Peace, Security, and Conflict Prevention SIPRI-UNESCO Handbook

by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute; UNESCO; Rotfeld, Adam Daniel; Symonides, Janusz

• ISBN13: 9780198294290
• ISBN10: 0198294298
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-07-16
• Publisher: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

Summary

Peace, Security, and Conflict Prevention: SIPRI-UNESCO Handbook is a comprehensive, concise volume on security and conflict prevention in the post-cold war period 1992-96. It is drawn from the results of SIPRI's research and includes chapters on major armed conflicts; armed conflictprevention, management and resolution; world military expenditure, arms production and the arms trade; nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons; the arms control and agreements currently in force and under negotiation; the United Nations Organization; and special studies of regional and subregionalsecurity in Europe and Asia. A detailed chronology lists the major events of 1992-96 related to peace, security, and conflict prevention. The book also includes a useful glossary of terms and acronyms used in the security literature and gives the membership of international organizations concernedwith security issues.

Author Biography

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) is an independent international institute for research into problems of peace and conflict, especially those of arms control and disarmament. It was established in 1966 to commemorate Sweden's 150 years of unbroken peace. The Institute is financed mainly by the Swedish Parliament. The staff and the Governing Board are international. The Institute also has an Advisory Committee as an international consultative body.
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is an organization of United Nations member states which is mandated by its constitution to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed by the UN Charter for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Introduction: A cooperative security system and a culture of peace	1	(215)
Adam Daniel Rotfeld
Janusz Symonides
New threats and challenges	1	(2)
A cooperative security system and domestic factors	3	(2)
An international security system and the interdependence of states	5	(1)
From a culture of violence to a culture of peace	6	(3)
Conclusions	9	(4)
Major armed conflicts	13	(24)
Introduction	13	(1)
Global patterns in armed conflict in 1992-96	13	(4)
The civilian toll	17	(8)
The war in Chechnya	25	(4)
Conflict in the former Yugoslavia	29	(8)
War in Croatia	29	(1)
The conflict spreads: Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	(1)
The UN Protection Force in the former Yugoslavia	31	(1)
Macedonia	32	(1)
Diplomacy after the Vance--Owen Plan	32	(1)
The emergence of the Dayton Agreement	33	(2)
The uncertain peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	(2)
Armed conflict prevention, management and resolution	37	(27)
Introduction	37	(2)
Conflict prevention	37	(2)
Peacekeeping	39	(1)
Conflict resolution	39	(1)
Peace-building	39	(1)
The United Nations	39	(12)
Regional organizations	51	(5)
The Organization of African Unity	52	(1)
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	52	(1)
The Commonwealth of Independent States	53	(1)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization	54	(1)
The Economic Community of West African States	55	(1)
Examples of conflict prevention, management and resolution	56	(8)
Conflict prevention	56	(1)
Conflict resolution	56	(1)
Peacekeeping	57	(2)
Peace enforcement	59	(2)
Peace-building	61	(3)
Military expenditure, arms production and the arms trade	64	(22)
Introduction	64	(1)
Military expenditure	64	(7)
Definitions and methods: understanding figures on military spending	65	(6)
Arms production	71	(10)
Characteristics of the arms industry	71	(1)
Recent trends in arms production	72	(8)
Definitions and methods: understanding figures on arms production	80	(1)
Arms transfers	81	(5)
Suppliers	81	(1)
Recipients	81	(3)
General observations	84	(1)
Definitions and methods: understanding figures on the arms trade	84	(2)
Weapons of mass destruction	86	(16)
Introduction	86	(1)
Nuclear weapons	86	(7)
Declared nuclear weapon states	87	(1)
Undeclared nuclear weapon states	87	(4)
The NPT and the NPT Review Conferences	91	(2)
Chemical weapons	93	(3)
Possessors of chemical weapons and allegations of CW use	93	(1)
Chemical weapon destruction	94	(1)
Old CW munitions	95	(1)
Biological and toxin weapons	96	(3)
Possessors of biological and toxin weapons	96	(1)
Violations of the BTWC	97	(1)
The BTWC Review Conferences	97	(2)
The United Nations Special Commission on Iraq	99	(3)
UNSCOM's tools	99	(1)
UNSCOM's findings	100	(2)
Arms control	102	(34)
Introduction	102	(1)
Bilateral agreements	102	(5)
START I and START II	102	(2)
The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty	104	(1)
The Cooperative Threat Reduction programme	105	(1)
Other bilateral initiatives	106	(1)
Multilateral forums	107	(4)
The Conference on Disarmament	107	(3)
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	110	(1)
The United Nations	111	(1)
Nuclear weapon-free zones	111	(1)
Ban on anti-personnel land-mines	112	(1)
Multilateral export controls	113	(4)
Summaries of arms control treaties	117	(7)
Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of bacteriological methods of warfare (Geneva Protocol)	118	(1)
Antarctic Treaty	118	(1)
Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water (Partial Test Ban Treaty, PTBT)	118	(1)
Treaty on principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies (Outer Space Treaty)	118	(1)
Treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco)	118	(1)
Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT)	119	(1)
Treaty on the prohibition of the emplacement of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction on the seabed and the ocean floor and in the subsoil thereof (Seabed Treaty)	119	(1)
Convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and on their destruction (Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, BTWC)	119	(1)
Treaty on the limitation of anti-ballistic missile systems (ABM Treaty)	120	(1)
Treaty on the limitation of underground nuclear weapon tests (Threshold Test Ban Treaty, TTBT)	120	(1)
Treaty on underground nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes (Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty, PNET)	120	(1)
Convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques (Enmod Convention)	120	(1)
Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects (CCW Convention, or Inhumane Weapons Convention)	121	(1)
South Pacific nuclear free zone treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga)	121	(1)
Treaty on the elimination of intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles (INF Treaty)	121	(1)
Treaty on conventional armed forces in Europe (CFE Treaty)	121	(1)
Treaty on Open Skies	122	(1)
Treaty on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms (START I Treaty)	122	(1)
The concluding act of the negotiation on personnel strength of conventional armed forces in Europe (CFE-1A Agreement)	122	(1)
Treaty on further reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms (START II Treaty)	122	(1)
Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction (Chemical Weapons Convention, CWC)	122	(1)
Southeast Asis nuclear-weapon-free zone treaty (Treaty of Bangkok)	123	(1)
African nuclear-weapon-free zone treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)	123	(1)
Agreement on sub-regional arms control (Florence Agreement)	123	(1)
Comprehensive nuclear test-ban treaty (CTBT)	124	(1)
Parties to multilateral arms control agreements	124	(12)
The United Nations	136	(14)
Introduction	136	(1)
The United Nations structure	136	(5)
The General Assembly	136	(1)
The Security Council	137	(3)
The Secretariat	140	(1)
The International Court of Justice	140	(1)
UN criminal tribunals	140	(1)
The evolving United Nations	141	(3)
The shadow of the cold war	141	(1)
The Military Staff Committee	141	(1)
The Uniting for Peace Resolution	141	(1)
The Secretary-General	142	(1)
The Agenda for Peace	142	(2)
The United Nations and disarmament	144	(6)
The Security Council	144	(1)
The General Assembly	145	(2)
UN Special Sessions on Disarmament	147	(1)
The First Committee	148	(1)
The Disarmament Commission	148	(1)
The Conference on Disarmament	148	(1)
The International Atomic Energy Agency	149	(1)
Regional and subregional security: Europe and Asia	150	(30)
Introduction	150	(1)
European security: the intricate web	151	(15)
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization	152	(5)
The North Atlantic Cooperation Council and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council	157	(1)
The Partnership for Peace programme	158	(1)
The European Union and the Western European Union	159	(1)
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe	160	(6)
Asia-Pacific security: the emerging dialogue	166	(14)
South-East Asia	166	(5)
North-East Asia	171	(9)
Chronology of major events related to peace, security and conflict prevention, 1992-96	180	(16)
Glossary	196	(20)
Terms and organizations	196	(11)
Acronyms	207	(3)
Membership of international organizations	210	(6)
Index	216
Panels
Regional distribution of locations with at least one major armed conflict, 1992-96	15	(1)
Regional distribution, number and types of contested incompatibilities in major armed conflicts, 1992-96	16	(2)
Locations of at least one major armed conflict, 1992-96	18	(1)
Conflict locations with at least one major armed conflict in 1996	19	(19)
Types of diplomatic initiative and instrument	38	(4)
Multilateral observer and peacekeeping missions, 1994-96	42	(20)
Select substantial UN-assisted electoral observer missions, 1994-95	62	(4)
World military expenditure, in constant price figures, 1992-96	66	(4)
Priorities in resource use	70	(4)
The 100 largest arms-producing companies in the OECD and developing countries, 1995	74	(8)
The trade in major conventional weapons, 1992-96	82	(6)
The nuclear forces of the five declared nuclear weapon states, as of January 1997	88	(2)
The legality of nuclear weapons	90	(13)
US and Soviet/Russian strategic nuclear forces: 1990, 1997 and after implementation of the START II Treaty	103	(11)
Membership of multilateral military-related export control regimes, as of 1 January 1997	114	(11)
Status of implementation of the major multilateral arms control and disarmament agreements, as of 1 January 1997	125	(13)
The six principal organs of the UN system	138	(8)
UN member states	146	(6)
The overlapping membership of multilateral security structures in Europe, as of May 1997	152	(2)
Collective defence, collective security and cooperative security	154	(7)
OSCE structures and institutions	161