Nutrients for Sugar Beet Production : Soil-Plant Relationships

by A. Philip Draycott; Donald R. Christenson

• ISBN13: 9780851996233
• ISBN10: 085199623X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-10-09
• Publisher: Cab Intl

Summary

After a summary of world sugar production from beet the authors cover the plant's need of each macro and micronutrient and effects on growth, yield and crop quality. The soil's supply of nutrients is examined as the basis for use of mineral fertilizers, organic manures and foliar applications. The book provides an up-to-date review of relevant research and the authors draw out practical guidelines so that all concerned with growing the crop can make use of this latest information. The book is destined to become the standard reference on the subject for many years to come. It represents the only significant work in English since Dr Draycott's earlier title on the same subject, published 30 years ago.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xi
Preface	xiii
Acknowledgements	xv
1 Introduction	1	(6)
Elements in Sugar Beet	1	(1)
Origins of Crop	1	(1)
Production	2	(1)
Where Grown	2	(1)
World Production of Sugar from Beet and Cane	3	(1)
Application of Nutrients in Various Countries	4	(1)
Improvements in Sugar Beet Performance due to Nutrition and Other Factors	5	(1)
Determining Optimum Amounts of Fertilizer Nutrients	6	(1)
Summary	6	(1)
2 Nitrogen	7	(27)
Nitrogen in the Atmosphere and Soil	7	(1)
Nitrogen Cycle	8	(1)
Nitrogen in the Plant	9	(5)
Partitioning and Redistribution of Nitrogen	14	(3)
Determining Nitrogen-fertilizer Need	17	(3)
Soil Analysis to Predict Nitrogen Requirement	20	(5)
Nitrogen Recommendations	25	(2)
Nitrogen Fertilizers	27	(1)
Nitrification Inhibitors	27	(1)
Urease Inhibitors	28	(1)
Nitrogen-fertilization Practices	28	(2)
Effect of Organic Residues on Need for Nitrogen Fertilizer	30	(1)
Agronomic and Nutrient Interactions	30	(1)
Environmental Considerations and Nitrogen Fertilization	31	(1)
Summary	32	(2)
3 Phosphorus and Sulphur	34	(17)
Phosphorus	35	(11)
Phosphorus in Soil	35	(1)
Physiological Role and Uptake	36	(2)
Sources of Phosphorus Fertilizer	38	(1)
Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer on Yield and Soil Phosphorus	39	(4)
Effect of Phosphorus on Plant Establishment	43	(1)
Interactions with Other Nutrients	43	(1)
Phosphorus Supplied by Organic Manures	44	(1)
Future Fertilizer Practice for Phosphorus Based on Soil Analysis	44	(1)
Phosphorus Fertilizer and the Environment	45	(1)
Sulphur	46	(5)
Physiological Role	46	(1)
Amount of Sulphur in the Crop	46	(1)
Sulphur in Soil	47	(1)
Effects of a Shortage of Sulphur	48	(2)
Future Need for Sulphur Applications on Sugar Beet Worldwide	50	(1)
Summary of Phosphorus and Sulphur	50	(1)
4 Potassium and Sodium	51	(16)
Potassium	51	(9)
Potassium in Soil	51	(4)
Potassium in Sugar Beet	55	(2)
Physiological Role	57	(1)
Sources of Potassium and Sodium Fertilizers	58	(1)
Time of Application	58	(1)
Recommendations in the UK and the USA	59	(1)
Environmental Considerations	59	(1)
Sodium	60	(7)
Sodium in Soil	60	(1)
Problems of Excess	61	(1)
Sodium in Sugar Beet	62	(3)
Summary of Potassium and Sodium	65	(2)
5 Calcium and Magnesium	67	(13)
Calcium	67	(4)
Calcium in Soil	67	(1)
Causes of Deficiency	68	(1)
Role of Calcium in Sugar Beet Plants	68	(1)
Amount in the Sugar Beet Crop	69	(1)
Dynamics of Calcium in Sugar Beet	69	(2)
Magnesium	71	(3)
Magnesium in Soil	71	(1)
Role in the Plant	71	(1)
Amount in Sugar Beet	71	(1)
Predicting Response to Magnesium by Soil Analysis	72	(1)
Forms of Magnesium Fertilizer	73	(1)
Interactions with Other Nutrients	74	(1)
Soil Acidity and Liming	74	(6)
General Effects of Acidity on Plants	74	(1)
Effects of Soil pH on Sugar Beet	74	(1)
Optimum pH	75	(1)
Response to Lime	75	(2)
Liming Materials	77	(1)
Methods of Determining Lime Requirement	77	(1)
Liming in Practice	78	(1)
Summary of Calcium and Magnesium	79	(1)
6 Micronutrients or Trace Elements	80	(18)
Boron	80	(7)
Amount in Soil	80	(3)
Deficiency and Toxicity	83	(1)
Amount in Sugar Beet	83	(1)
Prediction of Boron Requirement by Soil Analysis	84	(1)
Supplying Boron to Sugar Beet	85	(1)
Amount of Boron Removed from Soil by Sugar Beet and Residual Effects of Boron Applications	86	(1)
Forms of Boron for Soil and Foliar Applications	86	(1)
Response by Sugar Beet to Boron	87	(1)
Manganese	87	(3)
Forms in Soil	87	(2)
Incidence of Deficiency	89	(1)
Concentration in Tissue and Movement within Plants	89	(1)
Methods of Soil Analysis and Response to Manganese	90	(1)
Copper	90	(2)
In Soil	90	(1)
Concentration in Sugar Beet Plants	91	(1)
Effects of Copper on Sugar Beet Yield	91	(1)
Commercial Use of Copper	92	(1)
Zinc	92	(2)
In Soils	92	(1)
In Sugar Beet	93	(1)
Forms of Zinc Used to Treat Crops	93	(1)
Field Experiments with Zinc	93	(1)
Iron	94	(4)
In Soil	94	(1)
Response to Iron	94	(1)
Chlorine	95	(1)
Molybdenum	96	(1)
Summary of Micronutrients	96	(2)
7 Nutrient Deficiencies	98	(9)
Plant Tissue Sample Preparation	99	(1)
Nutrient Deficiencies	100	(1)
Nitrogen	100	(1)
Phosphorus	100	(1)
Potassium	101	(1)
Magnesium	101	(1)
Calcium	102	(1)
Sulphur	102	(1)
Boron	102	(1)
Manganese	103	(1)
Iron	104	(1)
Zinc	105	(1)
Copper	105	(1)
Chlorine	106	(1)
Molybdenum	106	(1)
8 Organic Manures, Green Manuring and Organic Production	107	(16)
Animal Manures	108	(6)
Sewage Sludge or Biosolids	114	(3)
Composted Materials	117	(1)
Straw	117	(1)
Other Wastes	118	(1)
Green Manuring	118	(2)
Organic Sugar Beet Production	120	(2)
Summary	122	(1)
9 Nutrient Reserves and Crop Rotations	123	(16)
Sugar Beet in the Crop Rotation	123	(1)
Effects of Nutrient Reserves and Crop Residues on Sugar Beet	124	(1)
Response to Various Cropping Systems and Fertilizer by Sugar Beet in Long-term Experiments	125	(8)
Fertilizer Value of Sugar Beet Tops	133	(1)
Value of Cover (or Catch) Crops before Sugar Beet	134	(1)
Effects of Set-aside and Cover Crops	135	(1)
Rotational Application of Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium Fertilizers	136	(1)
Fate of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Applied in Fertilizer for Sugar Beet	136	(1)
Detecting Nutrient Reserves using Global Positioning Systems	137	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
10 Soil Physical Conditions	139	(14)
Optimum Conditions	139	(3)
Nutrition of Sugar Beet on Compacted Soils	142	(2)
Previous Cropping	144	(2)
Soil Compaction	146	(1)
Controlled Traffic	147	(1)
Tillage	148	(3)
Freezing and Thawing	151	(1)
Soil Conditioners	151	(1)
Summary	152	(1)
11 Time, Form and Method of Fertilizer Application	153	(15)
Time of Application	153	(4)
Nitrogen	153	(2)
Phosphorus, Potassium and Other Major Nutrients	155	(1)
Micronutrients	156	(1)
Forms of Fertilizer	157	(6)
Nitrogen	157	(3)
Phosphorus	160	(1)
Potassium	161	(1)
Magnesium	161	(1)
Manganese	161	(2)
Iron	163	(1)
Method of Application	163	(5)
Placement Compared with Broadcasting	163	(1)
Contact with Seed	163	(1)
Band Placement	164	(2)
Fluid Fertilizers	166	(1)
Foliar Applications of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium	166	(1)
Summary	167	(1)
12 Interactions between Nutrients, Water Supply, Pests and Diseases and Agronomic Practices	168	(12)
Soil /Water Relationships in Sugar Beet	168	(3)
Interactions between Water Supply and Nutrition	171	(2)
Irrigation Technology	173	(1)
Diseases and Other Pests	174	(3)
Plant Population	177	(1)
Summary	178	(2)
13 Sugar Beet Quality	180	(11)
Determination of Sugar Percentage	181	(1)
Determination of Juice Purity	181	(1)
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer	181	(4)
Phosphorus	185	(1)
Potassium and Sodium	186	(2)
Magnesium	188	(1)
Effects of Fertilizers on Keeping Quality of Sugar Beet	188	(1)
Value of Improvements in Quality	189	(1)
Summary	189	(2)
14 Nutrient Requirements of Fodder Beet and of the Beet Seed Crop	191	(8)
Fodder Beet	191	(3)
Soil Requirements	192	(1)
Nutrient Uptake and Offtake	192	(1)
Nutrient Application	192	(1)
Nutrient Requirements of the Seed Crop	193	(1)
Nitrogen	194	(5)
Phosphorus, Potassium and Sodium	195	(1)
Nutrient Concentrations in Seed	195	(1)
Seed Crop in North America	195	(1)
Commercial Use of Fertilizer on the Seed Crop	196	(3)
References	199	(34)
Glossary	233	(2)
Appendix A	235	(2)
Appendix B	237	(2)
Index	239