Nonparametric Statistics in Health Care Research : Statistics for Small Samples and Unusual Distributions

by Marjorie A. Pett

• ISBN13: 9780803970397
• ISBN10: 0803970390
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-03-28
• Publisher: SAGE Publications, Inc

Summary

What does one do when the data set from the study one has just completed violates the sample size or other requirements needed to apply parametric statistics? This book was developed for just such a scenario, that is: research undertaken with limited funds, using a small sample of convenience, in a health care setting with the primary objective of improving client care and obtaining better client outcomes.The book will help the reader select and interpret the most appropriate statistical tests to enable the effective assessment of a particular intervention. Beginning with a general overview of nonparametric statistics, Majorie A Pett reviews statistical hypothesis testing and the characteristics of data. She then explores 'goodness of fit' tests, tests for two related samples, repeated measures for multiple time periods or matched conditions, tests for two independent samples, tests to assess differences among independent groups and tests for association between variables.

Table of Contents

Preface	7	(1)
Organization of the Text	8	(1)
Those Who May Find the Text Useful	9	(2)
Acknowledgments	11	(2)
Overview of Nonparametric Statistics	13	(7)
Common Characteristics of Parametric Tests	13	(2)
Development of Nonparametric Tests	15	(1)
Characteristics of Nonparametric Statistics	16	(1)
Use of Nonparametric Tests in Health Care Research	17	(1)
Some Common Misperceptions About Nonparametric Tests	18	(1)
Types of Nonparametric Tests	19	(1)
The Process of Statistical Hypothesis Testing	20	(10)
Choosing Between a Parametric and a Nonparametric Test	25	(5)
Evaluating the Characteristics of Data	30	(29)
Characteristics of Levels of Measurement	30	(5)
Assessing the Normality of a Distribution	35	(14)
Dealing With Outliers	49	(3)
Data Transformation Considerations	52	(2)
Examining Homogeneity of Variance	54	(1)
Evaluating Sample Sizes	54	(3)
Reporting Testing Assumptions and Violations in a Research Report	57	(1)
Summary	57	(2)
``Goodness-of-Fit'' Tests	59	(36)
The Binomial Test	59	(10)
The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test	69	(10)
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-Sample Test	79	(8)
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two-Sample Test	87	(6)
Discussion	93	(2)
Tests for Two Related Samples: Pretest-Posttest Measures for a Single Sample	95	(27)
The McNemar Test	96	(9)
The Sign Test	105	(7)
The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test	112	(9)
Discussion	121	(1)
Repeated Measures for More Than Two Time Periods or Matched Conditions	122	(24)
Cochran's Q Test	123	(8)
The Friedman Test	131	(14)
Summary	145	(1)
Tests for Two Independent Samples	146	(35)
The Fisher Exact Test	147	(10)
The Chi-Square Test for Two Independent Samples	157	(12)
The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test	169	(10)
Summary	179	(2)
Assessing Differences Among Several Independent Groups	181	(44)
The Chi-Square Test for k Independent Samples	182	(16)
The Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square Test for Trends	198	(6)
The Median Test	204	(8)
The Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA by Ranks	212	(11)
Summary	223	(2)
Tests of Association Between Variables	225	(51)
The Phi Coefficient	225	(7)
Cramer's V Coefficient	232	(5)
The Kappa Coefficient	237	(11)
The Point Biserial Correlation	248	(7)
The Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient	255	(10)
Kendall's Tau Coefficient	265	(9)
Summary	274	(2)
Nonparametric Statistics: The Current State of the Art	276	(5)
Currently Available Nonparametric Statistical Procedures	276	(2)
The Limitations of Available Nonparametric Statistics	278	(2)
Finally---The $64,000 Question	280	(1)
Appendix: QBASIC Routine for Subpartitioning an rxk Contingency Table	281	(2)
References	283	(10)
Index	293	(14)
About the Author	307