Occupational Safety Management and Engineering

by Hammer, Willie; Price, Dennis

• ISBN13: 9780138965150
• ISBN10: 0138965153
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-06-14
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This revised text provides readers with the most current information available on a wide range of topics. Topics covered include workers' compensation, fault tree analysis, hearing protection, environmental protection, fire protection, workers with disabilities, ergonomics, OSHA violation policy, and much more. For anyone interested in industrial safety.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Accident Losses	1	(14)
Costs of Well-Being	1	(1)
The Industrial Revolution and Accidents	2	(1)
Increasing Hazards	3	(1)
Physical Effects of Accidents	4	(2)
Numbers of Accidents vs. Costs	6	(3)
Lessening Safety Costs	9	(1)
Accident Losses for Personnel vs. Equipment and Facilities	9	(2)
Increasing Magnitude of Accident Losses	11	(1)
Awards for Injuries	12	(1)
Bibliography	13	(1)
Exercises	13	(2)
Liabilities and Safety Legislation	15	(14)
Statute Law	15	(1)
Common Law	16	(1)
Misadventure (Accident)	17	(1)
Strict Liability	17	(2)
Industrial Revolution	19	(1)
Negligence	19	(3)
American Laws	22	(1)
Steam Engines, Boats, and Locomotives	22	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment and Safety	23	(1)
Liability Laws	23	(1)
Workers' Compensation Laws	24	(1)
Later Actions	25	(1)
Resurgence of Strict Liability	25	(2)
Limited Liability	27	(1)
Excused Negligence	27	(1)
Bibliography	27	(1)
Exercises	28	(1)
Workers' Compensation	29	(23)
Obligations to Employees	29	(1)
Workers' Compensation Laws	30	(2)
Problems of Nonuniformity	32	(2)
Coverages	34	(1)
Workers' Compensation Insurance	34	(1)
Costs of Workers' Compensation Insurance	34	(3)
Insurance Rating Systems	37	(1)
Keeping Workers' Compensation Costs Down	37	(2)
Workers' Compensation Reform	39	(1)
Requirements for Benefits	40	(1)
Disagreements	40	(1)
Injury Resulting from an Accident	41	(1)
Injury Arising out of Employment	41	(2)
Types of Disabilities	43	(1)
Monetary Disability Benefits	44	(1)
Death Benefits	44	(1)
Extent of Medical Benefits	44	(1)
Injury and Claim Notices	45	(1)
Hearings	45	(1)
Action against a Third Party	46	(3)
Inadequacy of Workers' Compensation	49	(1)
Bibliography	50	(1)
Exercises	50	(2)
Oshact and its Administration	52	(21)
New Concepts of Accident Avoidance	53	(2)
Enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct)	55	(1)
Other Organizations	55	(1)
State Industrial Safety Programs	56	(2)
Responsibilities of Employers and Employees	58	(1)
Inspections	58	(1)
Violations and Penalties	59	(3)
Standards	62	(1)
Record Keeping	62	(1)
Impact of OSHA	62	(2)
OSHA and Hazard Minimization	64	(1)
Antagonism toward OSHA	64	(3)
The New Millennium	67	(1)
The New OSHA	68	(4)
Exercises	72	(1)
Standards, Codes, and Other Safety Documents	73	(14)
Uses for Standards and Codes	74	(2)
Mandatory vs. Voluntary Standards	76	(3)
Objections to Consensus Standards	79	(1)
Test Standards	80	(1)
Differences in Standards	81	(2)
Changing Standards	83	(1)
Inadequacies of Standards	83	(1)
Standards and Analyses	84	(1)
Proliferation of Standards	84	(1)
Status of OSHA Standards	84	(1)
Bibliography	85	(1)
Exercises	86	(1)
Engineers and Safety	87	(11)
Accomplishments of Engineers	87	(1)
Engineering and Accidents	88	(1)
Steam Equipment and Accidents	88	(1)
Technical Societies and Safety	89	(1)
Inadequacy of Engineering Schools	89	(1)
Engineers as Causers of Accidents	90	(1)
Registration of Engineers	91	(4)
Possible Improvements in Registration	95	(2)
Bibliography	97	(1)
Exercises	97	(1)
Management and its Responsibilities	98	(22)
Safety Policies	98	(2)
OSHAct and Management	100	(1)
Actions against Managers	100	(2)
Management Attitudes toward Safety	102	(4)
Middle Managers	106	(1)
Foremen/Forewomen and Safety	106	(1)
Procedural Safeguards	107	(1)
Management and Supervision	108	(2)
Safety Efforts of Other Managers	110	(2)
Hazardous Operations	112	(1)
Personnel	113	(1)
Personal Protective Equipment	114	(1)
Checklist for Managers	115	(1)
Safety Information System	115	(3)
Bibliography	118	(1)
Exercises	119	(1)
The Changing Roles of Safety Personnel	120	(7)
Safety Laws and Safety Engineers	121	(1)
Safety Personnel	122	(1)
``Safety Man''	123	(1)
Safety Engineer	123	(2)
Production and Processing Losses	125	(1)
Growing Areas within Safety	125	(1)
Bibliography	126	(1)
Exercises	126	(1)
Personnel	127	(32)
Disabled Personnel in the Workplace	128	(2)
Older Personnel in the Workforce	130	(1)
Human Error	130	(1)
Designing and Planning Errors	131	(1)
Production Errors	132	(3)
Operations Errors	135	(1)
Two-Person Concept	136	(1)
Human vs. Machine	136	(1)
The Biochemical Machine	137	(1)
Motivation	138	(1)
Violence in the Workplace	139	(2)
Judgment	141	(1)
Accident-Prone Persons	142	(2)
Quantitative Error Prediction	144	(1)
Human Factors Engineering	145	(1)
Procedural Means of Accident Prevention	146	(1)
Critical Operations	146	(3)
Responsibilities of the Individual Worker	149	(2)
Procedure Analysis	151	(4)
Outputs of Procedure Analysis	155	(1)
Contingency Analysis	155	(2)
Bibliography	157	(1)
Exercises	157	(2)
Promoting Safe Practices	159	(12)
The Behavior-Based Safety Approach	160	(2)
The Regulatory Approach: Safety Rules	162	(1)
Employee Participation	162	(1)
Critical Incident Technique	163	(1)
Other Methods	164	(1)
Suggestion Programs	164	(1)
Union Participation	165	(1)
Safety Training	165	(2)
In-depth Training	167	(1)
Maintaining Awareness	168	(1)
General Comments on Safety Committees	168	(1)
Safety Committee Duties	169	(1)
Bibliography	170	(1)
Exercises	170	(1)
Appraising Plant Safety	171	(18)
New Plants and Equipment Designs	172	(1)
Existing Plants and Equipment	172	(1)
Indicating Plant Hazards	173	(1)
Safety Inspections	174	(1)
Checklists	175	(1)
Quantitative Appraisals	176	(1)
Problems with Validity of Statistics	176	(2)
Problems with Quantitative Rates	178	(1)
Validity of Statistical Comparisons	179	(1)
Risk Assessments	180	(4)
Acceptance of Risk	184	(2)
Risk Communication	186	(1)
Bibliography	187	(1)
Exercises	187	(2)
Hazards and their Control	189	(26)
Determining Existence of Hazards	190	(2)
Eliminating and Controlling Hazards	192	(2)
Isolation, Lockouts, Lockins, and Interlocks	194	(6)
Failure Minimization	200	(1)
Safety Factors and Margins	200	(3)
Monitoring	203	(3)
Warning Means and Devices	206	(1)
Safe Procedures	207	(1)
Backout and Recovery	207	(4)
Damage Minimization and Containment	211	(1)
Physical Isolation	211	(1)
Weak Links	212	(1)
Escape, Survival, and Rescue	213	(1)
Bibliography	214	(1)
Exercises	214	(1)
Planning for Emergencies	215	(14)
Medical Responses in Emergencies	215	(13)
Bibliography	228	(1)
Exercises	228	(1)
Accident Investigations	229	(11)
Investigating Board Chairman's Responsibilities	232	(1)
Contributing Personnel	232	(2)
Conducting the Investigation	234	(1)
Accident Reports	235	(2)
Corrective Actions	237	(1)
Insurance Claims	237	(2)
Other Aspects of Accident Investigations	239	(1)
Exercises	239	(1)
Safety Analysis	240	(19)
General	240	(1)
Preliminary Hazards Analysis	241	(4)
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis	245	(1)
Fault-Tree Analysis (FTA)	245	(1)
Fault Tree Symbols	246	(8)
Safety Analysis Methods Mandated for Process Safety Management	254	(3)
Bibliography	257	(1)
Exercises	258	(1)
Acceleration, Falls, Falling Objects, and Other Impacts	259	(12)
Falls	259	(3)
Preventive Measures Against Falls	262	(3)
Impacting Objects	265	(2)
Other Acceleration Effects	267	(3)
Bibliography	270	(1)
Exercises	270	(1)
Mechanical Injuries	271	(8)
Cutting and Tearing	271	(1)
Shearing	272	(1)
Crushing	272	(1)
Breaking	273	(1)
Machine Guards and Safety Devices	273	(1)
Guards	274	(2)
Precautionary Measures	276	(1)
Exercises	277	(2)
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders	279	(12)
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs): Work Related or Not Work Related?	280	(1)
The Effects of WMSDs	281	(1)
Worker-related Factors Associated with MSDs	282	(1)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	283	(1)
Nonoccupational Factors of CTS	283	(1)
Low Back Pain	284	(2)
Back Belts	286	(1)
Ergonomics: A Program to Control WMSDs	287	(3)
Bibliography	290	(1)
Exercises	290	(1)
Heat and Temperature	291	(21)
Effects on Personnel	291	(5)
Classification of Burn Severities	296	(1)
Burns to the Eye	297	(1)
Other Temperature Effects on Personnel	297	(1)
High Temperatures	298	(7)
Additional Effects	305	(6)
Bibliography	311	(1)
Exercises	311	(1)
Pressure Hazards	312	(29)
Unfired Pressure Vessels	314	(3)
Discharges from Safety Valves	317	(1)
Dynamic Pressure Hazards	317	(2)
Water Hammer	319	(1)
Negative Pressure (Vacuums)	320	(1)
Testing of Pressure Systems	320	(1)
Leaks	321	(2)
Effects of Leakage	323	(1)
Leak Detection	324	(1)
Dysbarism and Decompression Sickness	324	(4)
Compressed-Gas Cylinders	328	(8)
Bibliography	336	(4)
Exercises	340	(1)
Electrical Hazards	341	(34)
Shock	341	(1)
Other Factors	342	(2)
Causes of Shock	344	(2)
Electrical Insulation Failures	346	(1)
Equipment Failures	347	(2)
Other Shock Protection	349	(5)
Static Electricity	354	(5)
Lightning	359	(2)
Ignition of Combustible Materials	361	(1)
Containment of Discharges	361	(1)
Inherently Safe Devices	361	(4)
Heating and Overheating	365	(1)
Circuit and Equipment Protection	366	(1)
Unit Protection	367	(1)
Why an Open Circuit?	368	(6)
Exercises	374	(1)
Fires and Fire Suppression	375	(50)
Fuels	375	(3)
Oxidizers	378	(1)
Gases	379	(1)
Flammable and Combustible Liquids	379	(7)
Flammable Solids	386	(1)
Ignition	387	(7)
Ignition Sources	394	(1)
Ignition Delay	394	(2)
Effects of Fire on Personnel	396	(3)
Fire Detection Systems	399	(1)
Fire Classifications	400	(1)
Fire Suppression	401	(7)
Extinguishing Systems	408	(11)
Bibliography	419	(1)
Exercises	419	(6)
Explosions and Explosives	425	(15)
Industrial Usage and Problems	425	(4)
Materials That Will Explode	429	(2)
Explosive Effects	431	(3)
Preventing Explosion Damage	434	(5)
Bibliography	439	(1)
Exercises	439	(1)
Hazards of Toxic Materials	440	(37)
Toxic Materials	440	(1)
Routes to Injury Sites	441	(1)
Hypoxia	441	(4)
Hypoxic Hypoxia	445	(3)
Mechanisms of Toxic Agents	448	(10)
Measurement of Toxicity	458	(3)
Detection of Toxic Agents	461	(1)
Respiratory Protective Equipment	461	(14)
Bibliography	475	(1)
Exercises	476	(1)
Environments	477	(20)
OSHA and EPA	477	(3)
Types of Environments	480	(1)
Natural and Induced Environments	480	(4)
Controlled Environments	484	(1)
Closed or free Environments	484	(2)
Hazards of the Environment	486	(1)
Detecting Adverse Environments	486	(3)
Protection against the Environment	489	(3)
Industrial Ecology	492	(3)
Bibliography	495	(1)
Exercises	496	(1)
Confined-Space Entry	497	(9)
What Is a Confined Space?	498	(2)
Atmospheric Hazards	500	(1)
Physical Hazards	501	(1)
Chemical, Biological, Radiation	501	(1)
Management Responsibilities for Confined Spaces	501	(3)
Bibliography	504	(1)
Exercises	505	(1)
Radiation	506	(26)
Ionizing Radiation	508	(4)
Factors Affecting Exposure and Risk	512	(1)
Sources of Ionizing Radiation	512	(3)
Beneficial Uses of Ionizing Radiation	515	(1)
Fears of Nuclear Radiation	515	(4)
Ionizing/Nonionizing Interface	519	(1)
Nonionizing Radiations	519	(8)
Radio Frequency Radiation of Wireless Communication Devices	527	(4)
Bibliography	531	(1)
Exercises	531	(1)
Vibration and Noise	532	(25)
Effects of Vibration, Sound, and Noise	533	(8)
Mechanism of Hearing Injuries	541	(1)
Elements of a Hearing Conservation Program (HCP)	542	(5)
Annoyance	547	(1)
Distraction	547	(1)
Interference and Masking	548	(1)
Other Vibration Effects	548	(6)
Bibliography	554	(1)
Exercises	554	(3)
Computers and Safety	557	(20)
Safety Uses of Computers	558	(1)
Safety Problems to Workers	559	(1)
Accidents with Computerized Equipment	559	(1)
Computer Inabilities	559	(3)
Programming Errors	562	(1)
Avoiding Human Errors	562	(1)
Safety Data Processing	562	(1)
Avoiding Safety Problems	563	(1)
Computer Controls against Hazards	563	(1)
Computers and Hazard Analyses	564	(1)
Simulations	564	(1)
Software Hazard Categories	565	(1)
Software Analysis	565	(2)
Software Hazard Analysis Techniques	567	(5)
Tailoring Software Analysis	572	(1)
Robots and Accidents	573	(2)
For the Future	575	(1)
Bibliography	575	(1)
Exercises	575	(2)
Bibliography	577	(6)
Index	583

Excerpts

PREFACE Willie Hammer noted in his Preface to the fourth edition: Occupational safety has changed since the first edition of this book came out in 1976. The United States is still the greatest industrial nation in the world, but many of its industries, its workers, the types of work they do, laws, public attitudes, and numerous other factors have changed. And so have the safety concerns of the workers, and their dependents, other relatives, neighbors, and the public in general. He closed the opening paragraph of that preface saying, "This edition attempts to incorporate some of the most notable safety considerations that have taken place since earlier editions." Now, this edition makes that same attempt. The interim between the last edition and this edition was marked with some of the most dramatic changes in occupational history. It is my privilege to make the additions and deletions that reflect some of the changes in occupational safety engineering and management since the last edition of this text about twelve years ago. One of the most dramatic changes to occupational safety comes from the proliferation of technology and the information revolution of this past decade. Software safety is now recognized as a part of occupational safety engineering and management. Software controls the energy of industry's machinery and products. This fifth edition reflects this industrial revolution by presenting the elements of a software hazard analysis program and software hazard analysis techniques. Severity-of-consequences hazard ratings, program size, and complexity are criteria used to determine the extent of software analysis to be employed for safety. The technical tools for software analysis, such as Code Walk-Throughs, Event Tree, Soft Tree, and Sneak Circuit Analysis, are applied to safety. Software safety analysis is an essential tool for the new millennium safety engineer. The past decade has magnified the prevalence of computers in the workplace and the electronic office. Along with this has come the ubiquity of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The repetitive motion injuries that sometimes result in these disorders involve various worker tasks, but cumulative trauma disorders to keyboard operators have drawn attention to this problem. A new chapter, Chapter 18, Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, addresses this phenomenon. Evidence of the work-relatedness of musculoskeletal disorders, factors associated with them, the back belt controversy, and the steps to establish an ergonomics program to control these injuries are discussed. During the past ten to fifteen years, another hazard has received special attention from researchers and regulators. It is the topic of a second new chapter, Chapter 26, Confined Space Entry. New confined space entry regulations now affect hundreds of thousands of work facilities and millions of workers. The hazards of confined spaces are described in Chapter 26, and guidelines for elements of a confined-spaces entry program are given briefly. In addition to two new chapters, this edition reflects some significant changes in safety engineering and management since the last edition. Existing chapters have been revised to include these current topics, some arising out of new research, standards, and regulations. Discussions of workers with disabilities (Americans with Disabilities Act), workplace violence, older workers safety, and bloodborne pathogens (Bloodborne Pathogen Standard) are added to the chapter on Personnel, Chapter 9. In the past decade, behavior-based safety (BBS) programs have become a strong part of the safety movement. Chapter 10, Promoting Safe Practices, now includes a discussion of BBS. Chapter 15, Safety Analysis, includes the elements of a Process Safety Management Program and a discussion of What-if, Checklist, Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) and other analytic technique