Outcasts and Heretics Profiles in Independent Thought and Courage

by Sharpes, Donald K.

• ISBN13: 9780739123188
• ISBN10: 0739123181
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-11-16
• Publisher: Lexington Books

Summary

Sharpes paints profiles of individuals who stood up against oppressing forces and overwhelming odds. Offering numerous profiles of varying lengths, the selection ranges from such well-known twentieth-century figures as Gandhi, to little-known and neglected historical figures, such as John Leo.

Author Biography

Donald Sharpes is professor emeritus at Arizona State University

Table of Contents

Tables	p. ix
Abbreviations	p. xi
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Modern Outcasts
Great Souls of the Modern Age	p. 13
Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1942)	p. 13
Martin Luther King (1929-1968)	p. 18
Bantu Steven Biko (1946-1977)	p. 23
Ayaan Hirsi Ali (1969-)	p. 26
Twentieth Century Dissenters	p. 31
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-1945)	p. 32
Kaj Munk (1898-1944)	p. 34
World War II German Army Deserters	p. 36
Edith Stein (1891-1942)	p. 38
Aung San Suu Kyi (1945-	p. 41
Authors and Outsiders	p. 43
American Outsiders	p. 49
Roger Williams (c. 1603-1683)	p. 50
Thomas Paine (1737-1809)	p. 53
Cochise (c.1815-1874)	p. 61
Red Cloud (1822-1909)	p. 63
Skeptical Scientists as Dissidents	p. 67
What Americans Believe	p. 67
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)	p. 70
Natural Selection Over Time	p. 74
Evidence About Human Origins	p. 76
Intelligent Design	p. 79
Witches and Other Pagans	p. 83
Alice Kyteler, Medieval Irish Witch	p. 86
Witches Among the Puritans	p. 87
Mary Dyer (1611-1660)	p. 90
Modern Wiccas	p. 94
The Legacy of Religious Heresy and Dissent
Pre-Christian Dissenters	p. 101
Paleolithic Beliefs	p. 101
Greek Mystery Religions	p. 103
Sources of the Literary Tradition	p. 104
Anaxagoras	p. 106
Protagoras	p. 107
Empedocles	p. 109
Socrates	p. 110
Chinese Ideologies	p. 111
Cicero (106-43 BCE): On the Nature of the Gods	p. 113
The Religion of the Romans	p. 115
Heretics in the First Christian Centuries	p. 119
First Century Rome	p. 122
Apollonius of Tyana, Contemporary of Jesus	p. 128
Marcion, The Heretic	p. 131
Tertullian and the Montanists	p. 134
The Proliferation of Heresies	p. 138
Cyprian of Carthage	p. 142
The Age of Religious Dissension	p. 145
Emperor Julian	p. 148
Nestorius	p. 153
Pelagius: Original Sin and Grace	p. 160
Boethius	p. 162
Heresy in Medieval Islam and Christianity	p. 167
Islam and the Infidels	p. 168
Islamic Dissidents	p. 170
The Crusades	p. 174
The Rise of the Military Orders and the Fall of the Templars	p. 178
The Crusade Against Heretics and the Cathars	p. 180
Peter Abelard	p. 186
Roger Bacon, Alchemist	p. 187
Heretics Condemned	p. 190
Late Medieval Reformers	p. 193
John Wycliffe	p. 194
John Hus	p. 200
Cecco d'Ascoli and Astrology	p. 203
Marcilius (Marsiglio) of Padua	p. 205
Saint Joan (1412-1431)	p. 207
William Tyndale	p. 212
Girolamo Savonarola	p. 218
Renaissance Dissenters	p. 221
Giordano Bruno	p. 222
Thomas More: A Man for All Seasons	p. 227
Johannes Kepler	p. 232
Rene Descartes	p. 233
Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza	p. 238
Voltaire	p. 241
Two Queens, One Princess	p. 247
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots	p. 248
Queen Christina of Sweden	p. 257
Elisabeth von der Pfalz, Princess Palatine	p. 263
Enlightenment Dissenters	p. 269
Denis Diderot	p. 271
Philip-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais	p. 274
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier	p. 278
Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet	p. 281
Epilogue	p. 287
	p. 293
	p. 295
Endnotes	p. 299
Glossary	p. 319
References	p. 321
Index	p. 345
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