Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB«

by Ghassemlooy; Z.

• ISBN13: 9781439851883
• ISBN10: 1439851883
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-08-08
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Incorporating MATLAB, this book provides a single resource for optical wireless communication systems based on the systems approach. It presents past and current research activities to illustrate optical sources, transmitters, detectors, and receivers used in optical wireless communications. The text covers both indoor and outdoor environments as well as how different factors, including various channel models, affect the system performance. The authors also discuss the emerging field of visible light communications and describe techniques for mitigating channel impact on the system performance using theoretical analysis and simulation. Other topics include hybrid optical and RF wireless systems.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Authors	p. xix
List of Figures	p. xxiii
List of Tables	p. xxxvii
Abbreviations	p. xxxix
Introduction: Optical Wireless Communication Systems	p. 1
Wireless Access Schemes	p. 1
A Brief History of OWC	p. 7
OWC/Radio Comparison	p. 8
Link Configuration	p. 11
OWC Application Areas	p. 19
Safety and Regulations	p. 21
Maximum Permissible Exposures	p. 25
OWC Challenges	p. 25
References	p. 30
Optical Sources and Detectors	p. 35
Light Sources	p. 35
Light-Emitting Diode	p. 38
LED Structure	p. 41
Planar and Dome LED	p. 42
Edge-Emitting LED	p. 43
LED Efficiencies	p. 44
Internal Quantum Efficiency	p. 44
External Quantum Efficiency	p. 45
Power Efficiency	p. 45
Luminous Efficiency	p. 46
LED Modulation Bandwidth	p. 47
The Laser	p. 48
Operating Principle of a Laser	p. 48
Stimulated Emission	p. 49
Population Inversion	p. 50
Optical Feedback and Laser Oscillation	p. 50
Basic Semiconductor Laser Structure	p. 51
The Structure of Common Laser Types	p. 53
Fabry-Perot Laser	p. 53
Distributed Feedback Laser	p. 54
Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser	p. 55
Superluminescent Diodes	p. 56
Comparison of LED and Laser Diodes	p. 57
Photodetectors	p. 57
PIN Photodetector	p. 59
APD Photodetector	p. 61
Photodetection Techniques	p. 62
Direct Detection	p. 63
Coherent Detection	p. 63
Heterodyne Detection	p. 64
Homodyne Detection	p. 66
Photodetection Noise	p. 66
Photon Fluctuation Noise	p. 67
Dark Current and Excess Noise	p. 68
Background Radiation	p. 70
Thermal Noise	p. 70
Intensity Noise	p. 71
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 72
Optical Detection Statistics	p. 72
References	p. 74
Channel Modelling	p. 77
Indoor Optical Wireless Communication Channel	p. 77
LOS Propagation Model	p. 81
Non-LOS Propagation Model	p. 84
Ceiling Bounce Model	p. 95
Hayasaka-Ito Model	p. 96
Spherical Model	p. 97
Artificial Light Interference	p. 99
Incandescent Lamp	p. 100
Fluorescent Lamp Driven by Conventional Ballast	p. 101
Fluorescent Lamp Model	p. 102
Outdoor Channel	p. 107
Atmospheric Channel Loss	p. 107
Fog and Visibility	p. 111
Beam Divergence	p. 120
Optical and Window Loss	p. 125
Pointing Loss	p. 125
The Atmospheric Turbulence Models	p. 126
Log-Normal Turbulence Model	p. 131
Spatial Coherence in Weak Turbulence	p. 135
Limit of Log-Normal Turbulence Model	p. 137
The Gamma-Gamma Turbulence Model	p. 138
The Negative Exponential Turbulence Model	p. 142
Atmospheric Effects on OWC Test Bed	p. 143
Demonstration of Scintillation Effect on Data Carrying Optical Radiation	p. 146
References	p. 154
Modulation Techniques	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Analogue Intensity Modulation	p. 164
Digital Baseband Modulation Techniques	p. 167
Baseband Modulations	p. 167
On-Off Keying	p. 168
Error Performance on Gaussian Channels	p. 172
Pulse Position Modulation	p. 178
Error Performance on Gaussian Channels	p. 182
PPM Variants	p. 186
Multilevel PPM	p. 187
Differential PPM	p. 188
Differential Amplitude Pulse Position Modulation	p. 189
Pulse Interval Modulation	p. 189
Error Performance on Gaussian Channels	p. 195
DPIM with No Guard Band	p. 199
DPIM with One Guard Slot	p. 200
Optimum Threshold Level	p. 202
Dual-Header PIM (DH-PIM)	p. 206
Spectral Characteristics	p. 209
Error Performance on Gaussian Channels	p. 211
Multilevel DPIM	p. 215
Comparisons of Baseband Modulation Schemes	p. 217
Power Efficiency	p. 217
Transmission Bandwidth Requirements	p. 219
Transmission Capacity	p. 222
Transmission Rate	p. 223
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio	p. 224
Subcarrier Intensity Modulation	p. 225
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing	p. 229
Optical Polarization Shift Keying	p. 233
Binary PolSK	p. 234
Bit Error Rate Analysis	p. 239
MPolSK	p. 241
Differential Circle Polarization Shift Keying	p. 245
Error Probability Analysis	p. 247
	p. 248
Derivation of Slot Autocorrelation Function of DPIM(IGS)	p. 248
	p. 252
PSD of DH-PIM	p. 252
Fourier Transform of DH-PIM	p. 252
Power Spectral Density of DH-PIM	p. 252
Further Discussion on the PSD Expression	p. 260
References	p. 261
System Performance Analysis: Indoor	p. 267
Effect of Ambient Light Sources on Indoor OWC Link Performance	p. 267
Effect of FLI without Electrical High-Pass Filtering	p. 268
Matched Filter Receiver	p. 269
Effect of Baseline Wander without FLI	p. 277
Effect of FLI with Electrical High-Pass Filtering	p. 286
Wavelet Analysis	p. 293
The Continuous Wavelet Transform	p. 294
The Discrete Wavelet Transform	p. 297
DWT-Based Denoising	p. 298
Comparative Study of DWT and HPF	p. 303
Experimental Investigations	p. 305
Link Performance for Multipath Propagation	p. 310
OOK	p. 310
PPM	p. 317
DPIM	p. 319
Mitigation Techniques	p. 320
Filtering	p. 321
Equalization	p. 323
The Zero Forcing Equalizer	p. 3.23
Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer	p. 325
Decision Feedback Equalizer	p. 326
Equalization as a Classification Problem	p. 327
Introduction to Artificial Neural Network	p. 327
Neuron	p. 328
ANN Architectures	p. 329
Training Network	p. 330
Backpropagation Learning	p. 331
The ANN-Based Adaptive Equalizer	p. 332
Comparative Study of the ANN- and FIR-Based Equalizers	p. 340
Diversity Techniques	p. 341
References	p. 342
FSO Link Performance under the Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 347
On-Off Keying	p. 348
OOK in a Poisson Atmospheric Optical Channel	p. 348
OOK in a Gaussian Atmospheric Optical Channel	p. 350
Pulse Position Modulation	p. 354
Subcarrier Intensity Modulation	p. 358
SIM Generation and Detection	p. 359
SIM-FSO Performance in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 362
Bit Error Probability Analysis of SIM-FSO	p. 366
BPSK-Modulated Subcarrier	p. 367
M-Ary PSK-Modulated Subcarrier	p. 373
DPSK-Modulated Subcarrier	p. 374
Multiple SIM Performance Analysis	p. 376
Outage Probability in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channels	p. 377
SIM-FSO Performance in Gamma-Gamma and Negative Exponential Atmospheric Channels	p. 380
Outage Probability in Negative Exponential Model Atmospheric Channels	p. 383
Atmospheric Turbulence-Induced Penalty	p. 384
	p. 388
	p. 388
MATLAB Scripts for Sections 6.3.2, 6.3.3.2 and 6.3.3.3	p. 388
Section 6.3.2	p. 388
Sections 6.3.3.2 and 6.3.3.3	p. 389
References	p. 394
Outdoor OWC Links with Diversity Techniques	p. 397
Atmospheric Turbulence Mitigation Techniques	p. 397
Receiver Diversity in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channels	p. 400
Maximum Ratio Combining	p. 402
Equal Gain Combining	p. 404
Selection Combining	p. 406
Effect of Received Signal Correlation on Error Performance	p. 407
Outage Probability with Receiver Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 408
Transmitter Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 409
Transmitter-Receiver Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 410
Results and Discussions of SIM-FSO with Spatial Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 411
SIM-FSO with Receiver Diversity in Gamma-Gamma and Negative Exponential Atmospheric Channels	p. 416
BER and Outage Probability of BPSK-SIM with Spatial Diversity	p. 416
BER and Outage Probability of DPSK-SIM in Negative Exponential Channels	p. 419
Terrestrial Free Space Optical Links with Subcarrier Time Diversity	p. 425
Error Performance with STDD	p. 425
Error Performance of Short-Range Links	p. 427
Error Performance of Long-Range Links	p. 428
Results and Discussion for Short-Range Links	p. 429
Results and Discussion for Long-Range Links	p. 430
Aperture Averaging	p. 432
Plane Wave	p. 432
Spherical Wave	p. 433
Gaussian Beam Wave	p. 434
	p. 435
Sum of Log-Normal Distribution Mean and Variance Calculation	p. 435
	p. 437
PDF of Imax = max(Ii}Ni=1 for Log-Normal-Distributed Variables	p. 437
	p. 438
PDF of Imax = max(Ii}Ni=1 for Negative Exponential Distributed Variables	p. 438
References	p. 438
Visible Light Communications	p. 443
Introduction	p. 443
System Description	p. 448
VLC System Model	p. 452
SNR Analysis	p. 463
Channel Delay Spread	p. 464
System Implementations	p. 467
Bit Angle Modulation	p. 469
Pulse Modulation Schemes	p. 470
PWM with Discrete Multitone Modulation	p. 472
Multilevel PWM-PPM	p. 474
PWM with NRZ-OOK	p. 476
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output VLC	p. 477
Home Access Network	p. 486
References	p. 493
Index	p. 497
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