Party Politics in America

by Hershey, Marjorie R.

Edition:

12th

ISBN13:

9780321414915

ISBN10:

0321414918

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/1/2007

Publisher(s):

Longman

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This is the 12th edition with a publication date of 1/1/2007.

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Summary

Party Politics in America analyzes three primary components of partiesparty organization, party in the electorate, party in governmentand the interaction of these components, especially during election campaigns. Originally written by Frank Sorauf and now AUTHORed by Majorie Hershey, the book integrates academic research with contemporary and historical examples to bring to life the fascinating story of how parties have helped to shape our political system.

Foreword

xvii

John H. Aldrich

Preface

xxii

Part One Parties and Party Systems

(44)

What Are Political Parties?

(21)

A Three-Part Definition of Parties

(4)

The Party Organization

(1)

The Party in Government

(1)

The Party in the Electorate

(1)

What Parties Do

(1)

Electing Candidates

(1)

Educating (or Propagandizing) Citizens

(1)

Governing

(1)

The Effects of Party Activity

(1)

How Do Parties Differ from Other Political Groups?

(1)

Parties Are Paramount in Elections

(1)

They Have a Full-time Commitment to Political Activity

(1)

They Mobilize Large Numbers

(1)

They Endure

(1)

They Serve as Political Symbols

(1)

How the American Parties Developed

(4)

The Founding of American Parties

(4)

The Emergence of a National Two-Party System

(3)

The Golden Age of the Parties

(1)

The Progressive Reforms and Beyond

(1)

What Do the Parties Stand For?

(2)

Parties Are Shaped by Their Environment

(4)

Voters and Elections

(1)

Political Institutions

(1)

Laws Governing Parties

(1)

Political Culture

(1)

The Broader Environment

(2)

The American Two-Party System

(19)

The National Party System

(1)

The 50 State Party Systems

(3)

Measuring State Party Competition

(1)

Limits on Competitiveness: Incumbency

(1)

... and Other Reasons for Declining Competitiveness

(1)

What Causes a Two-Party System?

(4)

Institutional Forces

(2)

``Dualist'' Theories

(1)

Social Consensus Theories

(1)

Party Self-Protection (The Best Defense Is a Good Offense)

(1)

Exceptions to the Two-Party Pattern

(7)

Nonpartisan Elections

(1)

Pockets of One-Party Monopoly

(1)

Third Parties

(1)

Differences in Scope of Ideological Commitment

(2)

Difference of Origins

(1)

Differing Purposes

(1)

What Difference Do They Make?

(1)

The Rise of Independent Candidates

(1)

Will the Two-Party System Continue?

(3)

Part Two The Political Party as an Organization

(54)

The State and Local Party Organizations

(18)

What Is a ``Strong'' Party?

(1)

The Legal Environment of the Parties

(1)

Levels of Party Organization

(3)

Local Party Committees

(1)

State Central Committees

(1)

The Legendary Party Machines

(2)

How the Party Machines Developed

(1)

How Machines Held on to Power

(1)

Local Party Organizations Declined and Then Rebuilt

(4)

Local Parties in the 1970s

(1)

Local Parties Today: Richer and More Active

(2)

The State Parties: Newfound Prosperity

(5)

Traditional Weakness

(1)

Increasing Strength in Recent Years

(1)

Fund-raising

(1)

Campaign Services

(1)

Republican Advantage

(1)

Allied Groups

(1)

The Special Case of the South

(1)

National Party Money

(1)

Summing Up: How the State and Local Party Organizations Have Transformed

(2)

The Parties' National Organizations

(19)

The National Parties

(2)

The National Committees

(1)

National Party Officers

(1)

Presidents and Their National Parties

(1)

Other National Party Groups

(3)

Congressional Campaign (``Hill'') Committees

(1)

Women's and Youth Groups

(1)

Democratic and Republican Governors' Associations

(2)

Two Paths to Power

(6)

The Service Party Path

(1)

The Democrats' Procedural-Reform Path

(1)

Both Parties Take the Service Path

(2)

Rising to the Challenge of New Campaign Finance Rules

(2)

What Is the Impact of These Stronger National Parties?

(6)

Effects on Candidates' Campaigns

(2)

Effects on State and Local Parties

(2)

Effects on the Presidency

(1)

Effects on Congress

(1)

Relationships within the National Party

(2)

The Limits of Party Organization

(1)

Party Activists

(15)

What Draws People into Party Activity?

(7)

Material Incentives

(1)

Patronage

(1)

Elected Office

(1)

Preferments

(1)

Solidary (Social) Incentives

(1)

Purposive (Issue-Based) Incentives

(2)

Mixed Incentives

(1)

Professional and Amateurs

(1)

How Do Parties Recruit Activists?

(3)

Finding Volunteers: Is Anybody Home?

(1)

Means, Motive, and Opportunity

(1)

What Kinds of People Become Party Activists?

(2)

People from ``Political Families''

(1)

Better Educated and Wealthier Than Average

(1)

Different Agendas

(1)

More Extreme Views

(1)

Party Activists and Democracy

(3)

The Problem of Representation

(1)

Amateurs and Pressure for Internal Party Democracy

(1)

Activists and Party Strength

(1)

Part Three The Political Party in the Electorate

(56)

Party Identification

101

(17)

How People Develop Party Identifications

102

(2)

Childhood Influences

102

(1)

Influences in Adulthood

103

(1)

Patterns of Partisanship Over Time

104

(3)

Has There Been a Decline in Partisanship?

106

(1)

Party Identification and Political Views

107

(1)

Party Identification and Voting

108

(3)

Party Voting

108

(2)

Party Versus Candidates and Issues

110

(1)

Partisanship as a Two-Way Street

111

(1)

Party Identification and Political Activity

111

(1)

Party Identification and Attitudes Toward the Parties

112

(1)

The Myth of the Independent

113

(2)

Attitudinal Independents

114

(1)

Behavioral Independents

114

(1)

Are Independents a Likely Source of Support for Third-Party Candidates?

115

(1)

Change in the Impact of Party ID

115

(3)

A More Candidate-Centered Politics

115

(1)

The Continuing Significance of Party

116

(2)

Party Coalitions and Party Change

118

(19)

The American Party Systems

119

(4)

The First Party System

119

(2)

The Second Party System

121

(1)

The Third Party System

121

(1)

The Fourth Party System

122

(1)

The Fifth Party System

122

(1)

The Social Bases of Party Coalitions

123

(5)

Socioeconomic Status Divisions

123

(2)

Sectional (Regional) Divisions

125

(1)

Religious Divisions

126

(1)

Racial Divisions

127

(1)

Ethnic Divisions

127

(1)

Gender Divisions

127

(1)

Issues Are Central to the Parties' Coalitions

128

(2)

The Development of the Sixth Party System

130

(7)

Major Changes in the Parties' Supporting Coalitions

131

(2)

From Democratic Majority to Party Parity

133

(1)

How Can We Characterize These Changes: Realignment, Dealignment, or What?

134

(1)

Problems with the Idea of Realignment

135

(2)

Who Votes---and Why It Matters

137

(18)

The Low Turnout in American Elections

138

(1)

The Expanding Right to Vote

139

(1)

Legal Barriers to Voting

140

(1)

Citizenship

140

(1)

Residence

140

(1)

Registration

141

(1)

The Special Case of Voting Rights for African Americans

141

(3)

The Long Struggle for Voting Rights

141

(1)

The Growth of Black Registration in the South

142

(1)

From Voting Rights to Representation

143

(1)

Getting Blacks' Votes Counted

144

(1)

Political Influences on Turnout

144

(2)

The Excitement of the Election

145

(1)

Close Competition

145

(1)

The Representativeness of the Party System

146

(1)

Organized Efforts to Mobilize Voters

146

(1)

Turnout: Individual Differences

146

(4)

Socioeconomic Status

147

(1)

Youth

148

(1)

Gender and Race

149

(1)

Social Connectedness

149

(1)

Political Attitudes

149

(1)

Personal Costs of Voting

150

(1)

Why Isn't Voter Turnout Even Higher?

150

(2)

The Puzzle of Low Turnouts

151

(1)

What Could Stimulate More Participation?

151

(1)

Why Do These Changes in Turnout Matter?

152

(1)

Long-Range Effects

152

(1)

Effects on Particular Elections

153

(1)

The Challenge to the Parties

153

(2)

Part Four Parties, Nominations, and Elections

155

(90)

How Parties Choose Candidates

157

(17)

How the Nomination Process Evolved

157

(2)

Nominations by Caucus

158

(1)

Nominations by Convention

158

(1)

Nominations by Direct Primaries

158

(1)

The Current Mix of Primaries and Conventions

159

(1)

Types of Primaries

159

(2)

Closed Primaries

160

(1)

Open Primaries

160

(1)

Blanket Primaries

160

(1)

Why Does the Type of Primary Matter?

161

(1)

How Candidates Qualify

162

(1)

How Do Candidates Get on the Ballot?

162

(1)

Runoffs: When Too Many Candidates Get on the Ballot

162

(1)

What Parties Don't Like About Primaries

163

(4)

Difficulties in Recruiting Candidates

163

(1)

The Risk of Unattractive Nominees

164

(1)

Divisive Primaries

164

(2)

Problems in Holding Candidates Accountable

166

(1)

The Party Organization Fights Back

167

(1)

Persuading Candidates to Run (or Not to Run)

167

(1)

Endorsing Candidates

167

(1)

Providing Tangible Support

168

(1)

Candidates and Voters in the Primaries

168

(3)

Many Candidates Run Without Competition

169

(1)

... And Voters Are in Short Supply

169

(2)

The Impact of the Direct Primary

171

(3)

Has It Made Elections More Democratic?

171

(1)

How Badly Has It Harmed the Parties?

172

(1)

Is the Primary Worth the Cost?

172

(2)

Choosing the Presidential Nominees

174

(21)

The Move to Presidential Primaries

174

(4)

Turbulence in the Democratic Party

175

(1)

Presidential Primaries Today

176

(2)

Some States Use Party Caucuses

178

(1)

The Race to Win Delegate Votes

178

(5)

The ``Invisible Primary''

178

(1)

Candidates' Strategic Choices

179

(2)

Win Early or Die

181

(1)

What Is the Party's Role?

181

(2)

Voters' Choices in Presidential Nominations

183

(2)

Who Votes?

183

(1)

Are Primary Voters Typical?

183

(1)

Do Voters Make Informed Choices?

184

(1)

Do Primaries Produce Good Candidates?

184

(1)

On to the National Conventions

185

(3)

Roots of the Conventions

185

(1)

What Conventions Do

185

(1)

Approving the Platform

186

(1)

Formalizing the Presidential Nomination

187

(1)

Approving the Vice-Presidential Nominee

187

(1)

Launching the Presidential Campaign

187

(1)

Who Are the Delegates?

188

(4)

Apportioning Delegates Among the States

188

(1)

How Representative Are the Delegates?

188

(1)

Demographics

188

(1)

Political Experience

188

(1)

Issues

189

(2)

Amateurs or Professionals?

191

(1)

Who Controls the Delegates?

191

(1)

How Media Cover Conventions

192

(1)

Do Conventions Still Have a Purpose?

193

(1)

Should We Reform the Reforms?

193

(2)

What Could Be Done?

193

(2)

The General Election

195

(21)

Elections: The Rules Affect the Results

196

(5)

The Secret Ballot

196

(1)

The Format of the Ballot

196

(1)

The Order of Candidates' Names

196

(1)

The Long Ballot

197

(1)

Voting Systems

197

(2)

Legislative Redistricting

199

(2)

Campaign Strategy

201

(1)

How Campaigning Has Changed

202

(7)

Professional Consultants

202

(1)

Sources of Information

203

(1)

Computers

203

(1)

Polls

203

(1)

Methods of Persuasion: The Air War

204

(1)

Television

204

(1)

The Internet

205

(1)

The Ground War: ``Under the Radar''

205

(1)

Direct Mail

205

(1)

E-Mail

206

(1)

Canvassing and Phone Banks

206

(1)

Negative Campaigning

207

(1)

The 2002 and 2004 Campaigns

207

(2)

Do Campaigns Make a Difference?

209

(3)

The Argument That Campaigns Matter

210

(1)

The Argument That They Don't

211

(1)

Some Tentative Answers

211

(1)

Candidate-Centered or Party-Centered Campaigns?

212

(4)

Party Influence in Competitive Campaigns

213

(1)

The Continuing Struggle Between Candidates and Party Organizations

213

(3)

Financing the Campaigns

216

(29)

How Much Money Is Spent on Campaigns?

217

(6)

Presidential Campaigns

217

(3)

Congressional Campaigns

220

(3)

State and Local Campaigns

223

(1)

What Is the Impact of Campaign Spending?

223

(2)

Where Does the Money Come From?

225

(5)

Individual Contributors

225

(1)

Political Action Committees

226

(2)

Parties

228

(1)

The Candidates Themselves

229

(1)

Public Funding

229

(1)

Money in State and Local Campaigns

230

(1)

Reform of the Campaign Finance Rules

230

(3)

Contribution Limits

231

(1)

Spending Limits

231

(1)

Public Disclosure

232

(1)

Public Funding of Presidential Campaigns

232

(1)

The Loopholes That Ate the Reforms

233

(5)

Independent Spending

233

(1)

Soft Money

233

(1)

Issue Advocacy Ads

234

(3)

``527'' Advocacy Groups

237

(1)

What Did the 1970s Reforms Accomplish?

238

(5)

Intended and Unintended Effects

239

(1)

Effects on the Parties

239

(1)

Another Try: The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

240

(2)

State Regulation and Financing

242

(1)

Money in American Politics

243

(2)

Part Five The Party in Government

245

(72)

Parties in Congress and State Legislatures

248

(22)

How the Parties Are Organized in Congress

249

(6)

Changes in the Power of House Party Leaders

250

(1)

The Revolt Against ``Czar'' Cannon

250

(1)

Growing Party Coordination

250

(1)

Policy Leadership

251

(1)

The Gingrich Revolution

252

(1)

... and Its Aftermath

253

(1)

Parties in the ``Individualist'' Senate

253

(1)

Parties in the State Legislatures

254

(1)

Methods of Party Influence

255

(2)

Carrots and Sticks

255

(2)

Party Influence on Legislative Voting

257

(10)

How Unified Is Each Legislative Party?

257

(1)

Party Voting

257

(3)

Party Support

260

(2)

Greater Polarization of the Congressional Parties

262

(1)

When Are the Parties Most Unified?

262

(1)

Issues That Touch the Interests of the Legislative Parties

263

(1)

The Executive's Proposals

263

(2)

Policies Central to the Party System

265

(1)

Does Party Competition Promote Party Unity?

266

(1)

Comparing Party Power in Congress and State Legislatures

267

(1)

Party Polarization and Cohesion

267

(1)

Greater Interparty Competition

267

(1)

No Competing Centers of Power

267

(1)

Other Needed Resources

267

(1)

Lesser Legislative Professionalism

268

(1)

Styles of Individual Leaders

268

(1)

The Power of Legislative Parties

268

(2)

The Party in the Executive and the Courts

270

(16)

President and Governor as Party Leaders

271

(3)

The President as Campaigner-in-Chief

271

(1)

The President as the ``Top of the Ticket''

272

(1)

Coattail Effects

272

(1)

Coattails Even Without the Coat

273

(1)

President's Impact

274

(1)

Party Leadership and Legislative Relations

274

(2)

Legislative Support for Executives

274

(1)

Divided Control of Government

275

(1)

Party Influence in Executive Agencies

276

(3)

Bureaucrats Have Constituents Too

276

(1)

Holding Bureaucrats Accountable

277

(1)

Changing Political Outlooks in the Federal Bureaucracy

278

(1)

Traces of Party in the Courts

279

(6)

Judicial Voting Along Party Lines

279

(1)

What Causes Partisan Behavior on the Courts?

280

(1)

Party and Judicial Appointments

281

(1)

Federal Judges

281

(2)

State Court Judges

283

(2)

The Party Within the Executive and the Judge

285

(1)

The Semi-Responsible Parties

286

(17)

The Case for Responsible Party Government

287

(1)

How Would Party Government (Responsible Parties) Work?

287

(1)

The Case Against Party Government

288

(3)

It Would Increase Conflict

288

(1)

It Wouldn't Work in American Politics

289

(1)

The Gingrich Experiment: A Temporarily Responsible Party

290

(1)

Party Cohesion and Ideology

291

(5)

Are the American Parties Ideological?

292

(1)

Do They at Least Offer Clear Choices?

292

(1)

But Internal Divisions Remain

293

(3)

Ideology and the American Voter

296

(4)

How Ideological Is the American Public?

296

(2)

Differences Among Voters, Activists, and Candidates

298

(2)

When Is Party Government Most Likely?

300

(1)

When There Is Strong Presidential Leadership

300

(1)

In Times of Crisis

300

(1)

When the Parties' Supporting Coalitions Realign

300

(1)

Party Government and Popular Control

301

(2)

The Place of Parties in American Politics

303

(14)

Parties and Their Environment

303

(2)

The Nature of the Electorate

304

(1)

Political Institutions and Rules

305

(1)

Societal Forces

305

(1)

Party Decline in the 1960s and 1970s

305

(3)

The Parties in the Electorate

306

(1)

Party Organizations

306

(1)

The Party in Government

307

(1)

Shifting Power Centers Within the Parties

308

(1)

Party Renewal

308

(3)

Change in the Parties' Electoral Coalitions

309

(1)

The Rise of More Cohesive Parties in Government

310

(1)

The New ``Service Parties''

311

(1)

The Future of Party Politics in America

311

(4)

A Changing Intermediary Role

311

(1)

The Need for Strong Parties

312

(2)

How to Make the Parties Stronger

314

(1)

Conclusion: The Parties' Prospects

315

(2)

Party Politics on the Internet

317

(8)

Appendix

325

(3)

Endnotes

328

(25)

Index

353

Party Politics in America

9780321414915

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Table of Contents