polanyi	p. 99
1987
Donald J. Cram	p. 100
Jean-Marie Lehn	p. 101
Charles J. Pedersen	p. 101
1988
Johann Deisenhofer	p. 102
Robert Huber	p. 103
Hartmut Michel	p. 104
1989
Sidney Altman	p. 104
Thomas R. Cech	p. 105
1990
Elias James Corey	p. 106
1991
Richard R. Ernst	p. 107
1992
Rudolph A. Marcus	p. 107
1993
Kary B. Mullis	p. 108
Michael Smith	p. 109
1994
George A. Olah	p. 109
1995
Paul J. Crutzen	p. 110
Mario J. Molina	p. 111
F. Sherwood Rowland	p. 111
1996
Robert F. Curl Jr.	p. 112
Harold W. Kroto	p. 113
Richard E. Smalley	p. 113
1997
Paul D. Boyer	p. 114
Jens C. Skou	p. 115
John E. Walker	p. 115
1998
Walter Kohn	p. 116
John A. Pople	p. 117
1999
Ahmed H. Zewail	p. 117
2000
Alan J. Heeger	p. 118
Alan J. MacDiarmid	p. 119
Hideki Shirakawa	p. 120
Physics
1901
Wilhelm Rontgen	p. 122
1902
Hendrick Lorentz	p. 123
Pieter Zeeman	p. 123
1903
Antoine Henri Becquerel	p. 124
Marie Curie	p. 125
Pierre Curie	p. 125
1904
J. W. Strutt	p. 126
1905
Philipp von Lenard	p. 126
1906
J. J. Thomson	p. 127
1907
Albert A. Michelson	p. 128
1908
Gabriel Lippmann	p. 129
1909
Carl Braun	p. 130
Guglielmo Marconi	p. 131
1910
Johannes van der Waals	p. 131
1911
Wilhelm Wien	p. 132
1912
Gustaf Dalen	p. 133
1913
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	p. 134
1914
Max von Laue	p. 135
1915
W. H. Bragg	p. 136
W. L. Bragg	p. 137
1917
Charles G. Barkla	p. 138
1918
Max Planck	p. 138
1919
Johannes Stark	p. 139
1920
Charles Guillaume	p. 140
1921
Albert Einstein	p. 141
1922
Niels Bohr	p. 142
1923
Robert A. Millikan	p. 143
1924
Manne Siegbahn	p. 144
1925
James Franck	p. 145
Gustav Hertz	p. 146
1926
Jean Baptiste Perrin	p. 147
1927
Arthur H. Compton	p. 147
C. T. R. Wilson	p. 148
1928
Owen W. Richardson	p. 149
1929
Louis de Broglie	p. 150
1930
C. V. Raman	p. 151
1932
Werner Heisenberg	p. 152
1933
P. A. M. Dirac	p. 153
Erwin Schrodinger	p. 154
1935
James Chadwick	p. 155
1936
Carl D. Anderson	p. 156
Victor F. Hess	p. 156
1937
Clinton J. Davisson	p. 157
G. P. Thomson	p. 158
1938
Enrico Fermi	p. 158
1939
Ernest O. Lawrence	p. 159
1943
Otto Stern	p. 160
1944
I. I. Rabi	p. 161
1945
Wolfgang Pauli	p. 162
1946
P. W. Bridgman	p. 163
1947
Edward Appleton	p. 164
1948
P. M. S. Blackett	p. 165
1949
Hideki Yukawa	p. 166
1950
Cecil F. Powell	p. 167
1951
John Cockcroft	p. 167
Ernest Walton	p. 168
1952
Felix Bloch	p. 169
Edward M. Purcell	p. 170
1953
Frederik Zernike	p. 171
1954
Max Born	p. 172
Walther Bothe	p. 172
1955
Polykarp Kusch	p. 173
Willis E. Lamb Jr.	p. 174
1956
John Bardeen	p. 175
Walter H. Brattain	p. 176
William Shockley	p. 177
1957
Tsung-Dao Lee	p. 178
Chen Ning Yang	p. 179
1958
Pavel Cherenkov	p. 180
Il'ja Frank	p. 181
Igor Tamm	p. 182
1959
Owen Chamberlain	p. 183
Emilio Segre	p. 184
1960
Donald A. Glaser	p. 184
1961
Robert Hofstadter	p. 185
Rudolf L. Mossbauer	p. 186
1962
Lev Landau	p. 187
1963
Maria Goeppert-Mayer	p. 188
J. Hans D. Jensen	p. 189
Eugene P. Wigner	p. 190
1964
Nicolay Basov	p. 191
Aleksandr Prokhorov	p. 192
Charles H. Townes	p. 192
1965
Richard P. Feynman	p. 193
Julian S. Schwinger	p. 194
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga	p. 195
1966
Alfred Kastler	p. 196
1967
Hans A. Bethe	p. 197
1968
Luis W. Alvarez	p. 198
1969
Murray Gell-Mann	p. 199
1970
Hannes Alfven	p. 200
Louis Neel	p. 201
1971
Dennis Gabor	p. 201
1972
John Bardeen	p. 202
Leon N. Cooper	p. 202
John R. Schrieffer	p. 203
1973
Leo Esaki	p. 204
Ivar Giaever	p. 205
Brian D. Josephson	p. 206
1974
Antony Hewish	p. 206
Martin Ryle	p. 207
1975
Aage N. Bohr	p. 208
Ben R. Mottelson	p. 209
James Rainwater	p. 210
1976
Burton Richter	p. 211
Samuel C. C. Ting	p. 211
1977
Philip W. Anderson	p. 212
Nevill Mott	p. 213
John H. van Vleck	p. 214
1978
Pyotr Kapitsa	p. 214
Arno A. Penzias	p. 215
Robert W. Wilson	p. 216
1979
Sheldon L. Glashow	p. 217
Abdus Salam	p. 218
Steven Weinberg	p. 219
1980
James W. Cronin	p. 220
Val L. Fitch	p. 220
1981
Nicolaas Bloembergen	p. 221
Arthur L. Schawlow	p. 222
Kai M. Siegbahn	p. 223
1982
Kenneth G. Wilson	p. 224
1983
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar	p. 224
William A. Fowler	p. 225
1984
Simon van der Meer	p. 226
Carlo Rubbia	p. 227
1985
Klaus von Klitzing	p. 228
1986
Gerd Binnig	p. 228
Heinrich Rohrer	p. 229
Ernst Ruska	p. 230
1987
J. Georg Bednorz	p. 230
K. Alexander Muller	p. 231
1988
Leon M. Lederman	p. 232
Melvin Schwartz	p. 232
Jack Steinberger	p. 233
1989
Hans G. Dehmelt	p. 234
Wolfgang Paul	p. 235
Norman F. Ramsey Jr.	p. 235
1990
Jerome I. Friedman	p. 236
Henry W. Kendall	p. 237
Richard E. Taylor	p. 238
1991
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	p. 238
1992
Georges Charpak	p. 239
1993
Russell A. Hulse	p. 240
Joseph H. Taylor Jr.	p. 240
1994
Bertram N. Brockhouse	p. 241
Clifford G. Shull	p. 241
1995
Martin L. Perl	p. 242
Frederick Reines	p. 243
1996
David M. Lee	p. 243
Douglas D. Osheroff	p. 244
Robert C. Richardson	p. 245
1997
Steven Chu	p. 245
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	p. 246
William D. Phillips	p. 247
1998
Robert B. Laughlin	p. 247
Horst L. Stormer	p. 248
Daniel C. Tsui	p. 249
1999
Gerardus 't Hooft	p. 249
Martinus J. G. Veltman	p. 250
2000
Zhores I. Alferov	p. 251
Jack S. Kilby	p. 251
Herbert Kroemer	p. 252
Physiology or Medicine
1901
Emil von Behring	p. 256
1902
Ronald Ross	p. 256
1903
Niels Finsen	p. 257
1904
Ivan Pavlov	p. 258
1905
Robert Koch	p. 258
1906
Camillo Golgi	p. 259
Santiago Ramon y Cajal	p. 260
1907
Charles Laveran	p. 261
1908
Paul Ehrlich	p. 261
Ilya Mechnikov	p. 262
1909
Emil Kocher	p. 263
1910
Albrecht Kossel	p. 264
1911
Allvar Gullstrand	p. 264
1912
Alexis Carrel	p. 265
1913
Charles Richet	p. 266
1914
Robert Barany	p. 266
1919
Jules Bordet	p. 267
1920
August Krogh	p. 268
1922
Archibald V. Hill	p. 269
Otto Meyerhof	p. 269
1923
Frederick G. Banting	p. 270
John J. R. MacLeod	p. 271
1924
Willem Einthoven	p. 272
1926
Johannes Fibiger	p. 272
1927
Julius Wagner-Jauregg	p. 273
1928
Charles Nicolle	p. 274
1929
Christiaan Eijkman	p. 274
Frederick Gowland Hopkins	p. 275
1930
Karl Landsteiner	p. 275
1931
Otto Warburg	p. 276
1932
Edgar D. Adrian	p. 277
Charles S. Sherrington	p. 278
1933
Thomas Hunt Morgan	p. 279
1934
George R. Minot	p. 280
William P. Murphy	p. 281
George H. Whipple	p. 281
1935
Hans Spemann	p. 282
1936
Henry H. Dale	p. 283
Otto Loewi	p. 284
1937
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi	p. 285
1938
Corneille Heymans	p. 286
1939
Gerhard Domagk	p. 287
1943
Henrik Dam	p. 287
Edward A. Doisy	p. 288
1944
Joseph Erlanger	p. 289
Herbert S. Gasser	p. 289
1945
Ernst B. Chain	p. 290
Alexander Fleming	p. 291
Howard W. Florey	p. 292
1946
Hermann J. Muller	p. 293
1947
Carl F. Cori	p. 294
Gerty T. Cori	p. 295
Bernardo Houssay	p. 296
1948
Paul Muller	p. 297
1949
Walter R. Hess	p. 297
Egas Moniz	p. 298
1950
Philip S. Hench	p. 298
Edward C. Kendall	p. 299
Tadeus Reichstein	p. 301
1951
Max Theiler	p. 301
1952
Selman A. Waksman	p. 302
1953
Hans Krebs	p. 303
Fritz Lipmann	p. 304
1954
John F. Enders	p. 304
Frederick C. Robbins	p. 305
Thomas H. Weller	p. 306
1955
Hugo Theorell	p. 307
1956
Andre Cournand	p. 307
Werner Forssmann	p. 308
Dickinson W. Richards	p. 309
1957
Daniel Bovet	p. 310
1958
George W. Beadle	p. 310
Joshua Lederberg	p. 311
Edward L. Tatum	p. 312
1959
Arthur Kornberg	p. 313
Severo Ochoa	p. 314
1960
Frank Macfarlane Burnet	p. 315
P. B. Medawar	p. 315
1961
Georg von Bekesy	p. 316
1962
Francis Crick	p. 317
James D. Watson	p. 318
Maurice H. F. Wilkins	p. 319
1963
John C. Eccles	p. 320
Alan Hodgkin	p. 321
Andrew Huxley	p. 322
1964
Konrad Bloch	p. 322
Feodor Lynen	p. 323
1965
Francois Jacob	p. 324
Andre Lwoff	p. 325
Jacques Monod	p. 326
1966
Charles B. Huggins	p. 327
Peyton Rous	p. 328
1967
Ragnar Granit	p. 329
Haldan Keffer Hartline	p. 330
George Wald	p. 331
1968
Robert W. Holley	p. 332
Har Gobind Khorana	p. 332
Marshall W. Nirenberg	p. 333
1969
Max Delbruck	p. 334
Alfred Hershey	p. 335
Salvador Luria	p. 335
1970
Julius Axelrod	p. 336
Ulf von Euler	p. 337
Bernard Katz	p. 338
1971
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.	p. 339
1972
Gerald M. Edelman	p. 340
Rodney R. Porter	p. 341
1973
Karl von Frisch	p. 341
Konrad Lorenz	p. 342
Nikolaas Tinbergen	p. 343
1974
Albert Claude	p. 344
Christian de Duve	p. 344
George E. Palade	p. 345
1975
David Baltimore	p. 346
Renato Dulbecco	p. 347
Howard M. Temin	p. 348
1976
Baruch S. Blumberg	p. 349
D. Carleton Gajdusek	p. 349
1977
Roger Guillemin	p. 350
Andrew V. Schally	p. 351
Rosalyn S. Yalow	p. 352
1978
Werner Arber	p. 354
Daniel Nathans	p. 354
Hamilton O. Smith	p. 355
1979
Allan Cormack	p. 356
Godfrey Hounsfield	p. 357
1980
Baruj Benacerraf	p. 357
Jean Dausset	p. 358
George D. Snell	p. 359
1981
David H. Hubel	p. 360
Roger W. Sperry	p. 361
Torsten Wiesel	p. 362
1982
Sune Bergstrom	p. 363
Bengt Samuelsson	p. 364
John R. Vane	p. 365
1983
Barbara McClintock	p. 366
1984
Niels K. Jerne	p. 366
Georges J. F. Kohler	p. 367
Cesar Milstein	p. 368
1985
Michael S. Brown	p. 369
Joseph L. Goldstein	p. 370
1986
Stanley Cohen	p. 371
Rita Levi-Montalcini	p. 372
1987
Susumu Tonegawa	p. 373
1988
James Black	p. 374
Gertrude B. Elion	p. 374
George H. Hitchings Jr.	p. 375
1989
J. Michael Bishop	p. 376
Harold E. Varmus	p. 377
1990
Joseph E. Murray	p. 377
E. Donnall Thomas	p. 378
1991
Erwin Neher	p. 379
Bert Sakmann	p. 379
1992
Edmond H. Fischer	p. 380
Edwin G. Krebs	p. 381
1993
Richard J. Roberts	p. 382
Phillip A. Sharp	p. 382
1994
Alfred G. Gilman	p. 383
Martin Rodbell	p. 384
1995
Edward B. Lewis	p. 384
Christiane Nusslein-Volhard	p. 385
Eric F. Wieschaus	p. 386
1996
Peter C. Doherty	p. 386
Rolf M. Zinkernagel	p. 387
1997
Stanley B. Prusiner	p. 388
1998
Robert F. Furchgott	p. 389
Louis J. Ignarro	p. 390
Ferid Murad	p. 391
1999
Gunter Blobel	p. 391
2000
Arvid Carlsson	p. 392
Paul Greengard	p. 393
Eric R. Kandel	p. 394
Index by Name	p. 397
Index by Nation	p. 403
Index by Scientific Work	p. 413
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