9780135214077

Biology: Science for Life weaves a compelling storyline throughout each chapter, grabbing your attention with current high-interest topics such as genetic testing, global warming and the Zika virus. With this approach, you'll learn the relevant biological principles behind each story and how science can help answer complex questions.

New and updated stories in the 6th Edition make biology concepts relevant?and interesting?by connecting them to stories you see in the news and decisions you make every day. And with The Big Question feature, you'll practice using data to critically evaluate information. Even if you don't plan to become a practicing biologist, you'll develop critical thinking skills you can use in making decisions about issues that affect your own life, including personal, social and ecological issues.?

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Colleen Belk and Virginia Borden Maier collaborated on teaching biology to nonmajors for over a decade at the University of Minnesota—Duluth. This collaboration has continued for an additional decade through Virginia’s move to St. John Fisher College in Rochester, New York, and has been enhanced by their differing but complementary areas of expertise. In addition to the nonmajors course, Colleen Belk teaches general biology for majors, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology courses. Virginia Borden Maier teaches general biology for majors, evolutionary biology, zoology, plant biology, ecology, and conservation biology courses.

After several somewhat painful attempts at teaching the breadth of biology to non-majors in a single semester, the two authors came to the conclusion that they needed to find a better way. They realized that their students were more engaged when they understood how biology directly affected their lives. Colleen and Virginia began to structure their lectures around stories they knew would interest students. When they began letting the story drive the science, they immediately noticed a difference in student engagement and willingness to work harder at learning biology. Not only has this approach increased student understanding, but it has also increased the authors’ enjoyment in teaching the course—presenting students with fascinating stories infused with biological concepts is simply a lot more fun.

1 Can Science Cure the Common Cold?

Introduction to the Scientific Method

1.1 The Process of Science

The Nature of Hypotheses

Scientific Theories

The Logic of Hypothesis Tests

1.2 Hypothesis Testing

The Experimental Method

Controlled Experiments

Minimizing Bias in Experimental Design

Using Correlation to Test Hypotheses

1.3 Understanding Statistics

What Statistical Tests Can Tell Us

Factors that Influence Statistical Significance

What Statistical Tests Cannot Tell Us

1.4 Evaluating Scientific Information

Primary Sources

Information from Anecdotes

Science in the News

Understanding Science from Secondary Sources

Is There a Cure for the Common Cold?

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION How do I know what to believe?

Review

UNIT ONE Chemistry and Cells

2 Science Fiction, Bad Science, and Pseudoscience

Water, Biochemistry, and Cells

2.1 A Definition of Life

2.2 The Properties of Water

The Structure of Water

Water Is a Good Solvent

Water Facilitates Chemical Reactions

Water Moderates Temperature

The Drinking-Water Hypothesis Requires More Substantiation

2.3 Chemistry for Biology Students

Chemical Bonds

The Bermuda Triangle Revisited

2.4 Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Dietary Macromolecules and Behavior

2.5 An Introduction to Evolutionary Theory

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Does balanced reporting help us draw more accurate conclusions?

Review

3 Is It Possible to Supplement Your Way to Better Performance and Health?

Nutrients and Membrane Transport

3.1 Nutrients

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Antioxidants

3.2 Cell Structure

Plasma Membrane

Subcellular Structures

3.3 Transport Across Membranes

Passive Transport: Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis

Active Transport: Pumping Substances across the Membrane

Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Movement of Large Molecules across the Membrane

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Should I routinely use detox products?

Review

4 Body Weight and Health

Enzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Respiration

4.1 Enzymes and Metabolism

Enzymes

Metabolism

4.2 Cellular Respiration

Structure and Function of ATP

Cellular Respiration

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Metabolism of Other Nutrients

Metabolism without Oxygen: Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation

4.3 Body Weight and Health

Body Mass Index

Underweight Is Unhealthy

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION How unhealthy is anorexia?

Review

5 Life in the Greenhouse

Photosynthesis and Climate Change

5.1 The Greenhouse Effect

Earth Is a Greenhouse

Water, Heat, and Temperature

5.2 The Flow of Carbon

5.3 Can Photosynthesis Slow Down Global Climate Change?

Chloroplasts: The Site of Photosynthesis

The Process of Photosynthesis

5.4 How High Temperatures Might Reduce Photosynthesis

5.5 How We Can Slow Global Climate Change

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Should global warming be kept below 4°C?

Review

UNIT TWO Genetics

6 Cancer

DNA Synthesis and Mitosis

6.1 What Is Cancer?

Tumors Can Be Cancerous

Risk Factors for Cancer

6.2 Passing Genes and Chromosomes to Daughter Cells

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Replication

6.3 The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

6.4 Cancer Prevention, Detection, and Treatment

Tumor Suppressors Help Prevent Cancer

Cancer Detection

Cancer Treatment

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Can I prevent myself from getting cancer?

Review

7 Fertility

Meiosis and Human Reproduction

7.1 Producing Sperm and Eggs: Meiosis

Interphase

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

7.2 Problems with Meiosis and Lowered Fertility

7.3 Bringing Sperm and Egg Together

Male Reproductive Anatomy

Female Reproductive Anatomy

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Does marijuana use impair fertility?

Review

8 Does Testing Save Lives?

Mendelian Genetics

8.1 The Inheritance of Traits

Genes and Chromosomes

Producing Diversity in Offspring

8.2 Basic Mendelian Genetics: When the Role of Genes Is Clear

Genotype and Phenotype

Genetic Diseases in Humans

Using Punnett Squares to Predict Offspring Genotypes

8.3 Extensions of Mendelian Genetics

8.4 Sex and Inheritance

Sex Determination and X-Linkage

Pedigrees

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Should there be universal screening for killer diseases?

Review

9 Biology of Wrongful Convictions

Complex Genetic Traits, Heritability, and DNA Profiling

9.1 Eyewitness Testimony and Complex Genetic Traits

Polygenic Traits

Quantitative Traits

9.2 Genes, Criminality, and Implicit Bias

Studying Nature versus Nurture

The Use and Misuse of Heritability

Implicit Bias

9.3 Positive Identification

DNA Profiling

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Sounds Right, But Is It?

The Big Question Should the death penalty be abolished in the United States?

Review

10 Genetically Modified Organisms

Gene Expression, Mutation, Stem Cells, and Cloning

10.1 Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression

From Gene to Protein

Transcription

Translation

Mutations

Gene Expression

10.2 Producing Recombinant Proteins

Cloning a Gene Using Bacteria

FDA Regulations

10.3 Genetically Modified Plants and Animals

Modifying Crop Plants

Modifying Animals

Gene Editing Using CRISPR in Plants and Animals

10.4 Genetically Modified Humans

Stem Cells

Gene Therapy

Gene Editing in Humans

Cloning Humans

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Should anti-GMO activists give up the fight?

Review

UNIT THREE Evolution

11 Where Did We Come From?

The Evidence for Evolution

11.1 What Is Evolution?

The Process of Evolution

The Theory of Evolution

11.2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution

Early Views of Evolution

The Voyage of the Beagle

Developing the Hypothesis of Common Descent

Alternative Ideas on the Origins and Relationships among Organisms

11.3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent

Linnaean Classification

Anatomical Homology

Developmental Homologies

Molecular Homology

Biogeography

The Fossil Record

11.4 Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid?

Weighing the Alternatives

The Best Scientific Explanation for the Diversity of Life

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Should high school biology teachers be required to “teach the controversy”?

Review

12 An Evolving Enemy

Natural Selection

12.1 Return of a Killer

What Is Tuberculosis?

Treatment–and Treatment Failure

12.2 Natural Selection Causes Evolution

Darwin’s Observations

Darwin’s Inference: Natural Selection Causes Evolution

Testing Natural Selection

12.3 Natural Selection Since Darwin

The Modern Synthesis

The Subtleties of Natural Selection

Patterns of Selection

12.4 Natural Selection and Human Health

Tuberculosis Fits Darwin’s Observations

Selecting for Drug Resistance

Stopping Drug Resistance

Can Natural Selection Save Us from Superbugs?

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Should I stop purchasing meats that are raised using antibiotics?

Review

13 Understanding Race

Speciation and Macroevolution

13.1 What Is a Species?

The Biological Species Concept

Speciation

Isolation and Divergence of Gene Pools

The Evolution of Reproductive Isolation

13.2 Are Human Races Biological?

The History of Human Races

The Morphological Species Concept

Modern Humans: A History

Genetic Evidence of Divergence

Human Races Are Not Isolated Biological Groups

Human Races Have Never Been Truly Isolated

13.3 Why Human Groups Differ

Natural Selection

Convergent Evolution

Genetic Drift

Sexual Selection

Assortative Mating

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Are affirmative action policies that favor black students applying for college admission good public policy?

Review

14 The Greatest Species on Earth?

Biodiversity and Classification

14.1 Biological Classification

How Many Species Exist?

Domains of Life

14.2 The Diversity of Life

The Domains Bacteria and Archaea

The Origin of the Domain Eukarya

The Protista

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Not Quite Living: Viruses

14.3 Learning about Species

Reconstructing Evolutionary History

The Greatest Species on Earth

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Should lab mice and rats have the same rights as other nonhuman animals?

Review

UNIT FOUR Ecology

15 Is the Human Population Too Large?

Population Ecology

15.1 Population Growth

Population Structure

Exponential Population Growth

The Demographic Transition

15.2 Limits to Population Growth

Carrying Capacity and Logistic Growth

Earth’s Carrying Capacity for Humans

15.3 The Future of the Human Population

A Possible Population Crash?

Avoiding Disaster

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Should the international community continue to provide food aid to populations experiencing food crises?

Review

16 Conserving Biodiversity

Community and Ecosystem Ecology

16.1 The Sixth Extinction

Measuring Extinction Rates

Causes of Extinction

16.2 The Consequences of Extinction

Loss of Resources

Predation, Mutualism, and Competition

Energy and Chemical Flows

Psychological Effects

16.3 Saving Species

Protecting Habitat

Small Populations Are Vulnerable

Conservation Genetics

Protecting Biodiversity versus Meeting Human Needs

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Is wind power good or bad for birds?

Review

17 The Human Footprint

Climate and Biomes

17.1 Climate Determines Habitability

Global Temperature and Precipitation Patterns

Local Influences on Climate

17.2 Terrestrial Biomes and the Human Footprint

Tundra

Desert

Forests and Shrublands

Grasslands

17.3 Aquatic Biomes and the Human Footprint

Freshwater

Saltwater

Sounds Right, But Is It?

THE BIG QUESTION Can my actions make a difference on global environmental issues?

Review

Appendix: Metric System Conversions

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