Operational Amplifiers and Linear Intergrated Circuits

by Robert F. Coughlin; Fred F. Driscoll; Frederick F. Driscoll

• ISBN13: 9780132065412
• ISBN10: 013206541X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-12-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xxv
1 INTRODUCTION TO OP AMPS	1	(12)
Learning Objectives	1	(1)
1-0 Introduction	2	(1)
1-1 Is There Still a Need for Analog Circuitry?	2	(2)
1-1.1 Analog and Digital Systems	2	(1)
1-1.2 Op Amp Development	3	(1)
1-1.3 Op Amps Become Specialized	3	(1)
1-2 741 General-Purpose OP Amp	4	(2)
1-2.1 Circuit Symbol and Terminals	4	(1)
1-2.2 Simplified Internal Circuitry of a General-Purpose Op Amp	5	(1)
1-2.3 Input Stage--Differential Amplifier	6	(1)
1-2.4 Intermediate Stage--Level Shifter	6	(1)
1-2.5 Output Stage--Push-Pull	6	(1)
1-3 Packaging and Pinouts	6	(2)
1-3.1 Packaging	6	(1)
1-3.2 Combining Symbol and Pinout	7	(1)
1-4 How to Identify or Order an Op Amp	8	(2)
1-4.1 The Identification Code	8	(2)
1-4.2 Order Number Example	10	(1)
1-5 Second Sources	10	(1)
1-6 Breadboarding Op Amp Circuits	10	(2)
1-6.1 The Power Supply	10	(1)
1-6.2 Breadboarding Suggestions	11	(1)
Problems	12	(1)
2 FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH AN OP AMP	13	(31)
Learning Objectives	13	(1)
2-0 Introduction	14	(2)
2-1 Op Amp Terminal	16	(2)
2-1.1 Power Supply Terminals	15	(1)
2-1.2 Output Terminal	16	(1)
2-1.3 Input Terminals	16	(1)
2-1.4 Input Bias Currents and Offset Voltage	17	(1)
2-2 Open-Loop Voltage Gain	18	(2)
2-2.1 Definition	18	(1)
2-2.2 Differential Input Voltage, E(d)	18	(1)
2-2.3 Conclusions	18	(2)
2-3 Zero-Crossing Detectors	20	(1)
2-3.1 Noninverting Zero-Crossing Detector	20	(1)
2-3.2 Inverting Zero-Crossing Detector	21	(1)
2-4 Positive- and Negative-Voltage-Level Detectors	21	(1)
2-4.1 Positive-Level Detectors	21	(1)
2-4.2 Negative-Level Detectors	21	(1)
2-5 Typical Applications of Voltage-Level Detectors	21	(6)
2-5.1 Adjustable Reference Voltage	21	(1)
2-5.2 Sound-Activated Switch	22	(2)
2-5.3 Light Column Voltmeter	24	(2)
2-5.4 Smoke Detector	26	(1)
2-6 Voltage Reference ICS	27	(2)
2-6.1 Introduction	27	(1)
2-6.2 Ref-02	27	(1)
2-6.3 Ref-02/Voltage Level Detector Applications	27	(2)
2-7 Signal Processing with Voltage-Level Detectors	29	(1)
2-7.1 Introduction	29	(1)
2-7.2 Sine- to Square-Wave Converter	29	(1)
2-8 Computer Interfacing with Voltage-Level Detectors	29	(7)
2-8.1 Introduction	29	(1)
2-8.2 Quad Voltage Comparator, LM339	30	(1)
2-8.3 Pulse-Width Modulator, Noninverting	31	(3)
2-8.4 Inverting and Noninverting Pulse-Width Modulators	34	(2)
2-9 A Pulse-Width Modulator Interface to a Microcontroller	36	(1)
2-10 OP Amp Comparator Circuit Simulation	36	(4)
2-10.1 Introduction	36	(1)
2-10.2 Creating, Initializing, and Simulating a Circuit	37	(3)
Laboratory Exercises	40	(1)
Problems	40	(4)
3 INVERTING AND NONINVERTING AMPLIFIERS	44	(42)
Learning Objectives	44	(1)
3-0 Introduction	45	(1)
3-1 The Inverting Amplifier	45	(7)
3-1.1 Introduction	45	(1)
3-1.2 Positive Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input	45	(2)
3-1.3 Load and Output Currents	47	(1)
3-1.4 Negative Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input	48	(1)
3-1.5 Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input	49	(2)
3-1.6 Design Procedure	51	(1)
3-1.7 Analysis Procedure	51	(1)
3-2 Inverting Adder and Audio Mixer	52	(3)
3-2.1 Inverting Adder	52	(1)
3-2.2 Audio Mixer	53	(1)
3-2.3 DC Offsetting an AC Signal	53	(2)
3-3 Multichannel Amplifier	55	(1)
3-3.1 The Need for a Multichannel Amplifier	55	(1)
3-3.2 Circuit Analysis	55	(1)
3-3.3 Design Procedure	56	(1)
3-4 Inverting Averaging Amplifier	56	(1)
3-5 Voltage Follower	57	(3)
3-5.1 Introduction	57	(2)
3-5.2 Using the Voltage Follower	59	(1)
3-6 Noninverting Amplifier	60	(4)
3-6.1 Circuit Analysis	60	(2)
3-6.2 Design Procedure	62	(2)
3-7 The "Ideal" Voltage Source	64	(3)
3-7.1 Definition and Awareness	64	(1)
3-7.2 The Unrecognized Ideal Voltage Source	64	(1)
3-7.3 The Practical Ideal Voltage Source	64	(2)
3-7.4 Precise Voltage Sources	66	(1)
3-8 Noninverting Adder	67	(1)
3-9 Single-Supply Operation	67	(1)
3-10 Difference Amplifiers	68	(3)
3-10.1 The Subtractor	69	(1)
3-10.2 Inverting-Noninverting Amplifier	70	(1)
3-11 Servoamplifier	71	(2)
3-11.1 Introduction	71	(1)
3-11.2 Servoamplifier Circuit Analysis	71	(1)
3-11.3 Delay Action	72	(1)
3-12 Designing a Signal Conditioning Circuit	73	(4)
3-13 PSpice Simulation	77	(5)
3-13.1 Inverting Amplifier--DC Input	78	(1)
3-13.2 Inverting Amplifier--AC Input	78	(2)
3-13.3 Inverting Adder	80	(1)
3-13.4 Noninverting Adder	81	(1)
Laboratory Exercises	82	(1)
Problems	83	(3)
4 COMPARATORS AND CONTROLS	86	(34)
Learning Objectives	86	(1)
4-0 Introduction	87	(1)
4-1 Effect of Noise on Comparator Circuits	87	(2)
4-2 Positive Feedback	89	(3)
4-2.1 Introduction	89	(1)
4-2.2 Upper-Threshold Voltage	90	(1)
4-2.3 Lower-Threshold Voltage	90	(2)
4-3 Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis	92	(1)
4-3.1 Defining Hysteresis	92	(1)
4-3.2 Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis as a Memory Element	93	(1)
4-4 Voltage-Level Detectors with Hysteresis	93	(5)
4-4.1 Introduction	93	(1)
4-4.2 Noninverting Voltage-Level Detector with Hysteresis	94	(2)
4-4.3 Inverting Voltage-Level Detector with Hysteresis	96	(2)
4-5 Voltage-Level Detector with Independent Adjustment of Hysteresis and Center Voltage	98	(3)
4-5.1 Introduction	98	(2)
4-5.2 Battery-Charger Control Circuit	100	(1)
4-6 On-Off Control Principles	101	(1)
4-6.1 Comparators in Process Control	101	(1)
4-6.2 The Room Thermostat as a Comparator	102	(1)
4-6.3 Selection/Design Guideline	102	(1)
4-7 An Independently Adjustable Setpoint Controller	102	(4)
4-7.1 Principle of Operation	102	(1)
4-7.2 Output-Input Characteristics of an Independently Adjustable Setpoint Controller	102	(1)
4-7.3 Choice of Setpoint Voltages	103	(1)
4-7.4 Circuit for Independently Adjustable Setpoint Voltage	104	(2)
4-7.5 Precautions	106	(1)
4-8 IC Precision Comparator, 111/311	106	(2)
4-8.1 Introduction	106	(1)
4-8.2 Output Terminal Operation	106	(1)
4-8.3 Strobe Terminal Operation	106	(2)
4-9 Biomedical Application	108	(2)
4-10 Window Detector	110	(1)
4-10.1 Introduction	110	(1)
4-10.2 Circuit Operation	100	(1)
4-11 Propagation Delay	110	(3)
4-11.1 Definition	110	(2)
4-11.2 Measurement of Propagation Delay	112	(1)
4-12 Using PSpice to Model and Simulate Comparator Circuits	113	(4)
4-12.1 Simulation of the Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis	113	(2)
4-12.2 Window Detector	115	(2)
Laboratory Exercises	117	(1)
Problems	118	(2)
5 SELECTED APPLICATIONS OF OP AMPS	120	(27)
Learning Objectives	120	(1)
5-0 Introduction	121	(1)
5-1 High-Resistance DC Voltmeter	121	(2)
5-1.1 Basic Voltage-Measuring Circuit	121	(1)
5-1.2 Voltmeter Scale Changing	122	(1)
5-2 Universal High-Resistance Voltmeter	123	(2)
5-2.1 Circuit Operation	123	(1)
5-2.2 Design Procedure	124	(1)
5-3 Voltage-to-Current Converters: Floating Loads	125	(2)
5-3.1 Voltage Control of Load Current	125	(1)
5-3.2 Zener Diode Tester	125	(1)
5-3.3 Diode Tester	125	(2)
5-4 Light-Emitting-Diode Tester	127	(1)
5-5 Furnishing a Constant Current to a Grounded Load	128	(4)
5-5.1 Differential Voltage-to-Current Converter	128	(1)
5-5.2 Constant-High-Current Source, Grounded Load	129	(1)
5-5.3 Interfacing a Microcontroller Output to a 4- to-20-mA Teleprinter	130	(1)
5-5.4 4- to 2-mA Current Source	131	(1)
5-6 Short-Circuit Current Measurement and Current-to-Voltage Conversion	132	(2)
5-6.1 Introduction	115	(17)
5-6.2 Using the Op Amp to Measure Short-Circuit Current	132	(2)
5-7 Measuring Current from Photodetectors	134	(1)
5-7.1 Photoconductive Cell	134	(1)
5-7.2 Photodiode	135	(1)
5-8 Current Amplifier	135	(1)
5-9 Solar Cell Energy Measurements	136	(3)
5-9.1 Introduction to the Problems	136	(1)
5-9.2 Converting Solar Cell Short-Circuit Current to a Voltage	137	(1)
5-9.3 Current-Divider Circuit (Current-to-Current Converter)	138	(1)
5-10 Phase Shifter	139	(2)
5-10.1 Introduction	139	(1)
5-10.2 Phase-Shifter Circuit	140	(1)
5-11 Temperature-to-Voltage Converters	141	(1)
5-11.1 AD590 Temperature Transducer	141	(1)
5-11.2 Celsius Thermometer	142	(1)
5-11.3 Fahrenheit Thermometer	142	(1)
5-12 PSpice Simulation	142	(2)
Laboratory Exercises	144	(1)
Problems	145	(2)
6 SIGNAL GENERATORS	147	(37)
Learning Objectives	147	(1)
6-0 Introduction	148	(1)
6-1 Free-Running Multivibrator	148	(4)
6-1.1 Multivibrator Action	148	(2)
6-1.2 Frequency of Oscillation	150	(2)
6-2 One-Shot Multivibrator	152	(4)
6-2.1 Introduction	152	(1)
6-2.2 Stable State	152	(1)
6-2.3 Transition to the Timing State	153	(1)
6-2.4 Timing State	153	(2)
6-2.5 Duration of Output Pulse	155	(1)
6-2.6 Recovery Time	155	(1)
6-3 Triangle-Wave Generators	156	(5)
6-3.1 Theory of Operation	156	(2)
6-3.2 Frequency of Operation	158	(1)
6-3.3 Unipolar Triangle-Wave Generator	159	(2)
6-4 Sawtooth-Wave Generator	161	(5)
6-4.1 Circuit Operation	161	(1)
6-4.2 Sawtooth Waveshape Analysis	161	(1)
6-4.3 Design Procedure	161	(2)
6-4.4 Voltage-to-Frequency Converter	163	(1)
6-4.5 Frequency Modulation and Frequency Shift Keying	163	(1)
6-4.6 Disadvantages	164	(2)
6-5 Balanced Modulator/Demodulator, the AD630	166	(1)
6-5.1 Introduction	166	(1)
6-5.2 Input and Output Terminals	166	(1)
6-5.3 Input-Output Waveforms	166	(1)
6-6 Precision Triangle/Square-Wave Generator	166	(2)
6-6.1 Circuit Operation	166	(2)
6-6.2 Frequency of Oscillation	168	(1)
6-7 Sine-Wave Generation Survey	168	(1)
6-8 Universal Trigonometric Function Generator, the AD639	169	(2)
6-8.1 Introduction	169	(1)
6-8.2 Sine Function Operation	169	(2)
6-9 Precision Sine-Wave Generator	171	(4)
6-9.1 Circuit Operation	171	(3)
6-9.2 Frequency of Oscillation	174	(1)
6-9.3 High Frequency Waveform Generator	174	(1)
6-10 PSpice Simulation of Signal Generator Circuit	175	(6)
6-10.1 Free-Running Multivibrator	175	(2)
6-10.2 One-Shot Multivibrator	177	(1)
6-10.3 Bipolar Triangle-Wave Generator	178	(1)
6-10.4 Unipolar Triangle-Wave Generator	179	(2)
Laboratory Exercises	181	(1)
Problems	182	(2)
7 OP AMPS WITH DIODES	184	(30)
Learning Objectives	184	(1)
7-0 Introduction to Precision Rectifiers	185	(1)
7-1 Linear Half-Wave Rectifiers	186	(5)
7-1.1 Introduction	186	(1)
7-1.2 Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Positive Output	187	(2)
7-1.3 Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Negative Output	189	(1)
7-1.4 Signal Polarity Separator	190	(1)
7-2 Precision Rectifiers: The Absolute-Value Circuit	191	(4)
7-2.1 Introduction	191	(1)
7-2.2 Types of Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers	192	(3)
7-3 Peak Detectors	195	(2)
7-3.1 Positive Peak Follower and Hold	195	(2)
7-3.2 Negative Peak Follower and Hold	197	(1)
7-4 AC-to-DC Converter	197	(3)
7-4.1 AC-to-DC Conversion or MAV Circuit	197	(2)
7-4.2 Precision Rectifier with Grounded Summing Inputs	199	(1)
7-4.3 AC-to-DC Converter	200	(1)
7-5 Dead-Zone Circuits	200	(5)
7-5.1 Introduction	200	(1)
7-5.2 Dead-Zone Circuit with Negative Output	200	(2)
7-5.3 Dead-Zone Circuit with Positive Output	202	(3)
7-5.4 Bipolar-Output Dead-Zone Circuit	205	(1)
7-6 Precision Clipper	205	(1)
7-7 Triangular-to-Sine Wave Converter	205	(1)
7-8 PSpice Simulation of OP Amps with Diodes	206	(6)
7-8.1 Linear Half-Wave Rectifier	206	(2)
7-8.2 Precision Full-Wave Rectifier	208	(2)
7-8.3 Mean-Absolute-Value Amplifier	210	(2)
Laboratory Exercises	212	(1)
Problems	213	(1)
8 DIFFERENTIAL, INSTRUMENTATION, AND BRIDGE AMPLIFIERS	214	(35)
Learning Objectives	214	(1)
8-0 Introduction	215	(1)
8-1 Basic Differential Amplifier	215	(2)
8-1.1 Introduction	215	(2)
8-1.2 Common-Mode Voltage	217	(1)
8-2 Differential versus Single-Input Amplifiers	217	(2)
8-2.1 Measurement with a Single-Input Amplifier	217	(1)
8-2.2 Measurement with a Differential Amplifier	218	(1)
8-3 Improving the Basic Differential Amplifier	219	(3)
8-3.1 Increasing Input Resistance	219	(1)
8-3.2 Adjustable Gain	219	(3)
8-4 Instrumentation Amplifier	222	(3)
8-4.1 Circuit Operation	222	(2)
8-4.2 Referencing Output Voltage	224	(1)
8-5 Sensing and Measuring with the Instrumentation Amplifier	225	(4)
8-5.1 Sense Terminal	225	(1)
8-5.2 Differential Voltage Measurements	226	(1)
8-5.3 Differential Voltage-to-Current Converter	227	(2)
8-6 The Instrumentation Amplifier as a Signal Conditioning Circuit	229	(2)
8-6.1 Introduction to the Strain Gage	229	(1)
8-6.2 Strain Gage Material	229	(1)
8-6.3 Using Strain-Gage Data	230	(1)
8-6.4 Strain-Gage Mounting	231	(1)
8-6.5 Strain-Gage Resistance Changes	231	(1)
8-7 Measurement of Small Resistance Changes	231	(3)
8-7.1 Need for a Resistance Bridge	231	(1)
8-7.2 Basic Resistance Bridge	232	(1)
8-7.3 Thermal Effect on Bridge Balance	233	(1)
8-8 Balancing a Strain-Gage Bridge	234	(1)
8-8.1 The Obvious Technique	234	(1)
8-8.2 The Better Technique	234	(1)
8-9 Increasing Strain-Gage Bridge Output	235	(2)
8-10 Practical Strain-Gage Application	237	(2)
8-11 Measurement of Pressure, Force, and Weight	239	(1)
8-12 Basic Bridge Amplifier	239	(5)
8-12.1 Introduction	239	(1)
8-12.2 Basic Bridge Circuit Operations	240	(1)
8-12.3 Temperature Measurement with a Bridge Circuit	241	(3)
8-12.4 Bridge Amplifiers and Computers	244	(1)
8-13 Adding Versatility to the Bridge Amplifier	244	(1)
8-13.1 Grounded Transducers	244	(1)
8-13.2 High-Current Transducers	244	(1)
Laboratory Exercises	245	(1)
Problems	246	(3)
9 DC PERFORMANCE: BIAS, OFFSETS, AND DRIFT	249	(21)
Learning Objectives	249	(1)
9-0 Introduction	250	(1)
9-1 Input Bias Currents	251	(1)
9-2 Input Bias Currents	252	(1)
9-3 Effect of Bias Currents on Output Voltage	253	(3)
9-3.1 Simplification	253	(1)
9-3.2 Effect of (-) Input Bias Current	253	(2)
9-3.3 Effect of (+) Input Bias Current	255	(1)
9-4 Effect of Offset Current on Output Voltage	256	(2)
9-4.1 Current-Compensating the Voltage Follower	256	(1)
9-4.2 Current-Compensating Other Amplifiers	257	(1)
9-4.3 Summary on Bias-Current Compensation	257	(1)
9-5 Input Offset Voltage	258	(3)
9-5.1 Definition and Model	258	(1)
9-5.2 Effect of Input Offset Voltage on Output Voltage	259	(1)
9-5.3 Measurement of Input Offset Voltage	259	(2)
9-6 Input Offset Voltage for the Adder Circuit	261	(1)
9-6.1 Comparison of Signal Gain and Offset Voltage Gain	261	(1)
9-6.2 How Not to Eliminate the Effects of Offset Voltage	262	(1)
9-7 Nulling-Out Effect of Offset Voltage and Bias Currents	262	(2)
9-7.1 Design or Analysis Sequence	262	(1)
9-7.2 Null Circuits for Offset Voltage	263	(1)
9-7.3 Nulling Procedure for Output Voltage	264	(1)
9-8 Drift	264	(2)
9-9 Measurement of Offset Voltage and Bias Currents	266	(1)
Laboratory Exercises	267	(1)
Problems	268	(2)
10 AC PERFORMANCE: BANDWIDTH, SLEW RATE, NOISE	270	(19)
Learning Objectives	270	(1)
10-0 Introduction	271	(1)
10-1 Frequency Response of the Op Amp	271	(4)
10-1.1 Internal Frequency Compensation	271	(1)
10-1.2 Frequency-Response Curve	272	(1)
10-1.3 Unity-Gain Bandwidth	273	(1)
10-1.4 Rise Time	274	(1)
10-2 Amplifier Gain and Frequency Response	275	(5)
10-2.1 Effect of Open-Loop Gain on Closed-Loop Gain of an Amplifier, DC Operation	275	(2)
10-2.2 Small-Signal Bandwidth, Low-and High-Frequency Limits	277	(1)
10-2.3 Measuring Frequency Response	278	(1)
10-2.4 Bandwidth of Inverting and Noninverting Amplifiers	278	(1)
10-2.5 Finding Bandwidth by a Graphical Method	279	(1)
10-3 Slew Rate and Output Voltage	280	(5)
10-3.1 Definition of Slew Rate	281	(1)
10-3.2 Cause of Slew-Rate Limiting	281	(1)
10-3.3 Slew-Rate Limiting of Sine Waves	281	(3)
10-3.4 Slew Rate Made Easy	284	(1)
10-4 Noise in the Output Voltage	285	(1)
10-4.1 Introduction	285	(1)
10-4.2 Noise in Op Amp Circuits	285	(1)
10-4.3 Noise Gain	286	(1)
10-4.4 Noise in the Inverting Adder	286	(1)
10-5.5 Summary	286	(1)
Laboratory Exercises	286	(2)
Problems	288	(1)
11 ACTIVE FILTERS	289	(38)
Learning Objectives	289	(1)
11-0 Introduction	290	(1)
11-1 Basic Low-Pass Filter	291	(3)
11-1.1 Introduction	291	(1)
11-1.2 Designing the Filter	292	(2)
11-1.3 Filter Response	294	(1)
11-2 Introduction to the Butterworth Filter	294	(1)
11-3 -40-dB/Decade Low-Pass Butterworth Filter	295	(2)
11-3.1 Simplified Design Procedure	295	(2)
11-3.2 Filter Response	297	(1)
11-4 -60-dB/Decade Low-Pass Butterworth Filter	297	(3)
11-4.1 Simplified Design Procedure	297	(2)
11-4.2 Filter Response	299	(1)
11-5 High-Pass Butterworth Filters	300	(7)
11-5.1 Introduction	300	(1)
11-5.2 20-dB/Decade Filter	301	(2)
11-5.3 40-dB/Decade Filter	303	(1)
11-5.4 60-dB/Decade Filter	304	(2)
11-5.5 Comparison of Magnitudes and Phase Angles	306	(1)
11-6 Introduction to Bandpass Filters	307	(3)
11-6.1 Frequency Response	307	(1)
11-6.2 Bandwidth	308	(1)
11-6.3 Quality Factor	309	(1)
11-6.4 Narrowband and Wideband Filters	309	(1)
11-7 Basic Wideband Filter	310	(1)
11-7.1 Cascading	310	(1)
11-7.2 Wideband Filter Circuit	310	(1)
11-7.3 Frequency Response	310	(1)
11-8 Narrowband Bandpass Filters	311	(3)
11-8.1 Narrowband Filter Circuit	312	(1)
11-8.2 Performance	312	(1)
11-8.3 Stereo-Equalizer Octave Filter	313	(1)
11-9 Notch Filters	314	(1)
11-9.1 Introduction	314	(1)
11-9.2 Notch Filter Theory	315	(1)
11-10 120-Hz Notch Filter	315	(2)
11-10.1 Need for a Notch Filter	315	(1)
11-10.2 Statement of the Problem	316	(1)
11-10.3 Procedure to Make a Notch Filter	316	(1)
11-10.4 Bandpass Filter Components	316	(1)
11-10.5 Final Assembly	317	(1)
11-11 Simulation of Active Filter Circuits Using PSpice	317	(6)
11-11.1 Low Pass Filter	318	(2)
11-11.2 High Pass Filter	320	(1)
11-11.3 Bandpass Filter	321	(2)
Laboratory Exercises	323	(2)
Problems	325	(2)
12 MODULATING, DEMODULATING, AND FREQUENCY CHANGING WITH THE MULTIPLIER	327	(33)
Learning Objectives	327	(1)
12-0 Introduction	328	(1)
12-1 Multiplying DC Voltages	328	(3)
12-1.1 Multiplier Scale Factor	328	(1)
12-1.2 Multiplier Quadrants	329	(2)
12-2 Squaring a Number or DC Voltage	331	(1)
12-3 Frequency Doubling	331	(3)
12-3.1 Principle of the Frequency Doubler	331	(1)
12-3.2 Squaring a Sinusoidal Voltage	332	(2)
12-4 Phase-Angle Detection	334	(3)
12-4.1 Basic Theory	334	(2)
12-4.2 Phase-Angle Meter	336	(1)
12-4.3 Phase Angles Greater than XXX90XXX	337	(1)
12-5 Analog Divider	337	(2)
12-6 Finding Square Roots	339	(1)
12-7 Introduction to Amplitude Modulation	339	(6)
12-7.1 Need for Amplitude Modulation	339	(1)
12-7.2 Defining Amplitude Modulation	340	(1)
12-7.3 The Multiplier Used as a Modulator	340	(1)
12-7.4 Mathematics of a Balanced Modulator	340	(2)
12-7.5 Sum and Difference Frequencies	342	(2)
12-7.6 Side Frequencies and Sidebands	344	(1)
12-8 Standard Amplitude Modulation	345	(4)
12-8.1 Amplitude Modulator Circuit	345	(3)
12-8.2 Frequency Spectrum of a Standard AM Modulator	348	(1)
12-8.3 Comparison of Standard AM Modulators and Balanced Modulators	349	(1)
12-9 Demodulating an AM Voltage	349	(4)
12-10 Demodulating a Balanced Modulator Voltage	353	(1)
12-11 Single-Side and Modulation and Demodulation	353	(1)
12-12 Frequency Shifting	353	(2)
12-13 Universal Amplitude Modulation Receiver	355	(3)
12-13.1 Tuning and Mixing	355	(2)
12-13.2 Intermediate-Frequency Amplifier	357	(1)
12-13.3 Detection Process	357	(1)
12-13.4 Universal AM Receiver	357	(1)
Laboratory Exercises	358	(1)
Problems	358	(2)
13 INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT TIMERS	360	(38)
Learning Objectives	360	(1)
13-0 Introduction	361	(1)
13-1 Operating Modes of the 555 Timer	362	(1)
13-2 Terminals of the 555	363	(6)
13-2.1 Packaging and Power Supply Terminals	363	(1)
13-2.2 Output Terminal	364	(1)
13-2.3 Reset Terminal	364	(1)
13-2.4 Discharge Terminal	364	(1)
13-2.5 Control Voltage Terminal	364	(1)
13-2.6 Trigger and Threshold Terminals	364	(2)
13-2.7 Power-on Time Delays	366	(3)
13-3 Free-Running or Astable Operation	369	(4)
13-3.1 Circuit Operation	369	(1)
13-3.2 Frequency of Oscillation	369	(2)
13-3.3 Duty Cycle	371	(1)
13-3.4 Extending the Duty Cycle	372	(1)
13-4 Applications of the 555 as an Astable Multivibrator	373	(3)
13-4.1 Tone-Burst Oscillator	373	(2)
13-4.2 Voltage-Controlled Frequency Shifter	375	(1)
13-5 One-Shot or Monostable Operation	376	(3)
13-5.1 Introduction	376	(2)
13-5.2 Input Pulse Circuit	378	(1)
13-6 Applications of the 555 as a One-Shot Multivibrator	379	(3)
13-6.1 Water-Level Fill Control	379	(1)
13-6.2 Touch Switch	379	(1)
13-6.3 Frequency Divider	380	(1)
13-6.4 Missing Pulse Detector	381	(1)
13-7 Introduction to Counter Timers	382	(1)
13-8 The XR 2240 Programmable Timer/Counter	383	(4)
13-8.1 Circuit Description	383	(1)
13-8.2 Counter Operation	384	(2)
13-8.3 Programming the Outputs	386	(1)
13-9 Timer/Counter Applications	387	(5)
13-9.1 Timing Applications	387	(1)
13-9.2 Free-Running Oscillator, Synchronized Outputs	388	(1)
13-9.3 Binary Pattern Signal Generator	389	(1)
13-9.4 Frequency Synthesizer	390	(2)
13-10 Switch Programmable Timer	392	(1)
13-10.1 Timing Intervals	392	(1)
13-10.2 Circuit Operation	392	(1)
13-11 PSpice Simulation of 555 Timer	392	(5)
13-11.1 Astable or Free-Running Multivibrator	392	(3)
13-11.2 Tone-Burst-Control Circuit	395	(2)
Laboratory Exercises	397	(1)
Problems	397	(1)
14 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS	398	(43)
Learning Objectives	398	(1)
14-0 Introduction	399	(1)
14-1 DAC Characteristics	399	(3)
14-1.1 Resolution	399	(2)
14-1.2 Output-Input Equation	401	(1)
14-2 ADC Characteristics	402	(2)
14-2.1 Output-Input Equation	402	(2)
14-2.2 Quantization Error	404	(1)
14-3 Digital-to-Analog Conversion Process	404	(3)
14-3.1 Block Diagram	404	(1)
14-3.2 R-2R Ladder Network	405	(1)
14-3.3 Ladder Currents	406	(1)
14-3.4 Ladder Equation	407	(1)
14-4 Voltage Output DACs	407	(2)
14-5 Multiplying DAC	409	(1)
14-6 8-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converter; the DAC-08	410	(6)
14-6.1 Power Supply Terminals	410	(1)
14-6.2 Reference (Multiplying) Terminal	410	(1)
14-6.3 Digital Input Terminals	410	(2)
14-6.4 Analog Output Currents	412	(1)
14-6.5 Unipolar Output Voltage	413	(1)
14-6.6 Bipolar Analog Output Voltage	414	(2)
14-7 Microprocessor Compatibility	416	(1)
14-7.1 Interfacing Principles	416	(1)
14-7.2 Memory Buffer Registers	416	(1)
14-7.3 The Selection Process	416	(1)
14-8 AD558 Microprocessor-Compatible DAC	417	(4)
14-8.1 Introduction	417	(2)
14-8.2 Power Supply	419	(1)
14-8.3 Digital Inputs	419	(1)
14-8.4 Logic Circuitry	419	(1)
14-8.5 Analog Output	419	(2)
14-8.6 Dynamic Test Circuit	421	(1)
14-9 Integrating ADC	421	(4)
14-9.1 Types of ADCs	421	(1)
14-9.2 Principles of Operation	421	(2)
14-9.3 Signal Integrate Phase, T(1)	423	(1)
14-9.4 Reference Integrate Phase, T(2)	423	(1)
14-9.5 The Conversion	424	(1)
14-9.6 Auto-Zero	425	(1)
14-9.7 Summary	425	(1)
14-10 Successive Approximation ADC	425	(3)
14-10.1 Circuit Operation	426	(1)
14-10.2 Successive Approximation Analogy	426	(2)
14-10.3 Conversion Time	428	(1)
14-11 ADCs for Microprocessors	428	(1)
14-12 AD670 Microprocessor-Compatible ADC	429	(3)
14-12.1 Analog Input Voltage Terminals	429	(1)
14-12.2 Digital Output Terminals	429	(2)
14-12.3 Input Option Terminal	431	(1)
14-12.4 Output Option Terminal	431	(1)
14-12.5 Microprocessor Control Terminals	432	(1)
14-13 Testing the AD670	432	(2)
14-14 Flash Converters	434	(1)
14-14.1 Principles of Operation	434	(1)
14-14.2 Conversion Time	434	(1)
14-15 Frequency Response of ADCs	434	(3)
14-15.1 Aperture Error	434	(2)
14-15.2 Sample-and-Hold Amplifier	436	(1)
Laboratory Exercises	437	(2)
Problems	439	(2)
15 POWER SUPPLIES	441	(28)
Learning Objectives	441	(1)
15-0 Introduction	442	(1)
15-1 Introduction to the Unregulated Power Supply	442	(3)
15-1.1 Power Transformer	442	(2)
15-1.2 Rectifier Diodes	444	(1)
15-1.3 Positive versus Negative Supplies	444	(1)
15-1.4 Filter Capacitor	445	(1)
15-1.5 Load	445	(1)
15-2 DC Voltage Regulation	445	(4)
15-2.1 Load Voltage Variations	445	(1)
15-2.2 DC Voltage Regulation Curve	446	(1)
15-2.3 DC Model of a Power Supply	447	(2)
15-2.4 Percent Regulation	449	(1)
15-3 AC Ripple Voltage	449	(3)
15-3.1 Predicting AC Ripple Voltage	449	(2)
15-3.2 Ripple Voltage Frequency and Percent Ripple	451	(1)
15-3.3 Controlling Ripple Voltage	452	(1)
15-4 Design Procedure for a Full-Wave Bridge Unregulated Supply	452	(4)
15-4.1 Design Specification, General	452	(4)
15-5 Bipolar and Two-Value Unregulated Power Supplies	456	(1)
15-5.1 Bipolar or Positive and Negative Power Supplies	456	(1)
15-5.2 Two-Value Power Supplies	457	(1)
15-6 Need for Voltage Regulation	457	(1)
15-7 The History of Linear Voltage Regulators	457	(1)
15-7.1 The First Generation	457	(1)
15-7.2 The Second Generation	458	(1)
15-7.3 The Third Generation	458	(1)
15-8 Linear IC Voltage Regulators	458	(2)
15-8.1 Classification	458	(1)
15-8.2 Common Characteristics	458	(2)
15-8.3 Self-Protection Circuits	460	(1)
15-8.4 External Protection	460	(1)
15-8.5 Ripple Reduction	460	(1)
15-9 Power Supply for Logic Circuits	460	(1)
15-9.1 The Regulator Circuit	460	(1)
15-9.2 The Unregulated Supply	461	(1)
15-10 XXX15-V Power Supplies for Linear Application	461	(2)
15-10.1 High-Current XXX 15-V Regulator	461	(1)
15-10.2 Low-Current XXX 15-V Regulator	462	(1)
15-10.3 Unregulated Supply for the XXX 15-V Regulators	463	(1)
15-11 Adjustable Three-Terminal Positive Voltage Regulator (the LM317HV) and Negative Voltage Regulator (the LM337HV)	463	(1)
15-12 Load Voltage Adjustment	463	(3)
15-12.1 Adjusting the Positive Regulated Output Voltage	463	(2)
15-12.2 Characteristics of the LM317HVK	465	(1)
15-12.3 Adjustable Negative-Voltage Regulator	465	(1)
15-12.4 External Protection	465	(1)
15-13 Adjustable Laboratory-Type Voltage Regulator	466	(1)
15-14 Other Linear Regulators	467	(1)
Laboratory Exercise	467	(1)
Problems	467	(2)
APPENDIX 1 XXXA741 FREQUENCY-COMPENSATED OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER	469	(10)
APPENDIX 2 LM301 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER	479	(7)
APPENDIX 3 LM311 VOLTAGE COMPARATOR	486	(7)
APPENDIX 4 LM117 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR	493	(6)
ANSWERS TO SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS	499	(6)
BIBLIOGRAPHY	505	(2)
INDEX	507