Pathophysiology

by Copstead-Kirkhorn & Banasik

• ISBN13: 9780721603384
• ISBN10: 0721603386
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-02-10
• Publisher: Saunders

Summary

Dynamically illustrated in full color, Pathophysiology is a comprehensive exploration of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of disease. Organized by body system, each unit opens with an illustrated review of anatomy and normal physiology, then follows with the disease processes and abnormalities that can occur. The text includes the influence of behavioral factors, life-style choices, and environmental factors on the cause and progression of disease, and covers the most current advances in genetic research and treatment modalities. Highlighted Key Concepts are included in bulleted format after major discussions to help the student focus on important information. Key terms appear in bold type within text discussions, and new terminology is defined in a comprehensive glossary, to help the student identify and understand new and important terms. Key Questions are listed at the beginning of each chapter, emphasizing the most important concepts to be mastered. Aging Process algorithms provide brief analyses of age-related changes of specific body systems, using an easy-to-understand, step-by-step format. Frontiers in Research essays introduce each unit with an overview of current trends and recent developments, and speculation about future research findings. Full-color design and illustrations are included throughout the text. Over 250 new illustrations are added, plus over 230 now in full color. Pediatric and Elderly icons highlight content within the text. Revised and updated content includes the most current information and latest research.

Table of Contents

UNIT I Pathophysiologic Processes	xxxvi
Core Pathophysiologic Concepts	2	(21)
Lee-Ellen C. Copstead
Concepts of Homeostasis	3	(3)
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms	4	(2)
Concepts of Disease and Illness	6	(3)
Factors Affecting Determination of Normality	6	(3)
Framework for Pathophysiology	9	(8)
Etiology	9	(6)
Pathogenesis	15	(1)
Clinical Manifestations	16	(1)
Concepts of Epidemiology	17	(3)
Factors Affecting Patterns of Disease	17	(3)
Implications for Treatment	20	(3)
Levels of Prevention	20	(3)
Stress, Adaptation, and Coping	23	(23)
Linda Denise Oakley
Homeostasis and Stress	24	(1)
Historical Perspectives	24	(1)
Selye's Contributions to Stress Research	25	(5)
General Adaptation Syndrome	26	(2)
Local Adaptation Syndrome	28	(1)
Selye's Concepts	29	(1)
Current Concepts	30	(11)
Neuroendocrine Interactions	31	(1)
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis	32	(2)
Additional Hormones Associated with Stress	34	(1)
Stress Response and Endorphin Release	35	(1)
Stress Response and the Immune System	35	(2)
Stress Response and Disease	37	(2)
Stress Response and Age	39	(2)
Stress and Stressors	41	(1)
Stressors and Biological Synchronizing Cycles	42	(1)
Culture Coping, and Adaptation	42	(4)
UNIT II Cellular Function	46	(134)
Cell Structure and Function	48	(35)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Plasma Membrane	49	(4)
Membrane Structure	49	(1)
Lipid Bilayer	50	(1)
Membrane Proteins	51	(2)
Organization of Cellular Compartments	53	(5)
Cytoskeleton	53	(1)
Nucleus	54	(1)
Endoplasmic Reticulum	55	(1)
Golgi Apparatus	55	(1)
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes	56	(1)
Mitochondria	56	(2)
Cellular Metabolism	58	(4)
Glycolysis	58	(2)
Citric Acid Cycle	60	(1)
Oxidative Phosphorylation	60	(2)
Functions of the Plasma Membrane	62	(10)
Membrane Transport of Macromolecules	62	(2)
Membrane Transport of Small Molecules	64	(5)
Cellular Membrane Potentials	69	(3)
Intercellular Communication and Growth	72	(11)
Cell Signaling Strategies	72	(3)
Cell Surface Receptor-Mediated Responses	75	(3)
Intracellular Receptor-Mediated Responses	78	(1)
Regulation of Cellular Growth	78	(5)
Cell Injury, Aging, and Death	83	(22)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Reversible Cell Injury	84	(3)
Hydropic Swelling	84	(1)
Intracellular Accumulations	85	(2)
Cellular Adaptation	87	(2)
Atrophy	87	(1)
Hypertrophy	88	(1)
Hyperplasia	88	(1)
Metaplasia	88	(1)
Dysplasia	89	(1)
Irreversible Cell Injury	89	(4)
Necrosis	89	(2)
Apoptosis	91	(2)
Etiology of Cellular Injury	93	(8)
Ischemia and Hypoxic Injury	93	(1)
Nutritional Injury	94	(1)
Infectious and Immunologic Injury	95	(2)
Chemical Injury	97	(2)
Physical and Mechanical Injury	99	(2)
Cellular Aging	101	(1)
Cellular Basis of Aging	101	(1)
Physiologic Changes of Aging	102	(1)
Somatic Death	102	(3)
Molecular Genetics and Tissue Differentiation	105	(18)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Molecular Genetics	106	(7)
Structure of DNA	106	(1)
DNA Replication	107	(2)
Genetic Code	109	(1)
Transcription	110	(1)
Translation	111	(2)
Regulation of Gene Expression	113	(1)
Transcriptional Controls	113	(1)
Differentiation of Tissues	114	(9)
Cell Diversification and Cell Memory	114	(1)
Mechanisms of Development	115	(1)
Differentiated Tissues	115	(8)
Genetic and Developmental Disorders	123	(26)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Principles of Inheritance	124	(4)
Genetic Disorders	128	(1)
Chromosomal Abnormalities	128	(4)
Aberrant Number of Chromosomes	128	(1)
Abnormal Chromosome Structure	129	(2)
Examples of Autosomal Chromosome Disorders	131	(1)
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)	131	(1)
Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome) and Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)	132	(1)
Cri du Chat Syndrome	132	(1)
Examples of Sex Chromosome Disorders	132	(1)
Klinefelter Syndrome	132	(1)
Turner Syndrome	132	(1)
Multiple X Females and Double Y Males	132	(1)
Mendelian Single-Gene Disorders	132	(8)
DNA Mutation and Repair	133	(1)
Autosomal Dominant Disorders	133	(3)
Marfan Syndrome	136	(1)
Huntington Disease	136	(1)
Autosomal Recessive Disorders	137	(1)
Albinism	138	(1)
Phenylketonuria	138	(1)
Cystic Fibrosis	138	(1)
Sex-Linked (X-Linked) Disorders	138	(1)
Hemophilia A	139	(1)
Nonmendelian Single-Gene Disorders	140	(1)
Triplet Repeat Mutations	141	(1)
Mitochondrial Gene Mutations	141	(1)
Genomic Imprinting	141	(1)
Multifactorial (Polygenic) Disorders	141	(1)
Environmentally Induced Congenital Disorders	142	(2)
Periods of Fetal Vulnerability	142	(1)
Teratogenic Agents	143	(1)
Other Disorders of Infancy	144	(1)
Diagnosis, Counseling, and Gene Therapy	144	(5)
Prenatal Diagnosis and Counseling	145	(1)
Genetic Analysis and Therapy	145	(1)
Recombinant DNA Technology	145	(4)
Neoplasia	149	(31)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Benign Versus Malignant Growth	150	(3)
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors	150	(1)
Tumor Terminology	151	(1)
The Cancerous Phenotype	152	(1)
Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer	153	(8)
Proto-Oncogenes	153	(2)
Tumor Suppressor Genes	155	(6)
Multistep Nature of Carcinogenesis	161	(3)
Initiation	161	(1)
Promotion	161	(1)
Progression	162	(2)
Metastasis	164	(4)
Patterns of Spread	164	(1)
Angiogenesis	165	(1)
Grading and Staging of Tumors	165	(3)
Effects of Cancer on the Body	168	(2)
Cancer Therapy	170	(4)
Surgery	170	(1)
Radiation Therapy	170	(1)
Chemotherapy	171	(1)
Immunotherapy	171	(2)
Gene and Molecular Therapy	173	(1)
Stem Cell Transplantation	174	(1)
Epidemiology and Cancer Risk Factors	174	(6)
Tobacco Use	175	(1)
Nutrition	176	(4)
UNIT III Defense	180	(136)
Infectious Processes	182	(21)
Mark Puhlman
Epidemiologic Concepts	183	(5)
Transmission of Infection	183	(2)
Role of Host	185	(1)
Host Characteristics	186	(1)
Role of Immunization	186	(1)
Role of Environment	186	(2)
Host-Parasite Relationship	188	(3)
Normal Microbial Flora	188	(1)
Microorganism Characteristics	189	(1)
Antimicrobial Resistance	190	(1)
Types of Microorganisms	191	(12)
Bacteria	191	(1)
Viruses	192	(5)
Fungi	197	(2)
Parasites	199	(4)
Inflammation and Immunity	203	(41)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Components of the Immune System	205	(1)
Epithelial Barriers	205	(1)
Mononuclear Phagocyte System	205	(1)
Lymphoid System	206	(2)
Primary Lymphoid Organs	206	(1)
Secondary Lymphoid Organs	206	(2)
Leukocytes	208	(7)
Neutrophils	209	(1)
Eosinophils	210	(1)
Basophils and Mast Cells	211	(1)
Monocytes and Macrophages	211	(2)
Lymphocytes	213	(2)
Chemical Mediators of Immune Function	215	(3)
Complement	215	(1)
Kinins	216	(1)
Clotting Factors	216	(1)
Cytokines	216	(2)
Innate Defenses and Inflammation	218	(1)
Inflammation	218	(5)
Increased Vascular Permeability	218	(2)
Emigration of Leukocytes	220	(1)
Phagocytosis	221	(1)
Chronic Inflammation	222	(1)
Healing	223	(1)
Inflammatory Exudates	223	(1)
Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation	223	(1)
Specific Adaptive Immunity	224	(1)
Major Histocompatibility Complex	225	(1)
Antigen Presentation by MHC	225	(2)
MHC Class I Presentation	225	(1)
MHC Class II Presentation	226	(1)
Mechanisms of Cell-Mediated Immunity	227	(3)
T Helper Cells (CD4+)	229	(1)
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8')	229	(1)
Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity	230	(6)
Antigen Recognition by B Cells	230	(2)
Antibody Structure	232	(3)
Class Switching and Affinity Maturation	235	(1)
Antibody Functions	236	(1)
Passive and Active Immunity	236	(2)
Passive Immunity	236	(1)
Active Immunity	237	(1)
Integrated Function and Regulation of the Immune System	238	(1)
Integrated Response to New Antigen	238	(3)
Regulation of Immune Function	241	(3)
Alterations in Immune Function	244	(21)
Faith Young Peterson
Excessive Immune Responses	245	(1)
Autoimmunity	246	(2)
Genetic Factors	246	(1)
Environmental Triggers	247	(1)
Pharmacotherapies	247	(1)
Hypersensitivity	248	(12)
Type I Hypersensitivity	248	(3)
Type II Hypersensitivity	251	(1)
Transfusion Reaction	252	(1)
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn	252	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis and Graves Disease	252	(1)
Hyperacute Graft Rejection	253	(1)
Type III Hypersensitivity	254	(2)
Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis	256	(1)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	257	(1)
Type IV Hypersensitivity	257	(1)
Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity	257	(1)
Contact Hypersensitivity	257	(2)
Tuberculin-Type Hypersensitivity	259	(1)
Granulomatous Hypersensitivity	259	(1)
Deficient Immune Responses	260	(1)
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders	260	(2)
B-Cell and T-Cell Combined Disorders	261	(1)
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders	261	(1)
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome	261	(1)
T-Cell Disorders	261	(1)
DiGeorge Syndrome	261	(1)
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis	262	(1)
B-Cell Disorders	262	(1)
IgA Deficiency	262	(1)
Bruton X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia	262	(1)
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia	262	(1)
Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders	262	(3)
Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells	265	(24)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Classification of Hematologic Neoplasms	266	(1)
Etiology of Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms	266	(3)
General Principles of Management	269	(4)
Diagnosis of Hematologic Neoplasms	269	(1)
Principles of Treatment	270	(1)
Prevention and Management of Complications	271	(2)
Myeloid Neoplasms	273	(3)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia	274	(1)
Acute Myeloid Leukemia	274	(2)
Lymphoid Neoplasms	276	(13)
Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia	276	(1)
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma	277	(1)
Hairy Cell Leukemia	278	(1)
Plasma Cell Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma)	278	(2)
Hodgkin Disease	280	(4)
B-Cell, T-Cell, and NK-Cell Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin)	284	(5)
HIV Disease and AIDS	289	(27)
Faith Young Peterson
Epidemiology	290	(4)
History	291	(1)
Types of HIV	292	(1)
Transmission	292	(1)
Prevention of Transmission	293	(1)
Etiology	294	(3)
HIV Structure	294	(1)
HIV Binding and Infection	295	(2)
Pathogenesis	297	(4)
Effect of HIV on Immune Cells at the Cellular Level	297	(1)
Viral Production and Cell Death	297	(2)
Progression of HIV Infection from Seroconversion to AIDS	299	(2)
CDC HIV Classification System	301	(1)
Diagnostic Testing	301	(3)
Clinical Manifestations	304	(6)
Systemic Manifestations	304	(1)
Gastrointestinal Manifestations	305	(1)
Pulmonary Manifestations	305	(1)
Mucocutaneous Manifestations	306	(2)
Gynecologic Manifestations	308	(1)
Neurologic Manifestations	308	(1)
Ocular Manifestations	309	(1)
Manifestations in Other Systems	309	(1)
Manifestations in Children	309	(1)
Treatment	310	(6)
Antiretroviral Therapy Recommendations	310	(1)
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	311	(1)
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	312	(1)
Protease Inhibitors	313	(1)
Other Treatments and Vaccines	314	(2)
UNIT IV Oxygen Transport, Blood Coagulation, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure	316	(112)
Alterations in Oxygen Transport	318	(45)
Marie L. Kotter
Susan G. Osguthorpe
Composition of Blood	319	(4)
Organic and Inorganic Components	319	(2)
Cellular Components	321	(2)
Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells	323	(8)
Hematopoiesis	323	(4)
Hemoglobin Synthesis	327	(1)
Nutritional Requirements for Erythropoiesis	328	(1)
Energy and Maintenance of Erythrocytes	329	(1)
Red Cell Production	329	(1)
Red Cell Destruction	330	(1)
Gas Transport and Acid-Base Balance	331	(5)
Oxygen Transport	331	(2)
Carbon Dioxide Transport	333	(2)
Alterations in Oxygen Transport	335	(1)
Anemia	336	(1)
General Effects of Anemia	337	(1)
Anemia Related to Decreased Red Cell Production	337	(5)
Aplastic Anemia	337	(2)
Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure	339	(1)
Anemia Related to Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) or Folate Deficiency	340	(1)
Iron Deficiency Anemia	341	(1)
Anemia Related to Inherited Disorders of the Red Cell	342	(5)
Thalassemia	342	(2)
Sickle Cell Anemia	344	(2)
Hereditary Spherocytosis	346	(1)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency	346	(1)
Anemia Related to Extrinsic Red Cell Destruction or Loss	347	(4)
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn	347	(1)
Antibody-Mediated Drug Reactions	348	(1)
Acute Blood Loss	349	(1)
Other Extrinsic Abnormalities	350	(1)
Transfusion Therapy	351	(6)
Polycythemia	357	(6)
Polycythemia Vera	357	(2)
Secondary Polycythemia	359	(1)
Relative Polycythemia	359	(4)
Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation	363	(19)
Naomi Lungstrom
Roberta J. Emerson
The Process of Hemostasis	364	(4)
Stages of Hemostasis	364	(1)
Platelets	364	(2)
Blood Coagulation Factors	366	(1)
Fibrin Clot	367	(1)
Fibrinolysis	368	(1)
Evaluation of Hemostasis and Coagulation	368	(4)
Clinical Assessment	369	(1)
Laboratory Tests	370	(2)
Vascular and Platelet Disorders	372	(4)
Vascular Disorders	372	(1)
Vascular Purpura	372	(1)
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia	373	(1)
Platelet Disorders	373	(1)
Thrombocytopenia	373	(2)
Thrombocytosis	375	(1)
Qualitative Platelet Disorders	375	(1)
Coagulation Disorders	376	(6)
Hemophilia	376	(1)
Von Willebrand Disease	377	(1)
Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Infancy	377	(1)
Acquired Vitamin K Deficiency	378	(1)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation	378	(1)
Hepatic Disease	379	(3)
Alterations in Blood Flow	382	(27)
Naomi Lungstrom
Roberta J. Emerson
Organization of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems	383	(5)
Vessel Structure	385	(3)
Lymphatic Structure	388	(1)
Principles of Flow	388	(5)
Hemodynamics of the Circulatory System	388	(5)
Control of Flow	393	(2)
Control of Blood Flow	393	(2)
General Mechanisms That Cause Altered Flow	395	(3)
Lymphatic Vessels	395	(1)
Blood Vessels: Obstructions	395	(1)
Thrombosis	395	(1)
Embolus	396	(1)
Vasospasm	397	(1)
Inflammation	397	(1)
Mechanical Compression	397	(1)
Blood Vessels: Structural Alterations	398	(1)
Alterations in Arterial Flow	398	(6)
Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis	398	(4)
Arteritis: Thromboangiitis Obliterans	402	(1)
Raynaud Syndrome	402	(1)
Aneurysms	403	(1)
Acute Arterial Occlusion	404	(1)
Alterations in Venous Flow	404	(2)
Valvular Incompetence	404	(1)
Varicose Veins	405	(1)
Chronic Venous Insufficiency	405	(1)
Deep Vein Thrombosis	406	(1)
Alterations in Lymphatic Flow	406	(3)
Lymphedema	406	(3)
Alterations in Blood Pressure	409	(19)
Katherina P. Choka
Function of the Arterial and Pulmonary Systems	410	(4)
Arterial Pressure Pulses	411	(1)
Determinants of Blood Pressure	411	(1)
Control of Blood Pressure	412	(1)
Pulmonary Blood Pressure	413	(1)
Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure	414	(2)
Methods of Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure	414	(1)
Factors That Affect Blood Pressure Measurement	415	(1)
Hypertension	416	(9)
Risk Factors	416	(2)
Classification of High Blood Pressure	418	(1)
Primary High Blood Pressure	418	(1)
Secondary High Blood Pressure	418	(1)
Isolated Systolic Hypertension in Elderly Persons	419	(1)
Hypertension During Pregnancy	420	(1)
Accelerated High Blood Pressure	420	(1)
Effects of High Blood Pressure	421	(1)
Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Pressure	422	(1)
Diagnosis of High Blood Pressure	422	(1)
Management of High Blood Pressure	422	(3)
Low Blood Pressure	425	(3)
Hypovolemia and Shock	425	(1)
Orthostatic Hypotension	425	(3)
UNIT V Cardiac Function	428	(122)
Cardiac Function	430	(33)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Cardiovascular Anatomy	431	(5)
Heart	431	(2)
Circulatory System	433	(3)
Cardiac Cycle	436	(2)
Isovolumic Contraction	437	(1)
Ventricular Ejection	437	(1)
Isovolumic Relaxation	437	(1)
Atrial Events	437	(1)
Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Events	437	(1)
Coronary Circulation	438	(2)
Anatomy of the Coronary Vessels	438	(1)
Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow	438	(2)
Cardiac Myocytes	440	(5)
Myocyte Structure	440	(2)
Structure of the Contractile Apparatus	442	(1)
Characteristics of Contractile Filaments	443	(2)
Molecular Basis of Contraction	445	(2)
Overview of Contraction	445	(1)
Sliding Filament/Cross-Bridge Theory of Muscle Contraction	445	(1)
Role of Calcium in Muscle Contraction	445	(1)
Energy of Muscle Relaxation	446	(1)
Cardiac Energy Metabolism	447	(1)
Oxygen Utilization	447	(1)
Substrate Utilization	447	(1)
Cardiac Electrophysiology	448	(4)
Cardiac Resting Potential	448	(1)
Cardiac Action Potentials	448	(1)
Rhythmicity of Myocardial Cells	449	(1)
Specialized Conduction System of the Heart	450	(1)
Autonomic Regulation of Rhythmicity	451	(1)
Electrocardiography	452	(2)
Determinants of Cardiac Output	454	(2)
Determinants of Heart Rate	454	(1)
Determinants of Stroke Volume	454	(2)
Cardiac Workload	456	(1)
Endocrine Function of the Heart	456	(1)
Tests of Cardiac Function	456	(7)
Electrocardiography	457	(1)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography	458	(1)
Echocardiography	458	(1)
Nuclear Cardiography	459	(1)
Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angiography	460	(1)
Myocardial Blood Flow Quantitation	460	(3)
Alterations in Cardiac Function	463	(36)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Coronary Heart Disease	465	(13)
Etiology of Coronary Heart Disease	465	(1)
Mechanisms of Coronary Atherosclerosis	465	(3)
Pathophysiology of Ischemia	468	(2)
Clinical Features and Management of Coronary Syndromes	470	(1)
Angina Pectoris	471	(1)
Acute Coronary Syndrome	471	(6)
Sudden Cardiac Death	477	(1)
Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy	478	(1)
Endocardial and Valvular Diseases	478	(7)
Disorders of the Mitral Valve	479	(1)
Mitral Stenosis	479	(1)
Mitral Regurgitation	480	(1)
Mitral Valve Prolapse	481	(1)
Disorders of the Aortic Valve	482	(1)
Aortic Stenosis	482	(1)
Aortic Regurgitation	482	(1)
Diseases of the Endocardium	483	(1)
Rheumatic Heart Disease	483	(1)
Infective Endocarditis	484	(1)
Myocardial Diseases	485	(4)
Myocarditis	485	(1)
Cardiomyopathy	486	(1)
Dilated Cardiomyopathy	486	(1)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy	486	(2)
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy	488	(1)
Specific Cardiomyopathy	488	(1)
Pericardial Diseases	489	(1)
Pericardial Effusion	489	(1)
Cardiac Tamponade	489	(1)
Pericarditis	489	(1)
Acute Pericarditis	490	(1)
Chronic Pericarditis	490	(1)
Congenital Heart Diseases	490	(9)
Embryologic Development	490	(2)
Etiology and Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease	492	(1)
Pathophysiology of Congenital Heart Disease	492	(1)
Acyanotic Congenital Defects	493	(1)
Atrial Septal Defect	493	(1)
Ventricular Septal Defect	493	(1)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus	494	(1)
Coarctation of the Aorta	495	(1)
Pulmonary Stenosis or Atresia	495	(1)
Aortic Stenosis or Atresia	495	(1)
Cyanotic Congenital Defects	495	(1)
Tetralogy of Fallot	495	(1)
Transposition of the Great Arteries	496	(1)
Truncus Arteriosus	496	(1)
Tricuspid Atresia	496	(3)
Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases	499	(28)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Congestive Heart Failure	501	(13)
Etiology and Pathogenesis	501	(1)
Compensatory Mechanisms and Remodeling	502	(4)
Clinical Manifestations	506	(4)
Class and Stage of Heart Failure	510	(1)
Treatment	510	(4)
Cardiac Dysrhythmias	514	(13)
Dysrhythmia Mechanisms	514	(1)
Dysrhythmia Analysis	515	(1)
Abnormal Rates of Sinus Rhythm	516	(2)
Abnormal Site of Impulse Initiation	518	(3)
Conduction Pathway Disturbances	521	(3)
Treatment	524	(3)
Shock	527	(23)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Pathogenesis of Circulatory Shock	528	(6)
Impaired Tissue Oxygenation	529	(1)
Compensatory Mechanisms in Shock	530	(4)
Assessment and Hemodynamic Monitoring	534	(2)
Cardiac Output	534	(1)
Arterial Oxygen Content	534	(1)
Hemodynamic Monitoring	535	(1)
Types of Shock	536	(11)
Cardiogenic Shock	536	(3)
Hypovolemic Shock	539	(2)
Obstructive Shock	541	(1)
Distributive Shock	541	(1)
Anaphylactic Shock	542	(1)
Neurogenic Shock	542	(1)
Septic Shock	543	(4)
Complications of Shock	547	(3)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome	547	(1)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation	547	(1)
Acute Renal Failure	547	(1)
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome	548	(2)
UNIT VI Respiratory Function	550	(94)
Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange	552	(30)
Lorna Schumann
Functional Anatomy	553	(9)
Development of the Pulmonary System	553	(2)
Upper Airway Structures	555	(1)
Lower Airway Structures	556	(5)
Pulmonary Circulation	561	(1)
Age-Related Variations	561	(1)
Ventilation	562	(6)
Lung Volumes and Capacities	562	(1)
Dead Space	563	(1)
Minute Ventilation	564	(1)
Alveolar Ventilation/Oxygenation	564	(1)
Mechanics of Breathing	564	(1)
Airway Resistance	564	(1)
Lung Compliance	565	(1)
Distribution of Ventilation	566	(1)
Neurologic Control of Ventilation	566	(2)
Pulmonary Blood Flow	568	(2)
Pulmonary Vasculature	568	(1)
Distribution of Blood Flow	568	(1)
Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios	568	(1)
Hypoxic Vasoconstriction	569	(1)
Diffusion and Transport of Respiratory Gases	570	(2)
Barriers to Diffusion	570	(1)
Oxygen Transport	570	(2)
Carbon Dioxide Transport	572	(1)
Alterations in Pulmonary Function	572	(3)
Hypoventilation and Hyperventilation	572	(1)
Hypoxemia and Hypoxia	573	(1)
Acute Respiratory Failure	574	(1)
Alterations in Pulmonary Vasculature	575	(4)
Pulmonary Hypertension	575	(2)
Pulmonary Embolism	577	(2)
Pulmonary Malignancies	579	(3)
Etiology	579	(1)
Pathogenesis	579	(1)
Clinical Manifestations	580	(1)
Diagnosis	580	(1)
Treatment	580	(2)
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders	582	(31)
Lorna Schumann
Obstruction from Conditions in the Wall of the Lumen	583	(13)
Asthma	583	(9)
Acute Bronchitis	592	(1)
Chronic Bronchitis	593	(3)
Obstruction Related to Loss of Lung Parenchyma	596	(5)
Emphysema	596	(5)
Obstruction of the Airway Lumen	601	(8)
Bronchiectasis	601	(1)
Bronchiolitis	602	(2)
Cystic Fibrosis	604	(3)
Acute Tracheobronchial Obstruction	607	(1)
Epiglottitis	607	(2)
Croup Syndrome	609	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	609	(4)
Pulmonary Function Testing	609	(2)
Bronchial Provocation Tests	611	(2)
Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders	613	(31)
Lorna Schumann
Lung Parenchyma Disorders	615	(1)
Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Diseases	615	(6)
Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease	616	(1)
Sarcoidosis	617	(1)
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis	618	(1)
Occupational Lung Diseases	619	(2)
Atelectatic Disorders	621	(5)
Acute (Adult) Respiratory Distress Syndrome	621	(4)
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome	625	(1)
Pleural Space Disorders	626	(4)
Pneumothorax	626	(3)
Pleural Effusion	629	(1)
Neuromuscular, Chest Wall, and Obesity Disorders	630	(1)
Neuromuscular Disorders	630	(1)
Poliomyelitis	630	(1)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	630	(1)
Muscular Dystrophies	630	(1)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome	630	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis	630	(1)
Chest Wall Deformities	630	(4)
Kyphoscoliosis	630	(2)
Ankylosing Spondylitis	632	(1)
Flail Chest	633	(1)
Disorders of Obesity	633	(1)
Infection or Inflammation of the Lung	634	(10)
Pneumonia	634	(3)
Fungal and Protozoal Pneumonia	637	(1)
Pulmonary Tuberculosis	637	(3)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome	640	(4)
UNIT VII Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis	644	(38)
Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances	646	(24)
Linda Felver
Body Fluid Homeostasis	647	(4)
Fluid Intake and Absorption	649	(1)
Fluid Distribution	649	(1)
Fluid Excretion	650	(1)
Fluid Loss Through Abnormal Routes	650	(1)
Fluid Imbalances	651	(6)
Extracellular Fluid Volume	651	(1)
Volume Deficit	651	(1)
Volume Excess	652	(1)
Body Fluid Concentration	653	(1)
Hyponatremia	653	(1)
Hypernatremia	654	(1)
Both Volume and Concentration	655	(1)
Clinical Dehydration	655	(1)
Interstitial Fluid Volume	655	(1)
Edema	655	(2)
Principles of Electrolyte Homeostasis	657	(2)
Electrolyte Intake and Absorption	658	(1)
Electrolyte Distribution	658	(1)
Electrolyte Excretion	658	(1)
Electrolyte Loss Through Abnormal Routes	658	(1)
Electrolyte Imbalances	659	(11)
Plasma Potassium	659	(1)
Hypokalemia	659	(1)
Hyperkalemia	660	(1)
Plasma Calcium	661	(1)
Hypocalcemia	661	(1)
Hypercalcemia	662	(1)
Plasma Magnesium	662	(1)
Hypomagnesemia	662	(1)
Hypermagnesemia	663	(1)
Plasma Phosphate	664	(1)
Hypophosphatemia	664	(1)
Hyperphosphatemia	664	(6)
Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances	670	(12)
Linda Felver
Acid-Base Homeostasis	671	(4)
Buffers	671	(1)
Respiratory Contribution	672	(1)
Renal Contribution	673	(2)
Acid-Base Imbalances	675	(7)
Metabolic Acidosis	675	(2)
Respiratory Acidosis	677	(1)
Metabolic Alkalosis	678	(1)
Respiratory Alkalosis	679	(1)
Mixed Acid-Base Imbalances	679	(3)
UNIT VIII Renal and Bladder Function	682	(88)
Renal Function	684	(26)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Renal Anatomy	686	(3)
Renal Parenchyma	686	(1)
Renal Lymphatics and Innervation	686	(1)
Renal Blood Supply	687	(2)
Overview of Nephron Structure and Function	689	(6)
Glomerulus	689	(2)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule	691	(1)
Loop of Henle	691	(4)
Distal Convoluted Tubule	695	(1)
Collecting Duct	695	(1)
Regulation of Glomerular Filtration	695	(3)
Physics of Filtration	696	(1)
Factors Affecting Filtration Pressure	696	(1)
Tubuloglomerular Feedback	696	(2)
Effects of Glucose and Amino Acids	698	(1)
Role of Mesangial Cells	698	(1)
Transport Across Renal Tubules	698	(3)
Reabsorption of Glucose	699	(1)
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance	699	(1)
Secretion of Potassium	700	(1)
Regulation of Blood Volume and Osmolality	701	(2)
Antidiuretic Hormone	701	(1)
Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, and Urodilatin	702	(1)
Diuretic Agents	702	(1)
Endocrine Functions	703	(1)
Erythropoietin	703	(1)
Vitamin D	703	(1)
Age-Related Changes in Renal Function	703	(2)
Fetus	703	(1)
Infant	704	(1)
Adult and Elderly	705	(1)
Tests of Renal Structure and Function	705	(5)
Urine and Blood Studies	705	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	706	(4)
Intrarenal Disorders	710	(24)
Katherina P. Choka
Manifestations of Kidney Disease	711	(3)
Urinary Tract Pain	711	(1)
Urinalysis Indicators of Kidney Disease	712	(2)
Congenital Disorders	714	(2)
Renal Agenesis	714	(1)
Polycystic Kidney Disease	714	(1)
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease	714	(1)
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease	715	(1)
Infectious Disorders	716	(2)
Acute Pyelonephritis	717	(1)
Chronic Pyelonephritis	717	(1)
Obstructive Disorders	718	(4)
Renal Calculus	719	(3)
Tumors	722	(3)
Benign Renal Tumors	722	(1)
Renal Cell Carcinoma	723	(1)
Urothelial Tumors	724	(1)
Nephroblastoma	725	(1)
Glomerular Abnormalities	725	(1)
Glomerulonephritis	726	(4)
Acute Glomerulonephritis	726	(1)
Rapidly Progressing Glomerulonephritis	727	(2)
Chronic Glomerulonephritis	729	(1)
Other	730	(4)
Nephrotic Syndrome	730	(4)
Renal Failure	734	(19)
Katherina P. Choka
Acute Renal Failure	735	(8)
Etiology and Pathophysiology	736	(2)
Clinical Findings	738	(5)
Chronic Renal Failure	743	(2)
Etiology and Pathophysiology	743	(1)
Clinical Findings	744	(1)
Signs and Symptoms	744	(1)
Clinical Management	745	(8)
Prevention	745	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	746	(1)
Management of Renal Failure	746	(7)
Disorders of the Bladder	753	(17)
Cynthia Fryhling Corbett
Structure and Function of the Bladder	754	(1)
Voiding Dysfunction	754	(4)
Incontinence	754	(2)
Enuresis	756	(2)
Infective or Inflammatory Uropathies	758	(2)
Cystitis	758	(2)
Obstructive Uropathies	760	(3)
Bladder Calculi	760	(1)
Tumors	761	(2)
Congenital Disorders	763	(4)
Vesicoureteral Reflux	763	(2)
Obstruction of the Ureteropelvic Junction	765	(1)
Ureteral Ectopy	766	(1)
Ureterocele	767	(1)
Diagnostic Tests	767	(3)
UNIT IX Genital and Reproductive Function	770	(88)
Male Genital and Reproductive Function	772	(18)
Marvin Van Every
David Mikkelsen
Carolyn Spence Cagle
Anatomy	773	(6)
Upper Genitourinary Tract	773	(1)
Lower Genitourinary Tract	773	(1)
Auxiliary Genital Glands	774	(1)
External Genitalia	775	(4)
Embryology	779	(5)
Nephric System	779	(1)
Vesicourethral Unit	780	(1)
Gonads	780	(1)
Genital Duct System	781	(1)
External Genitalia	781	(3)
Male Reproductive Physiology	784	(6)
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis	784	(1)
Spermatogenesis	785	(1)
Anatomy of Spermatozoa	786	(1)
Transport of Spermatozoa	786	(4)
Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function	790	(16)
Marvin Van Every
David Mikkelsen
Donna W. Bailey
Disorders of the Penis and Male Urethra	791	(1)
Congenital Anomalies	791	(3)
Micropenis	791	(1)
Urethral Valves	791	(1)
Urethrorectal and Vesicourethral Fistulas	792	(1)
Hypospadias	792	(1)
Epispadias	793	(1)
Acquired Disorders	794	(2)
Priapism	794	(1)
Phimosis and Paraphimosis	794	(1)
Peyronie Disease	795	(1)
Urethral Strictures	795	(1)
Erectile Dysfunction	795	(1)
Infectious Disorders	796	(1)
Gonococcal Urethritis	796	(1)
Nongonococcal Urethritis	796	(1)
Syphilis	796	(1)
Genital Herpes	796	(1)
Genital Warts	797	(1)
Neoplastic Disorders	797	(1)
Neoplasms of the Penis	797	(1)
Disorders of the Scrotum and Testes	798	(1)
Congenital Disorders	798	(1)
Cryptorchidism	798	(1)
Acquired Disorders	798	(1)
Hydrocele	798	(1)
Spermatocele	799	(1)
Testicular Torsion	799	(1)
Infectious Disorders	799	(1)
Epididymitis	799	(1)
Fournier Gangrene	799	(1)
Neoplastic Disorders	800	(1)
Neoplasms of the Testis	800	(1)
Disorders of the Prostate	801	(5)
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia	801	(1)
Prostatitis	802	(1)
Prostate Cancer	803	(3)
Female Genital and Reproductive Function	806	(19)
Paul D. Silva
Jane M. Georges
Reproductive Structures	807	(4)
Embryology	807	(1)
Organization of the Female Reproductive Organs	808	(3)
Menstrual Cycle	811	(2)
Breast	813	(2)
Structure of the Breast	813	(1)
Breast Development	813	(1)
Lactation	814	(1)
Pregnancy	815	(7)
Early Human Development	816	(1)
Implantation	817	(1)
Fetal Membranes and Placenta	817	(1)
Development of the Human Embryo and Fetus	818	(2)
Parturition	820	(1)
Response of the Mother's Body to Pregnancy	821	(1)
Menopause	822	(3)
Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Functions	825	(22)
Paul D. Silva
Jane M. Georges
Menstrual Disorders	827	(2)
Amenorrhea	827	(1)
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Patterns	828	(1)
Dysmenorrhea	828	(1)
Alterations in Uterine Position and Pelvic Support	829	(3)
Uterine Prolapse	829	(1)
Retrodisplacement of the Uterus	830	(1)
Cystocele	830	(1)
Rectocele	830	(2)
Inflammation and Infection of the Female Reproductive Tract	832	(2)
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease	833	(1)
Vulvovaginitis	833	(1)
Bartholinitis	834	(1)
Benign Growths and Aberrant Tissue of the Female Reproductive Tract	834	(3)
Uterine Leiomyomas	835	(1)
Ovarian Cysts	835	(1)
Endometriosis	835	(2)
Cancer of the Female Genital Structures	837	(1)
Cancer of the Cervix	837	(1)
Endometrial Cancer	837	(1)
Ovarian Cancer	837	(1)
Vaginal Cancer	838	(1)
Cancer of the Vulva	838	(1)
Disorders of Pregnancy	838	(1)
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension	838	(1)
Hyperemesis Gravidarum	839	(1)
Placenta Previa and Abruptio Placentae	839	(1)
Spontaneous Abortion	839	(1)
Disorders of the Breast	839	(1)
Reactive-Inflammatory Breast Disorders	840	(1)
Mammary Duct Ectasia	840	(1)
Breast Abscess	840	(1)
Fat Necrosis	841	(1)
Reactions to Foreign Material	841	(1)
Benign Breast Disorders	841	(1)
Fibrocystic Breast Disease	841	(1)
Specific Benign Neoplasms	842	(1)
Malignant Disorder of the Breast	842	(5)
Cancer of the Breast	842	(5)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases	847	(11)
Paul D. Silva
Jane M. Georges
Urethritis, Cervicitis, Salpingitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease	849	(1)
Gonococcal Infection	849	(1)
Nongonococcal Infection	849	(1)
Diseases with Systemic Involvement	850	(3)
Syphilis	850	(1)
Lymphogranuloma Venereum	851	(1)
Herpesvirus Infections	851	(2)
Diseases with Localized Lesions	853	(3)
Ulcerative Lesions	853	(1)
Chancroid	854	(1)
Granuloma Inguinale	854	(1)
Nonulcerative Lesions	855	(1)
Molluscum Contagiosum	855	(1)
Condylomata Acuminata	855	(1)
Enteric Infections	856	(2)
UNIT X Gastrointestinal Function	858	(104)
Gastrointestinal Function	860	(27)
Jeffrey S. Sartin
Structure and Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract	861	(8)
Embryology	861	(2)
Physiologic Anatomy	863	(6)
Gastrointestinal Motility	869	(9)
Characteristics of the Intestinal Wall	869	(1)
Neural Control	870	(1)
Hormonal Control	871	(1)
Movement in the Gastrointestinal Tract	871	(1)
Movement of Nutrients	872	(6)
Secretory Function	878	(1)
Secretion of Gastrointestinal Juices	878	(1)
Gastrointestinal Hormones	878	(1)
Digestion and Absorption	879	(4)
Digestion of Carbohydrates	879	(2)
Digestion of Lipids	881	(1)
Digestion of Proteins	881	(1)
Absorption	881	(2)
Gastrointestinal Function Across the Life Span	883	(4)
Maturation	883	(1)
Age-Related Changes	883	(4)
Gastrointestinal Disorders	887	(25)
Jeffrey S. Sartin
Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders	889	(4)
Dysphagia	889	(1)
Esophageal Pain	889	(2)
Abdominal Pain	891	(1)
Vomiting	891	(1)
Intestinal Gas	891	(1)
Alterations in Bowel Patterns	891	(2)
Disorders of the Mouth and Esophagus	893	(1)
Oral Infections	893	(1)
Stomatitis	893	(1)
Acute Herpetic Stomatitis	893	(1)
Esophageal Disorders	893	(2)
Gastroesophageal Reflux	893	(1)
Hiatal Hernia	894	(1)
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome	894	(1)
Esophageal Varices	894	(1)
Alterations in Integrity of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall	895	(1)
Inflammation of the Stomach and Intestines	895	(3)
Gastritis	895	(1)
Gastroenteritis	895	(1)
Peptic Ulcer Disease	896	(2)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	898	(2)
Ulcerative Colitis	898	(1)
Crohn Disease	899	(1)
Enterocolitis	900	(2)
Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis	900	(1)
Necrotizing Enterocolitis	900	(1)
Appendicitis	900	(1)
Diverticular Disease	900	(2)
Alterations in Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract	902	(1)
Motility Disorders	902	(2)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	902	(1)
Intestinal Obstruction	902	(1)
Volvulus	903	(1)
Intussusception	903	(1)
Megacolon	903	(1)
Hirschsprung Disease	904	(1)
Malabsorption	904	(1)
Mucosal Disorders	904	(1)
Celiac Disease	904	(1)
Tropical Sprue	905	(1)
Malabsorption Disorders After Surgical Intervention	905	(2)
Dumping Syndrome	905	(1)
Short-Bowel Syndrome	905	(2)
Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract	907	(1)
Esophageal, Gastric, and Small Intestinal Cancers	907	(1)
Esophageal Cancer	907	(1)
Gastric Carcinoma	907	(1)
Small Intestinal Neoplasms	908	(1)
Colonic Polyps and Colon Cancer	908	(2)
Colon Polyps	908	(1)
Colon Cancer	908	(2)
Psychosocial Aspects of Gastrointestinal Disorders	910	(1)
Stress of Lifestyle Changes	910	(2)
Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas	912	(15)
Jeffrey S. Sartin
Structure and Function of the Pancreaticobiliary System	913	(1)
Embryology of the Pancreaticobiliary System	913	(1)
Physiology and Function of Bile Flow	913	(1)
Functional Anatomy of the Pancreas	914	(3)
Disorders of the Gallbladder	917	(1)
Pathophysiology of Cholesterol Gallstone Formation	917	(1)
Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis	918	(2)
Chronic Cholelithiasis	918	(1)
Acute Cholecystitis	918	(2)
Chronic Cholecystitis	920	(1)
Disorders of the Pancreas	920	(1)
Pancreatitis	920	(7)
Acute Pancreatitis	920	(3)
Chronic Pancreatitis	923	(4)
Liver Diseases	927	(35)
Jeffrey S. Sartin
Structure and Function of the Liver	929	(2)
General Manifestations of Liver Disease	931	(13)
Hepatocellular Failure	931	(1)
Jaundice	931	(4)
Portal Hypertension	935	(1)
Gastroesophageal Varices	935	(4)
Portal Systemic Encephalopathy	939	(1)
Hepatic Encephalopathy	939	(2)
Cerebral Edema	941	(1)
Conditions of Advanced Liver Disease	941	(1)
Ascites	941	(1)
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis	942	(1)
Hepatorenal Syndrome	943	(1)
Disorders of the Liver	944	(1)
Hepatitis	944	(4)
Acute Viral Hepatitis	944	(1)
Hepatitis A	944	(1)
Hepatitis B	945	(1)
Hepatitis C	946	(1)
Hepatitis D (Delta)	946	(1)
Hepatitis E	947	(1)
Chronic Hepatitis	947	(1)
Chronic Persistent Hepatitis	947	(1)
Chronic Active Hepatitis	947	(1)
Cirrhosis	948	(1)
Biliary Cirrhosis	948	(1)
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis	948	(1)
Alcoholic Liver Disease	949	(1)
Alcoholic Fatty Liver	949	(1)
Alcoholic Hepatitis	949	(1)
Toxic Liver Disorders	949	(3)
Metal Storage Diseases	949	(1)
Hereditary Hemochromatosis	949	(1)
Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration)	950	(1)
Toxic Metabolic Agent	951	(1)
Acetaminophen Poisoning	951	(1)
Other Structural Liver Conditions	952	(1)
Liver Abscess	952	(1)
Trauma	952	(1)
Malignancy	953	(1)
Transplantation	953	(2)
Evaluation of the Transplantation Patient	954	(1)
Posttransplantation Management	955	(1)
Age-Related Liver Disorders	955	(1)
Liver Diseases and Pediatric Considerations	955	(3)
Abnormal Bilirubin Metabolism in the Neonatal Period	955	(1)
Infectious and Acquired Hepatitides in Children	956	(1)
Congenital Liver Disease	956	(2)
Liver Diseases and Geriatric Considerations	958	(4)
UNIT XI Endocrine Function, Metabolism, and Nutrition	962	(82)
Mechanisms of Endocrine Control	964	(11)
Arnold A. Asp
Hormone Production, Secretion, and Action	965	(6)
Hormone Function and Classification	965	(2)
Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism	967	(1)
Hormone Receptors	968	(1)
Mechanisms of Hormone Action	969	(2)
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control of the Endocrine System	971	(2)
Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary	971	(1)
Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary	972	(1)
Categories of Endocrine Disease	973	(2)
Hyposecretion	973	(1)
Hypersecretion	973	(1)
Hyporesponsiveness	973	(2)
Alterations in Endocrine Control	975	(25)
Arnold A. Asp
Basic Concepts of Endocrine Disorders	976	(4)
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function	976	(1)
Classification of Endocrine Disorders	977	(3)
Growth Hormone Disorders	980	(2)
Regulation and Actions of Growth Hormone	980	(1)
Growth Hormone Deficiency	980	(1)
Growth Hormone Excess	981	(1)
Antidiuretic Hormone Disorders	982	(2)
Regulation and Actions of Antidiuretic Hormone	982	(1)
Antidiuretic Hormone Deficiency (Diabetes Insipidus)	982	(1)
Antidiuretic Hormone Excess (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion)	983	(1)
Thyroid Hormone Disorders	984	(5)
Regulation and Actions of Thyroid Hormone	984	(1)
Hypothyroidism	985	(2)
Hyperthyroidism	987	(2)
Parathyroid Gland Disorders	989	(2)
Regulation and Actions of Parathyroid Hormone	989	(1)
Hyperparathyroidism	989	(1)
Hypoparathyroidism	990	(1)
Adrenocortical Hormone Disorders	991	(6)
Regulation and Actions of Adrenocortical Hormones	991	(1)
Adrenocortical Insufficiency	992	(2)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia	994	(1)
Hypercortisolism	995	(1)
Hyperaldosteronism	996	(1)
Adrenal Medulla	997	(3)
Hormone Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla (Pheochromocytoma)	997	(3)
Diabetes Mellitus	1000	(26)
Arnold A. Asp
Regulation of Glucose Metabolism	1001	(3)
Hormonal Regulation	1001	(2)
Exercise	1003	(1)
Stress	1003	(1)
Glucose Intolerance Disorders	1004	(7)
Classification of Glucose Intolerance Disorders	1004	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus	1005	(1)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus	1005	(2)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	1007	(2)
Other Specific Types of Diabetes	1009	(1)
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus	1009	(1)
Statistical Risk Factors	1010	(1)
Screening for Diabetes	1010	(1)
Clinical Manifestations and Complications	1011	(2)
Acute Hyperglycemia	1011	(1)
Chronic Hyperglycemia	1011	(2)
Treatment and Education	1013	(8)
Nutrition	1013	(1)
Exercise	1014	(1)
Pharmacologic Agents	1015	(3)
Stress Management	1018	(1)
Assessment of Efficacy	1019	(1)
Education	1019	(2)
Pediatric Considerations	1021	(1)
Goals of Therapy	1021	(1)
Acute Complications	1021	(1)
Chronic Complications	1021	(1)
Treatment	1021	(1)
Geriatric Considerations	1022	(4)
Goals of Therapy	1022	(1)
Acute Complications	1022	(1)
Chronic Complications	1023	(1)
Treatment	1023	(3)
Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition	1026	(18)
Arnold A. Asp
Metabolic Processes	1027	(1)
Anabolism and Catabolism	1027	(1)
Metabolic Rate	1028	(1)
Nutrient Metabolism	1028	(5)
Carbohydrates	1028	(3)
Fats	1031	(1)
Proteins	1032	(1)
Aging and Metabolic Function	1033	(1)
Nutritional Alterations of Physiologic Stress	1034	(2)
Metabolic Response	1034	(2)
Effects of Malnutrition	1036	(2)
Cardiovascular System	1036	(1)
Respiratory System	1037	(1)
Immune System	1037	(1)
Nutritional Requirements of Altered Health States	1038	(6)
Infection, Sepsis, and Fever	1038	(1)
Surgery	1039	(1)
Trauma	1039	(1)
Burns	1040	(1)
Cancer	1040	(1)
Immobility	1040	(4)
UNIT XII Neural Function	1044	(146)
Structure and Function of the Nervous System	1046	(47)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Structural Organization	1047	(1)
Central Nervous System	1048	(14)
Support and Protection of the Central Nervous System	1048	(3)
The Brain	1051	(8)
The Spinal Cord	1059	(3)
Peripheral Nervous System	1062	(2)
Cranial Nerves	1062	(2)
Spinal Nerves	1064	(1)
Autonomic Nervous System	1064	(5)
Neuronal Structure and Function	1069	(1)
Neurons and Supportive Cells	1069	(2)
Neurons	1069	(1)
Glia	1070	(1)
Neuronal Communication	1071	(9)
Membrane Potentials	1072	(1)
Synaptic Transmission	1073	(2)
Neurotransmitters	1075	(4)
Neuronal Circuits	1079	(1)
Neural Development, Aging, and Injury	1080	(2)
Development	1080	(1)
Aging	1080	(1)
Injury	1081	(1)
Sensory Function	1082	(1)
Sensory Receptors	1083	(1)
Sensory Pathways	1083	(1)
Somatosensory Cortex	1084	(1)
Motor Function	1085	(1)
Motor Neurons	1085	(1)
Spinal Reflexes	1086	(1)
Central Control of Motor Function	1087	(1)
Consciousness, Memory, and Sleep	1088	(1)
Consciousness and Memory	1089	(1)
Sleep	1089	(4)
Acute Disorders of Brain Function	1093	(31)
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Mechanisms of Brain Injury	1095	(9)
Ischemia and Hypoxia	1095	(4)
Increased Intracranial Pressure	1099	(5)
Manifestations of Brain Injury	1104	(4)
Level of Consciousness	1104	(1)
Glasgow Coma Scale	1104	(1)
Cranial Nerve Reflexes	1105	(2)
Brain Hemodynamics and Metabolism	1107	(1)
Traumatic Brain Injury	1108	(1)
Epidemiology	1108	(1)
Types of Traumatic Brain Injury	1108	(1)
Primary Injury	1109	(2)
Intracranial Hematomas	1109	(2)
Secondary Injury	1111	(1)
Treatment	1111	(1)
Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke	1112	(1)
Epidemiology	1112	(1)
Ischemic Stroke	1113	(1)
Hemorrhagic Stroke	1113	(1)
Treatment	1113	(2)
Stroke Sequelae	1115	(2)
Motor and Sensory Deficits	1116	(1)
Language Deficits	1117	(1)
Cognitive Deficits	1117	(1)
Cerebral Aneurysm and Arteriovenous Malformation	1117	(2)
Cerebral Aneurysm	1118	(1)
Arteriovenous Malformation	1119	(1)
Central Nervous System Infections	1119	(5)
Meningitis	1120	(1)
Encephalitis	1120	(1)
Brain Abscess	1121	(3)
Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function	1124	(25)
Joni D. Nelsen-Marsh
Brain and Cerebellar Disorders	1125	(13)
Seizure Disorder	1125	(2)
Dementia	1127	(5)
Parkinson Disease	1132	(2)
Cerebral Palsy	1134	(1)
Hydrocephalus	1135	(2)
Cerebellar Disorders	1137	(1)
Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Disorders	1138	(11)
Multiple Sclerosis	1138	(2)
Spina Bifida	1140	(2)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis	1142	(1)
Spinal Cord Injury	1142	(3)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome	1145	(1)
Bell Palsy	1146	(3)
Alterations in Special Sensory Function	1149	(21)
Joni D. Nelsen-Marsh
Hearing and Balance	1151	(1)
Structure and Function of the Ear	1151	(1)
External Ear	1151	(1)
Middle Ear	1151	(1)
Inner Ear	1151	(1)
Balance	1152	(1)
Vertigo	1152	(1)
General Manifestations of Hearing Impairment	1152	(1)
Hearing Impairment Disorders	1153	(3)
Conductive Hearing Impairment	1153	(1)
Loss Caused by Cerumen Impaction and Foreign Body Occlusion	1153	(1)
Otosclerosis	1153	(1)
Sensorineural Hearing Impairment	1154	(1)
Loss Caused by Ototoxic Medications	1154	(1)
Loss Caused by Trauma	1154	(1)
Presbycusis	1154	(1)
Meniere Disease	1155	(1)
Otitis Media	1156	(1)
Acute Otitis Media	1156	(1)
Chronic Otitis Media	1157	(1)
Interventions for Individuals with Hearing Impairment	1157	(1)
Vision	1158	(1)
Structure of the Eye	1158	(1)
Visual Pathways	1158	(1)
General Manifestations of Visual Impairment	1159	(1)
Disorders of the Eye	1160	(5)
Errors of Refraction	1160	(1)
Myopia, Hyperopia, Presbyopia, and Astigmatism	1160	(1)
Age-Related Disorders	1161	(1)
Strabismus	1161	(1)
Amblyopia	1161	(1)
Cataracts	1162	(1)
Retinopathy	1162	(1)
Retinal Detachment	1162	(1)
Diabetic Retinopathy	1162	(1)
Age-Related Macular Degeneration	1163	(1)
Glaucoma	1163	(1)
Open-Angle Glaucoma	1164	(1)
Closed-Angle (Narrow-Angle) Glaucoma	1165	(1)
Visual Field Deficits	1165	(1)
Visual Field Loss	1165	(1)
Interventions for Individuals with Vision Impairment	1165	(2)
Smell and Taste	1167	(3)
Disorders of Smell and Taste	1167	(3)
Pain	1170	(20)
Joni D. Nelsen-Marsh
Jacquelyn L. Banasik
Physiology of Pain	1171	(7)
Transduction	1171	(1)
Transmission	1172	(2)
Perception	1174	(1)
Modulation	1174	(4)
Types of Pain	1178	(1)
Acute Pain	1178	(2)
Headache	1178	(2)
Chronic Pain	1180	(2)
Fibromyalgia Syndrome	1181	(1)
Cancer-Related Pain	1182	(1)
Neuropathic Pain	1183	(1)
Trigeminal Neuralgia	1183	(1)
Diabetic Neuropathy	1183	(1)
Postherpetic Neuralgia	1184	(1)
Ischemic Pain	1184	(1)
Referred Pain	1184	(1)
Physiologic Responses to Pain	1184	(1)
Pain in the Young and the Elderly	1185	(1)
Treatment Modalities	1186	(1)
Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Pain Management	1186	(4)
Interrupting Peripheral Transmission of Pain	1186	(1)
Modulating Pain Transmission at the Spinal Cord	1186	(1)
Altering the Perception and Integration of Pain	1187	(3)
UNIT XIII Neuropsychological Function	1190	(38)
Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses	1192	(23)
Linda Denise Oakley
Schizophrenia	1193	(9)
Delusional Disorder	1202	(1)
Major Depression	1203	(4)
Bipolar Disorder	1207	(8)
Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses	1215	(13)
Linda Denise Oakley
Anxiety Disorders	1216	(4)
Panic Disorder	1216	(1)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	1217	(2)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	1219	(1)
Personality Disorders	1220	(4)
Borderline Personality Disorder	1221	(1)
Antisocial Personality Disorder	1222	(2)
Eating Disorders	1224	(4)
Anorexia Nervosa	1225	(3)
UNIT XIV Musculoskeletal Support and Movement	1228	(64)
Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System	1230	(22)
Carol L. Danning
Structure and Function of Bone	1231	(5)
Composition	1231	(2)
Functional Properties	1233	(1)
Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging	1233	(3)
Structure and Function of Joints	1236	(5)
Synarthroses	1236	(2)
Diarthroses	1238	(3)
Structure and Function of Articular Cartilage	1241	(1)
Composition	1241	(1)
Functional Properties	1241	(1)
Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging	1242	(1)
Structure and Function of Tendons and Ligaments	1242	(2)
Composition	1243	(1)
Functional Properties	1243	(1)
Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging	1244	(1)
Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle	1244	(2)
Composition	1244	(2)
Mechanics of Muscle Contraction	1246	(6)
Sliding Filament Theory	1246	(1)
Role of Calcium	1246	(1)
Electromechanical Coupling	1246	(1)
Types of Muscle Contraction	1247	(1)
Mechanical Principles	1248	(1)
Effects of Temperature Change	1249	(1)
Effects of Prestretching	1249	(1)
Effects of Fatigue	1249	(1)
Response to Movement and Exercise	1249	(3)
Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease	1252	(23)
Carol L. Danning
Bone and Joint Trauma	1254	(4)
Types of Bone	1254	(1)
Fracture	1254	(4)
Dislocations and Subluxations	1258	(1)
Alterations in Bone Mass and Structure	1258	(3)
Scoliosis	1258	(1)
Osteoporosis	1259	(1)
Rickets and Osteomalacia	1260	(1)
Paget Disease	1260	(1)
Infections of the Bone	1261	(2)
Osteomyelitis	1261	(1)
Tuberculosis	1262	(1)
Bone Tumors	1263	(2)
Osteochondroma	1263	(1)
Chondroma	1263	(1)
Osteoid Osteoma	1263	(1)
Giant Cell Tumor	1264	(1)
Osteosarcoma	1264	(1)
Chondrosarcoma	1264	(1)
Ewing Sarcoma	1265	(1)
Multiple Myeloma	1265	(1)
Soft Tissue Injuries	1265	(1)
Inert Soft Tissue Injuries	1265	(2)
Ligament Injuries	1265	(1)
Joint Capsule Injuries	1266	(1)
Internal Joint Derangement	1267	(1)
Injuries to Fasciae and Bursae	1267	(1)
Injuries to Nerves, Nerve Roots, or Dura Mater	1267	(1)
Contractile Soft Tissue Injuries	1267	(4)
Injury to Tendons	1267	(1)
Muscle and Tendon Strains	1268	(1)
Blunt Trauma	1268	(1)
Compartment Syndrome	1268	(1)
Evaluation of Contractile Injuries	1268	(1)
Soft Tissue Healing After Trauma	1269	(2)
Diseases of Skeletal Muscle	1271	(1)
Muscular Dystrophy	1271	(1)
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy	1271	(1)
Becker Muscular Dystrophy	1271	(1)
Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy	1271	(1)
Other Disorders of Muscle	1272	(1)
Myasthenia Gravis	1272	(1)
Chronic Muscle Pain	1272	(3)
Fibromyalgia Syndrome	1272	(3)
Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders	1275	(17)
Carol L. Danning
Local Disorders of Joint Function	1276	(3)
Osteoarthritis	1276	(2)
Infectious Arthritis	1278	(1)
Systemic Disorders of Joint Function	1279	(7)
Immune-Mediated Disorders	1279	(1)
Rheumatoid Arthritis	1279	(3)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus	1282	(1)
Scleroderma	1283	(1)
Ankylosing Spondylitis	1284	(1)
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis	1284	(1)
Postinfectious Systemic Disorders	1285	(1)
Reiter Syndrome (Reactive Arthritis)	1285	(1)
Acute Rheumatic Fever	1285	(1)
Postparasitic Disorders	1286	(1)
Lyme Disease	1286	(1)
Joint Dysfunction Secondary to Other Diseases	1286	(3)
Psoriatic Arthritis	1286	(1)
Enteropathic Arthritis	1287	(1)
Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy	1287	(1)
Hemophilic Arthropathy	1287	(1)
Gout	1288	(1)
Adult-Onset Still Disease	1289	(1)
Pediatric Joint Disorders	1289	(3)
Nonarticular Rheumatism	1289	(1)
Hypermobility of Joints	1289	(1)
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis	1289	(3)
UNIT XV Integumentary System	1292	(71)
Alterations in the Integumentary System	1294	(44)
Lee-Ellen C. Copstead
Kurt K. Mueller
Age-Related Changes	1296	(4)
Epidermis	1297	(1)
Dermis and Subcutaneous Tissue	1298	(1)
Appendages	1298	(2)
Evaluation of the Integumentary System	1300	(3)
Primary and Secondary Lesions	1300	(1)
Lesion Descriptors	1300	(3)
Selected Skin Disorders	1303	(1)
Infectious Processes	1303	(5)
Viral Infections	1303	(1)
Verrucae	1303	(1)
Herpes Simplex Virus	1303	(2)
Herpes Zoster	1305	(1)
Fungal Infections	1306	(1)
Superficial Fungal Infections	1306	(1)
Yeast Infections	1307	(1)
Bacterial Infections	1307	(1)
Impetigo	1307	(1)
Syphilis	1308	(1)
Leprosy	1308	(1)
Inflammatory Conditions	1308	(3)
Lupus Erythematosus	1308	(1)
Seborrheic Dermatitis	1308	(1)
Psoriasis	1308	(1)
Lichen Planus	1308	(2)
Pityriasis Rosea	1310	(1)
Acne Vulgaris	1310	(1)
Pemphigus	1311	(1)
Allergic Skin Responses	1311	(4)
Atopic Dermatitis	1311	(2)
Contact Dermatitis	1313	(1)
Drug Eruptions	1313	(1)
Vasculitis	1314	(1)
Parasitic Infestations	1315	(2)
Scabies	1315	(1)
Fleas	1315	(1)
Lice	1315	(1)
Chiggers	1316	(1)
Bedbugs	1316	(1)
Mosquitoes	1316	(1)
Blood Flukes	1316	(1)
Ticks	1317	(1)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever	1317	(1)
Lyme Disease	1317	(1)
Other Disorders of the Dermis	1317	(7)
Scleroderma	1317	(1)
Sunburn and Photosensitivity	1318	(1)
Ulcers	1319	(1)
Altered Cell Growth	1320	(1)
Tumors	1320	(1)
Cancer	1320	(1)
Pigmentation Alterations	1321	(1)
Vitiligo	1321	(1)
Albinism	1322	(2)
Special Characteristics of Dark Skin	1324	(1)
Integumentary Manifestations of Systemic Disease	1325	(4)
Skin	1325	(2)
Hair	1327	(1)
Nails	1328	(1)
Treatment Implications	1329	(2)
Topical Treatment	1329	(1)
Intralesional Injection	1330	(1)
Selection of a Delivery System	1330	(1)
Corticosteroids	1330	(1)
Developmental Considerations	1331	(1)
Infancy	1331	(1)
Childhood Skin Disorders	1332	(3)
Rubella	1332	(1)
Roseola Infantum	1333	(1)
Measles	1333	(1)
Chickenpox	1333	(2)
Scarlet Fever	1335	(1)
Adolescence and Young Adulthood	1335	(1)
Geriatric Considerations	1335	(3)
Burn Injuries	1338	(25)
Nirav Patel
K. John Hartman
Thermal Injury	1339	(19)
Etiology	1339	(1)
Incidence and Mortality	1339	(1)
Risk Factors	1340	(1)
Integument Effects	1340	(3)
Depth Classification	1343	(2)
Extent of Injury	1345	(1)
Severity Classification	1345	(1)
Acute Management	1345	(2)
Assessment	1347	(1)
Burn Shock and Acute Resuscitation	1348	(2)
Organ Dysfunction	1350	(1)
Metabolic Changes	1351	(1)
Cellular Changes	1351	(1)
Immune Response	1352	(1)
Elements of Burn Injury Survival	1352	(4)
Rehabilitation Phase	1356	(1)
Factors That Increase Risk	1357	(1)
Electrical Injury	1358	(5)
Incidence and Mortality	1358	(1)
Pathophysiology	1358	(1)
Management, Treatment, and Complications	1359	(4)
Appendix Clinical and Laboratory Values	1363	(6)
Glossary	1369