Palaeobiology II

by Briggs, Derek E. G.; Crowther, Peter R.

• ISBN13: 9780632051496
• ISBN10: 0632051493
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-03-05
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Palaeobiology: A Synthesis was widely acclaimed both for its content and production quality. Ten years on, Derek Briggs and Peter Crowther have once again brought together over 150 leading authorities from around the world to produce Palaeobiology II. Using the same successful formula, the content is arranged as a series of concise articles, taking a thematic approach to the subject, rather than treating the various fossil groups systematically.This entirely new book, with its diversity of new topics and over 100 new contributors, reflects the exciting developments in the field, including accounts of spectacular newly discovered fossils, and embraces data from other disciplines such as astrobiology, geochemistry and genetics.Palaeobiology II will be an invaluable resource, not only for palaeontologists, but also for students and researchers in other branches of the earth and life sciences. Written by an international team of recognised authorities in the field. Content is concise but informative. Demonstrates how palaeobiological studies are at the heart of a range of scientific themes.

Author Biography

Derek E. G. Briggs is an Irish palaeontologist and taphonomist based at Yale University. Briggs is one of three palaeontologists, along with Harry Blackmore Whittington and Simon Conway Morris, who were key in the reinterpretation of the fossils of the Burgess Shale.

Peter R. Crowther is the editor of Palaeobiology II, published by Wiley.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors	ix
Foreword	xv
E.N.K. Clarkson
Major Events in the History of Life
Early Life	3	(22)
Origin of Life	3	(5)
A. Lazcano
Exploring for a Fossil Record of Extraterrestrial Life	8	(5)
J.D. Farmer
Life in the Archaean	13	(9)
R. Buick
Late Proterozoic Biogeochemical Cycles	22	(3)
G.A. Logan
R.E. Summons
The Cambrian Radiation	25	(24)
Metazoan Origins and Early Evolution	25	(6)
D.H. Erwin
Significance of Early Shells	31	(9)
S. Conway Morris
Cambrian Food Webs	40	(3)
N.J. Butterfield
The Origin of Vertebrates	43	(6)
M.P. Smith
I.J. Sansom
Palaeozoic Events	49	(45)
Ordovician Radiation	49	(3)
A.I. Miller
Rise of Fishes	52	(5)
J.A. Long
Evolution of Reefs	57	(6)
R.A. Wood
Early Land Plants	63	(4)
D. Edwards
Afforestation--the First Forests	67	(4)
S.E. Scheckler
Terrestrialization of Animals	71	(3)
P.A. Selden
Origin of Tetrapods	74	(5)
M.I. Coates
Carboniferous Coal-swamp Forests	79	(3)
W.A. Dimichele
Rise and Diversification of Insects	82	(6)
C.C. Labandeira
Origin of Mammals	88	(6)
J.A. Hopson
Mesozoic Events	94	(12)
Mesozoic Marine Revolution	94	(3)
P.H. Kelley
T.A. Hansen
Origin and Radiation of Angiosperms	97	(5)
E.M. Friis
K.R. Pedersen
P.R. Crane
Rise of Birds	102	(4)
L.M. Chiappe
Cenozoic Events	106	(27)
Evolution of Modern Grasslands and Grazers	106	(3)
T.E. Cerling
Radiation of Tertiary Mammals	109	(3)
C.M. Janis
Rise of Modern Land Plants and Vegetation	112	(3)
M.E. Collinson
Early Primates	115	(6)
K.D. Rose
Hominid Evolution	121	(6)
B.A. Wood
Neandertals	127	(6)
L.C. Aiello
The Evolutionary Process and the Fossil Record
Species Evolution	133	(14)
Speciation and Morphological Change	133	(4)
D.B. Lazarus
Evolutionary Stasis vs. Change	137	(6)
A.H. Cheetham
Rapid Speciation in Species Flocks	143	(4)
A.R. Mccune
Evolution of Form	147	(15)
Developmental Genes and the Evolution of Morphology	147	(5)
G.A. Wray
Constraints on the Evolution of Form	152	(5)
P.J. Wagner
Occupation of Morphospace	157	(5)
A.R.H. Swan
Macroevolution	162	(49)
Origin of Evolutionary Novelties	162	(4)
D. Jablonski
Controls on Rates of Evolution	166	(5)
S.M. Stanley
Competition in Evolution	171	(5)
J.J. Sepkoski Jr
Biotic Interchange	176	(4)
D.R. Lindberg
Importance of Heterochrony	180	(8)
K.J. Mcnamara
Hierarchies in Evolution	188	(4)
T.A. Grantham
Phylogenetic Tree Shape	192	(3)
P.N. Pearson
Contingency	195	(3)
S.J. Gould
Selectivity during Extinctions	198	(4)
M.L. Mckinney
Biotic Recovery from Mass Extinctions	202	(4)
D.J. Bottjer
Evolutionary Trends	206	(5)
D.W. Mcshea
Patterns of Diversity	211	(30)
Biodiversity through Time	211	(9)
M.J. Benton
Late Ordovician Extinction	220	(3)
P.J. Brenchley
Late Devonian Extinction	223	(3)
G.R. Mcghee Jr
End-Permian Extinction	226	(3)
P.B. Wignall
Impact of K--T Boundary Events on Marine Life	229	(3)
R.D. Norris
Impact of K--T Boundary Events on Terrestrial Life	232	(2)
J.A. Wolfe
D.A. Russell
Pleistocene Extinctions	234	(7)
K. Roy
Taphonomy
Fossilized Materials	241	(29)
DNA	241	(4)
H.N. Poinar
S. Paabo
Proteins	245	(2)
M.J. Collins
A.M. Gernaey
Lipids	247	(6)
R.P. Evershed
M.J. Lockheart
Bacteria	253	(3)
K. Liebig
Resistant Plant Tissues--Cuticles and Propagules	256	(3)
P.F. Van Bergen
Animal Cuticles	259	(3)
B.A. Stankiewicz
D.E.G. Briggs
Shells	262	(2)
K. H. Meldahl
Bones	264	(6)
C. Denys
Fossilization Processes	270	(27)
Decay	270	(3)
P.A. Allison
Bioerosion	273	(4)
E.N. Edinger
Preservation by Fire	277	(3)
A.C. Scott
Role of Microbial Mats	280	(5)
J.-C. Gall
Bioimmuration	285	(4)
P.D. Taylor
J.A. Todd
Transport and Spatial Fidelity	289	(3)
L.C. Anderson
Time-averaging	292	(5)
K.W. Flessa
Preservation in Different Ecological Settings	297	(31)
Major Biases in the Fossil Record	297	(6)
S.M. Kidwell
Benthic Marine Communities	303	(4)
W.D. Allmon
Ancient Reefs	307	(2)
J.M. Pandolfi
Marine Plankton	309	(3)
R.E. Martin
Terrestrial Plants	312	(3)
R.A. Gastaldo
Pollen and Spores	315	(3)
J.M. Van Mourik
Terrestrial Vertebrates	318	(3)
A.K. Behrensmeyer
Sphagnum-dominated Peat Bogs	321	(4)
T.J. Painter
Archaeological Remains	325	(3)
V. Straker
Lagerstatten	328	(39)
Exceptionally Preserved Fossils	328	(4)
D.E.G. Briggs
Precambrian Lagerstatten	332	(5)
A.H. Knoll
Shuhai Xiao
Chengjiang	337	(3)
J. Bergstrom
The Soom Shale	340	(2)
R.J. Aldridge
S.E. Gabbott
J.N. Theron
The Rhynie Chert	342	(4)
N.H. Trewin
Hunsruck Slate	346	(3)
R. Raiswell
C. Bartels
D.E.G. Briggs
La Voulte-sur-Rhone	349	(2)
P.R. Wilby
The Santana Formation	351	(5)
D.M. Martill
Las Hoyas	356	(3)
J.L. Sanz
M.A. Fregenal-Martinez
N. Melendez
F. Ortega
The Princeton Chert	359	(3)
R.A. Stockey
Dominican Amber	362	(5)
G.O. Poinar Jr
Palaeoecology
Fossils as Living Organisms	367	(65)
Bringing Fossil Organisms to Life	367	(9)
P.W. Skelton
Stromatolites	376	(3)
M.R. Walter
Plant Growth Forms and Biomechanics	379	(5)
T. Speck
N.P. Rowe
Sessile Invertebrates	384	(2)
W.I. Ausich
D.J. Bottjer
Trilobites	386	(3)
B.D.E. Chatterton
Trackways---Arthropod Locomotion	389	(4)
S.J. Braddy
Durophagy in Marine Organisms	393	(4)
R.B. Aronson
Buoyancy, Hydrodynamics, and Structure in Chambered Cephalopods	397	(4)
D.K. Jacobs
Feeding in Conodonts and other Early Vertebrates	401	(3)
M.A. Purnell
Locomotion in Mesozoic Marine Reptiles	404	(4)
M.A. Taylor
Trackways --- Dinosaur Locomotion	408	(4)
M.G. Lockley
Dinosaur Ethology	412	(2)
J.R. Horner
Predatory Behaviour in Maniraptoran Theropods	414	(3)
A.D. Gishlick
Pterosaur Locomotion	417	(3)
D.M. Unwin
Predation in Sabre-tooth Cats	420	(4)
B. Van Valkenburgh
Plant--Animal Interactions: Herbivory	424	(2)
S. Ash
Plant--Animal Interactions: Insect Pollination	426	(3)
W.L. Crepet
Plant--Animal Interactions: Dispersal	429	(3)
J.J. Hooker
M.E. Collinson
Ancient Communities	432	(35)
Ecological Changes through Geological Time	432	(5)
M.L. Droser
Do Communities Evolve?	437	(3)
R.K. Bambach
Palaeobiogeography of Marine Communities	440	(4)
G.R. Shi
Deep-sea Communities	444	(3)
T. Oji
Ancient Hydrothermal Vent and Cold Seep Faunas	447	(4)
C.T.S. Little
Zooplankton	451	(3)
S. Rigby
C.V. Milsom
Terrestrial Palaeobiogeography	454	(6)
R.S. Hill
Epibionts	460	(4)
H.L. Lescinsky
Fungi in Palaeoecosystems	464	(3)
T.N. Taylor
E.L. Taylor
Fossils as Environmental Indicators	467	(22)
Taphonomic Evidence	467	(3)
M.V.H. Wilson
Oxygen in the Ocean	470	(3)
W. Oschmann
Carbon Isotopes in Plants	473	(2)
D.J. Beerling
Bathymetric Indicators	475	(4)
P.J. Orr
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide---Stomata	479	(1)
J.C. Mcelwain
Climate---Wood and Leaves	480	(3)
D.R. Greenwood
Climate---Modelling using Fossil Plants	483	(2)
G.R. Upchurch Jr
Climate---Quaternary Vegetation	485	(4)
T. Webb
Systematics, Phylogeny, and Stratigraphy
Morphology and Taxonomy	489	(11)
Quantifying Morphology	489	(3)
R.E. Chapman
D. Rasskin-Gutman
Morphometrics and Intraspecific Variation	492	(3)
N.C. Hughes
Disparity vs. Diversity	495	(5)
M.A. Wills
Calibrating Diversity	500	(9)
Estimating Completeness of the Fossil Record	500	(4)
M. Foote
Analysis of Diversity	504	(5)
A.B. Smith
Reconstructing Phylogeny	509	(26)
Phylogenetic Analysis	509	(6)
M. Wilkinson
Fossils in the Reconstruction of Phylogeny	515	(4)
P.L. Forey
R.A. Fortey
Stratigraphic Tests of Cladistic Hypotheses	519	(3)
M.A. Norell
Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis	522	(7)
J.P. Huelsenbeck
Molecules and Morphology in Phylogeny -- the Radiation of Rodents	529	(3)
F.M. Catzeflis
Using Molecular Data to Estimate Divergence Times	532	(3)
A. Cooper
N. Grassly
A. Rambaut
Fossils in Stratigraphy	535	(20)
Stratigraphic Procedure	535	(4)
P.F. Rawson
Calibration of the Fossil Record	539	(3)
S.A. Bowring
M.W. Martin
Confidence Limits in Stratigraphy	542	(3)
C.R. Marshall
High-resolution Biostratigraphy	545	(3)
J. Backman
Sequence Stratigraphy and Fossils	548	(7)
S.M. Holland
Index	555