Operational Amplifiers

by Clayton, G. B.; Winder, Steve

• ISBN13: 9780750646437
• ISBN10: 0750646438
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-06-01
• Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann

Summary

George Clayton's Operational Amplifiers is a well established undergraduate text - offering full coverage of the subject for HNC/HND electronic engineering as well as first and second year degree modules. It has also proved popular in industry as a reference text. Having previously been fully revised by Steve Winder, this classic textbook covers all the latest developments in the field, matched to current degree module syllabuses in both the UK and USA. The introductory sections assume only a basic grounding in electronics, followed by more in-depth material to further the reader's understanding of the subject. Each chapter is followed by a set of exercises, enabling the reader to put the theory learnt into practice, with full answers provided at the back of the book. Appendices feature reproductions of manufacturers' data sheets, placing the concepts introduced in the text into a real-world context, as well as a comprehensive bibliography. This approach, combined with the book's easily accessible page layout and style, results in a highly student centred and comprehensive text. New, updated and expanded topics in the new edition include: bipolar, JFET and MOSFET transistors; voltage regulators; dielectric absorption on integrator, differentiator and S&H circuits; as well as FDNR and Gyrator filters.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Fundamentals
Introduction	1	(1)
The ideal op-amp	2	(1)
Feedback and the ideal op-amp	2	(2)
More examples of the ideal op-amp at work	4	(4)
Op-amp packages	8	(3)
Exercises	9	(2)
Real op-amp performance parameters
Op-amp input and output limitations	11	(2)
Limitations in gain, and input and output impedance	13	(6)
Real op-amp frequency response characteristics	19	(3)
Small-signal closed-loop frequency response	22	(3)
Closed-loop stability considerations	25	(3)
Frequency compensation (phase compensation)	28	(9)
Transient response characteristics	37	(7)
Full power response	44	(1)
Offsets, bias current and drift	45	(4)
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)	49	(1)
Noise in op-amp circuits	50	(14)
Exercises	59	(5)
Analogue integrated circuit technology
Voltage feedback op-amps	64	(5)
Comparison of voltage feedback op-amps	69	(3)
Current feedback op-amps	72	(10)
Exercises	81	(1)
Applications: linear circuits
Introduction	82	(1)
Voltage scaling and buffer circuits	83	(4)
Voltage summation	87	(1)
Differential input amplifier configurations (voltage subtractor)	88	(5)
Current scaling	93	(6)
Voltage-to-current conversion	99	(5)
AC amplifiers	104	(3)
Exercises	105	(2)
Longarithmic amplifiers and related circuits
Amplifiers with defined non-linearity	107	(1)
Synthesized non-linear response	108	(3)
Logarithmic conversion with an inherently logarithmic device	111	(8)
Logarithmic amplifiers: practical design considerations	119	(10)
Some practical log and antilog circuit configurations	129	(8)
Log and antilog circuits for computation	137	(2)
A variable transconductance four quadrant multiplier	139	(5)
Exercises	142	(2)
Integrators and differentiators
The basic integrator	144	(1)
Integrator run, set and hold modes	145	(1)
Integrator errors	146	(7)
Extensions to a basic integrator	153	(5)
Integrator reset	158	(2)
AC integrators	160	(1)
Differentiators	161	(2)
Practical considerations in differentiator design	163	(3)
Modifications to the basic differentiator	166	(3)
Exercises	166	(3)
Comparator, monostable and oscillator circuits
Comparators	169	(4)
Multivibrators	173	(8)
Sine wave oscillators	181	(4)
Waveform generators	185	(5)
The 555 timer	190	(2)
The 8038 waveform generator	192	(5)
Exercises	196	(1)
Sensor interface, analogue processing and digital conversion
Sensor interface circuits	197	(6)
Hot wire anemometer with constant temperature operation	203	(1)
Temperature measurement using a thermocouple	204	(1)
Light sensitive switching	205	(1)
Sensing analogue light levels	206	(1)
Interfacing linear Hall effect transducers (LHETS)	206	(1)
Precise diode circuits	207	(2)
Full-wave rectifier circuits	209	(2)
Peak detectors	211	(2)
Sample and hold circuits	213	(2)
Voltage-to-frequency conversion	215	(2)
Frequency-to-voltage conversion	217	(1)
Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)	218	(3)
Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC)	221	(6)
Exercises	226	(1)
Active filters
Introduction	227	(1)
Passive filters	227	(10)
Active filters	237	(1)
Active filters using operational amplifiers (op-amps)	238	(1)
Choosing the frequency response of the low-pass filter	238	(5)
Choosing the frequency response of the high-pass filter	243	(2)
Band-pass filters using the state variable technique	245	(3)
Band reject (notch filter)	248	(1)
Phase shifting circuit (all pass filter)	249	(1)
Filter design	250	(7)
Exercises	256	(1)
Practical considerations
Op-amp selection and design specification	257	(1)
Selection processes	258	(2)
Attention to external circuit details	260	(1)
Avoiding unwanted signals	261	(4)
Ensure closed-loop stability	265	(2)
Offset nulling techniques	267	(3)
Importance of external passive components	270	(2)
Avoiding fault conditions	272	(1)
Modifying an op-amp's output capability	273	(6)
Speeding up a low drift op-amp	279	(1)
Single power supply operation for op-amps	280	(2)
Voltage regulator circuits	282	(7)
Exercises	287	(2)
Bibliography	289	(1)
Answers to exercises	290	(95)
Appendix A1 Operational amplifier applications and circuit ideas	294	(12)
Appendix A2 Gain peaking/damping factor/phase margin	306	(4)
Appendix A3 Effect of resistor tolerance on CMRR of one amplifier differential circuit	310	(3)
Appendix A4 Instrumentation transducers	313	(10)
A4.1 Introduction	313	(1)
A4.2 Resistance strain gauges	313	(2)
A4.3 Platinum resistance temperature detectors	315	(2)
A4.4 Thermistors	317	(1)
A4.5 Pressure transducers	317	(1)
A4.6 Thermocouples	318	(1)
A4.7 Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)	319	(1)
A4.8 Capacitive transducers	319	(1)
A4.9 Tachometers	319	(1)
A4.10 Electromagnetic flowmeters	320	(1)
A4.11 Hall effect transducers	320	(1)
A4.12 Opto transducers	321	(2)
Appendix A5 Semiconductor data sheets	323	(62)
Index	385