Operational Amplifiers

by Clayton; Winder

• ISBN13: 9780750659147
• ISBN10: 0750659149
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-24
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

George Clayton's Operational Amplifiers is a well established undergraduate text - offering full coverage of the subject for HNC/HND electronic engineering as well as first and second year degree modules. It has also proved popular in industry as a reference text. Having previously been fully revised by Steve Winder, this classic textbook covers all the latest developments in the field, matched to current degree module syllabuses in both the UK and USA. The introductory sections assume only a basic grounding in electronics, followed by more in-depth material to further the reader's understanding of the subject. Each chapter is followed by a set of exercises, enabling the reader to put the theory learnt into practice, with full answers provided at the back of the book. Appendices feature reproductions of manufacturers' data sheets, placing the concepts introduced in the text into a real-world context, as well as a comprehensive bibliography. This approach, combined with the book's easily accessible page layout and style, results in a highly student centred and comprehensive text. New, updated and expanded topics in the new edition include: bipolar, JFET and MOSFET transistors; voltage regulators; dielectric absorption on integrator, differentiator and S&H circuits; as well as FDNR and Gyrator filters. * A classic textbook revised and updated throughout for current courses * New expanded content to provide fully comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the subject * Ideal for 1st / 2nd year undergraduate courses

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgements	x
Fundamentals
Introduction	1	(1)
The ideal op-amp	2	(1)
Feedback and the ideal op-amp	2	(2)
More examples of the ideal op-amp at work	4	(4)
Op-amp packages	8	(3)
Exercises	9	(2)
Real op-amp performance parameters
Op-amp input and output limitations	11	(2)
Limitations in gain, and input and output impedance	13	(6)
Real op-amp frequency response characteristics	19	(3)
Small-signal closed-loop frequency response	22	(3)
Closed-loop stability considerations	25	(3)
Frequency compensation (phase compensation)	28	(9)
Transient response characteristics	37	(7)
Full power response	44	(1)
Offsets, bias current and drift	45	(4)
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)	49	(1)
Noise in op-amp circuits	50	(14)
Exercises	59	(5)
Analogue integrated circuit technology
Voltage feedback op-amps	64	(5)
Comparison of voltage feedback op-amps	69	(4)
Current feedback op-amps	73	(9)
Exercises	81	(1)
Applications: linear circuits
Introduction	82	(1)
Voltage scaling and buffer circuits	83	(4)
Voltage summation	87	(1)
Differential input amplifier configurations (voltage subtractor)	88	(5)
Current scaling	93	(6)
Voltage-to-current conversion	99	(4)
Voltage regulators	103	(3)
AC amplifiers	106	(3)
Exercises	107	(2)
Logarithmic amplifiers and related circuits
Amplifiers with defined non-linearity	109	(1)
Synthesized non-linear response	110	(3)
Logarithmic conversion with an inherently logarithmic device	113	(8)
Logarithmic amplifiers: practical design considerations	121	(10)
Some practical log and antilog circuit configurations	131	(8)
Log--antilog circuits for computation	139	(2)
A variable transconductance four quadrant multiplier	141	(5)
Exercises	144	(2)
Integrators and differentiators
The basic integrator	146	(1)
Integrator run, set and hold modes	147	(1)
Integrator errors	148	(7)
Extensions to a basic integrator	155	(5)
Integrator reset	160	(2)
AC integrators	162	(1)
Differentiators	163	(2)
Practical considerations in differentiator design	165	(3)
Modifications to the basic differentiator	168	(3)
Exercises	168	(3)
Comparator, monostable and oscillator circuits
Comparators	171	(4)
Multivibrators	175	(8)
Sine wave oscillators	183	(4)
Waveform generators	187	(5)
The 555 timer	192	(3)
The 8038 waveform generator	195	(4)
Exercises	198	(1)
Sensor interface, analogue processing and digital conversion
Sensor interface circuits	199	(6)
Hot wire anemometer with constant temperature operation	205	(1)
Temperature measurement using a thermocouple	206	(1)
Light sensitive switching	207	(1)
Sensing analogue light levels	208	(1)
Interfacing linear Hall effect transducers (LHETs)	208	(1)
Precise diode circuits	209	(2)
Full-wave rectifier circuits	211	(2)
Peak detectors	213	(2)
Sample and hold circuits	215	(3)
Voltage-to-frequency conversion	218	(1)
Frequency-to-voltage conversion	218	(2)
Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC)	220	(3)
Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC)	223	(7)
Exercises	228	(2)
Active filters
Introduction	230	(1)
Passive filters	230	(7)
Active filters	237	(4)
Active filters using operational amplifiers (op-amps)	241	(1)
Choosing the frequency response of the low-pass filter	241	(5)
Choosing the frequency response of the high-pass filter	246	(2)
Band-pass filters using the state variable technique	248	(3)
Band reject filter (notch filter)	251	(1)
Phase shifting circuit (all-pass filter)	252	(1)
Filter design	253	(14)
Exercises	265	(2)
Practical considerations
Op-amp selection and design specification	267	(1)
Selection processes	268	(2)
Attention to external circuit details	270	(1)
Avoiding unwanted signals	271	(4)
Ensure closed-loop stability	275	(2)
Offset nulling techniques	277	(3)
Importance of external passive components	280	(2)
Avoiding fault conditions	282	(2)
Modifying an op-amp's output capability	284	(5)
Speeding up a low drift op-amp	289	(2)
Single power supply operation for op-amps	291	(2)
Voltage regulator circuits	293	(7)
Exercises	298	(2)
Answers to exercises	300	(4)
Appendix A1 Operational amplifier applications and circuit ideas	304	(12)
Appendix A2 Gain peaking/damping factor/phase margin	316	(4)
Appendix A2.1 Damping factor and phase margin	317	(3)
Appendix A3 Effect of resistor tolerance on CMRR of one amplifier differential circuit	320	(3)
Appendix A3.1 CMRR of one amplifier differential circuit due to non-infinite CMRR of operational amplifier	321	(1)
Appendix A3.2 Overall CMRR due to resistor mismatch and non-infinite CMRR of operational amplifier	322	(1)
Appendix A4 Instrumentation transducers	323	(10)
A4.1 Introduction	323	(1)
A4.2 Resistance strain gauges	323	(2)
A4.3 Platinum resistance temperature detectors	325	(2)
A4.4 Thermistors	327	(1)
A4.5 Pressure transducers	327	(1)
A4.6 Thermocouples	328	(1)
A4.7 Linear variable differential transformers (LVDT)	329	(1)
A4.8 Capacitive transducers	329	(1)
A4.9 Tachometers	329	(1)
A4.10 Electromagnetic flowmeters	330	(1)
A4.11 Hall effect transducers	330	(1)
A4.12 Opto transducers	331	(2)
Appendix A5 Integrated circuit datasheets	333	(49)
Bibliography	382	(1)
Index	383