9780135232897

A complete guide to nutrition care for nurses.
Nutrition and Diet Therapy for Nurses offers the perfect balance of the latest evidence-based content, readability, and current topics in nutrition. Building from foundational principles to medical therapies, the text provides nursing students with tools and resources they can use to integrate nutrition into the nursing care process and become a reliable source of nutrition information and care. The 2nd Edition includes reorganized chapters, expanded content, and a new feature on drug interactions woven throughout the text.

For courses in nutrition and diet therapy.

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Sheila Buckley Tucker graduated with a BS in Food and Nutrition and an MA in Healthcare Administration from Framingham State College in Massachusetts. She is board certified in sports nutrition from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. As a registered dietitian for more than 25 years, Sheila has provided clinical nutrition care to patients and clients in a variety of settings, including as an inpatient clinical dietitian specializing in critical care, nutrition support, renal nutrition, cancer care, and medical/surgical care. She has also provided nutrition education as a consultant to corporate wellness programs and area colleges. She has more than 25 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate and graduate levels in several Boston area colleges and nursing schools. At Boston College, Sheila recently made the transition to full-time faculty after decades of a combining an on-campus clinical nutrition practice as the University’s Executive Dietitian, Nutritionist for the Office of Health Promotion, and Performance Nutritionist for Athletics, along with teaching nutrition in the Connell School of Nursing. She is a contributing author to many nursing textbooks.

Vera Dauffenbach has a bachelor’s degree from Macalester College and a master’s degree in nursing from Pace University. Her doctorate in educational leadership is from Western Michigan University. She has been a faculty member in the baccalaureate nursing programs at Grand View College in Des Moines and Maryville College (now University) in St. Louis. At present, she is an associate professor and director of the RN to BSN program at Bellin College in Green Bay, Wisconsin. She has broad classroom and clinical teaching experience on all levels of the undergraduate curriculum, with a special interest in nutrition and pediatrics. At the graduate level, she teaches research and evidence-based practice. Her research interests relate to critical thinking and leadership development. She has contributed extensive NCLEX^®-style test questions for nursing textbooks. She is a past board member of the Wisconsin League for Nursing and president of the Kappa Pi-at-Large Chapter of Sigma Theta Tau International.

Brief Table of Contents

1. Nursing and Nutrition Care

PART I: NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND REGULATION
2. Nutrition Recommendations and Standards

PART II: PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION
3. Carbohydrates
4. Protein
5. Fats
6. Vitamins
7. Minerals
8. Fluid, Caffeine, and Alcohol
9. Energy Balance

PART III: NUTRITION ASSESSMENT
10. Nutritional Assessment

PART IV: COMMUNITY NUTRITION AND HEALTH PROMOTION
11. Nutrition and Health Promotion
12. Cultural Considerations in Nutrition
13. Nutrition in Sports

PART V: NUTRITION IN THE LIFE CYCLE
14. Pregnancy and Lactation
15. Infants, Children, and Adolescents
16. Adult and Older Adult

PART VI: CLINICAL NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY
17. Nutrition Care and Support
18. Food, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions
19. Dietary Supplements in Complementary Care
20. Weight Management
21. Cardiovascular Diseases and Lipid Disorders
22. Diabetes Mellitus
23. Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
24. Renal Disease
25. Physiological Stress
26. Cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection

Appendices
A. Infant and Child Growth Charts
B. Body Mass Index Table
C. DRIs for Nutrients

Detailed Table of Contents

1. Nursing and Nutrition Care
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Nutrition and Health Promotion
    Nutrition Standards
Dietary Guidelines
    MyPlate Food Guidance System
    Food Labels
    Healthy People 2020: Objectives for the Nation
Nursing Process and Nutritional Health
    Assessment
    Nursing Diagnosis
    Planning
    Implementation
    Evaluation
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition for Weight Loss
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX^®-style Questions
References

PART I: NUTRITION RECOMMENDATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND REGULATION

2. Nutrition Recommendations and Standards
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
What Is a Healthy Diet?
Nutrient-Specific Recommendations: Dietary Reference Intakes
Diet-Based Nutrition Recommendations
    Dietary Guidelines for Americans
    MyPlate
    Pyramids and Guidelines from Around the World
    Fruit and Veggies—More Matters Program
    Disease Prevention Diet Pattern Guides
Food Labels
    Ingredient List
    Nutrition Facts Panel
    Nutritional Claims
Nutritional Misinformation
NURSING CARE PLAN: The Language of Nutrition
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

PART II: PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION

3. Carbohydrates
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
What Are Carbohydrates?
    Simple Carbohydrates
    Complex Carbohydrates
Function of Carbohydrates
Digestion and Metabolism
Simple and Complex Carbohydrates in Foods
    Simple Sugars
    Complex Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate Recommendations
    Simple Sugars
    Complex Carbohydrates
Nonnutritive and Nutritive Sweeteners
    Nonnutritive Sweeteners
    Nutritive Sweeteners
Wellness Concerns
    Dental Health
    Obesity and Weight Management
    Behavior and Neurological Health
    Altered Digestion or Metabolism
    Fiber and Health
NURSING CARE PLAN: Constipation
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

4. Protein
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Structure of Proteins
    Amino Acids
Physiological Functions of Protein
    Tissue Growth and Maintenance
    Protein Synthesis
    The Regulatory Role of Proteins
    Immune Function
    Energy
Protein Metabolism
    Protein Digestion
    Amino Acid Catabolism
Protein from Food Sources
    Complete and Incomplete Proteins
    Protein and Satiety
Requirements for Dietary Protein
Wellness Concerns
    Inborn Errors of Protein Metabolism
    Protein Requirements in Illness or Injury
    Protein Deficiency
    High-Protein Diets
    Vegetarianism
NURSING CARE PLAN: Protein for Athletic Enhancement
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

5. Fats
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
What Are Fats?
    Triglycerides
    Phospholipids
    Sterols
    Functions of Fats
Digestion and Absorption
Where Are Fats in the Diet?
Recommendations for Fat Intake
    Strategies for Modifying Fat Intake
    Fat Substitutes
Wellness Concerns
    Obesity
    Cardiovascular Disease
    Cancer
    Fat Malnutrition
NURSING CARE PLAN: Patient with High Blood Lipid Levels
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

6. Vitamins
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Vitamins in Health
    What Are Vitamins?
    Do All Vitamins Have a Recommended Dietary Allowance?
    Vitamin Deficiency and Toxicity
    Choosing a Vitamin Supplement
Vitamin Classification
    Fat-Soluble Vitamins
    Water-Soluble Vitamins
NURSING CARE PLAN: Patient with Fatigue
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

7. Minerals
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Why Do We Need Minerals?
    What Affects Mineral Balance?
Mineral Classification
    What Are the Major Minerals?
    What Are Trace Minerals?
    Nonessential Trace Minerals
NURSING CARE PLAN: Iron and a Vegan Diet in Children
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

8. Fluid, Caffeine, and Alcohol
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Water
    Function of Water
    Water Balance in the Body
    Recommended Intake
    Sources
Hydration Assessment
    Hypohydration/Dehydration
    Hyperhydration/Water Toxicity
    Wellness Concerns
Caffeine
    Sources of Caffeine
    Wellness Concerns
Alcohol
    Sources of Alcohol
    Wellness Concerns
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Dehydration
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

9. Energy Balance
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
What Is Energy and Energy Balance?
    Energy Intake
    Energy Expenditure
Energy Balance
Recommendations for Energy Intake and Expenditure
Wellness Concerns
    Positive Energy Balance: Weight Gain
    Negative Energy Balance: Weight Loss
    Energy Balance in Critical Illness
NURSING CARE PLAN: Patient in an Automobile Accident
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

PART III: NUTRITION ASSESSMENT

10. Nutritional Assessment
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Nutritional Health and Assessment
Nutrition History
    Diet Recall
    Food Frequency Questionnaire
    Food Record
    Focused Interview
Physical Assessment
    Anthropometric Measurements
    Physical Findings
Laboratory Assessment
    Plasma Proteins
    Immunocompetence
    Nitrogen Balance Assessment
    Laboratory Measures of Nutrient Status
    Laboratory Measurements Associated with Overnutrition
Cultural Considerations
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
    Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)
    Tools for Use in Older Adults
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition Assessment for Weight Management
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

PART IV: COMMUNITY NUTRITION AND HEALTH PROMOTION

11. Nutrition and Health Promotion
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Creating Healthy Communities
    Why Are Community Nutrition and Health Promotion Important?
    Levels of Health Prevention
Nutrition in Health Promotion
    Guidelines and Resources for Nutrition and Health Promotion
Food Intolerances and Allergies
Food Safety
    Who Is in Charge of Food Safety?
    Why Should We Be Concerned About Food Safety?
NURSING CARE PLAN: Safe Food Handling
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

12. Cultural Considerations in Nutrition
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Transcultural Nursing
Cultural Influences on Dietary Practices
    Food Practices
    Health Beliefs about Food and Dietary Habits
    Beliefs about the Relationship between Body Size and Health
    Beliefs about Healthcare Authority and Decision-Making
Guidelines for Culturally Sensitive Nutrition Care
    Cultural Humility
    Listen First
    Nutrition Care Plan Development
    Culturally Sensitive Nutritional Counseling
Cultural Background Influences Eating Patterns
    Acculturation and Health Risks
Traditional Diets of Selected Cultural Subgroups in the United States
    Mexican or Mesoamericans
    Black or African American
    Asian Population
    Indian
Religious Considerations in Nutrition and Dietary Practices
    Buddhism
    Christianity
    Hinduism
    Islam/Muslim
    Judaism
    Sikhism
NURSING CARE PLAN: Culturally Sensitive Nutritional Care
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

13. Nutrition in Sports
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Introduction
What Fuels Exercise?
    Energy Recommendations
    Carbohydrate Recommendations
    Protein Recommendations
    Fat Recommendations
Vitamins and Minerals
Hydration: Fluid and Electrolytes
    Fluid and Electrolyte Recommendations
Nutrition Considerations for Younger and Older Athletes
Sports Supplements and Ergogenic Aids
    Do Alcohol and Caffeine Affect Performance?
NURSING CARE PLAN: Inadequate Carbohydrate Intake for Exercise
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

PART V: NUTRITION IN THE LIFE CYCLE

14. Pregnancy and Lactation
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Prepregnancy and Pregnancy
    Nutritional Needs
    Symptom Management
Wellness Concerns
    Obesity
    Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational
    Diabetes Mellitus
    Eating Disorders
    Phenylketonuria
Lactation
    Nutritional Needs
Wellness Concerns
NURSING CARE PLAN: Adequate Weight Gain and Pregnancy
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

15. Infants, Children, and Adolescents
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Introduction
Nutrition for Infants
    Nutrient Needs
    Infant Feeding Decisions
    Tracking Pediatric Growth
    Wellness Issues in Infancy
Early Childhood—Toddlers
    Nutrient Needs
    Fluids
    Development of the Feeding Relationship
    Wellness Concerns in Childhood
Later Childhood—The Preschooler
School-Age Children
    Mealtime Nutrition Influences
    Wellness Concerns
Adolescent Nutrition
    Nutrient Needs
    Adolescent Choices
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and the Overweight Child
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

16. Adult and Older Adult
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Introduction
Nutrition in the Adult
    Preventive Nutrition in the Adult: What Are the Concerns?
Nutritional Health in the Older Adult
    How Does Aging Affect Nutrition?
Nutrition Recommendations for the Older Adult
    Nutrient Needs of the Older Adult
    Nutrition Challenges in the Older Adult
Treatment of Undernutrition in the Older Adult
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Unplanned Weight Loss in the Older Adult
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

PART VI: CLINICAL NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY

17. Nutrition Care and Support
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
The Nutrition Care Process in Acute and Subacute Care
    Hospital and Long-Term Care Nutrition Services
Malnutrition of the Hospitalized Patient
    How Is Malnutrition Treated?
Nutrition Support: Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
    Enteral Nutrition
    Parenteral Nutrition
Palliative Nutrition and End-of-Life Care
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Home Enteral Feedings
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

18. Food, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Introduction
How Do Drugs Interact with Food or Nutrients?
    Alteration in Bioavailability
    Alteration in Metabolism
    Alteration in Excretion
    Pharmacodynamic Effects
Drug Effects and Dietary Intake
Who Is at Risk for a Drug Interaction?
Medication Classes and Food/Nutrient Interactions
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Diuretic Use
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

19. Dietary Supplements in Complementary Care
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Nutrition and Complementary Care
    What Is a Dietary Supplement?
How Are Supplements Regulated?
    Labeling and Advertising Requirements
Who Uses Dietary Supplements?
Supplement Safety
Popular Dietary Supplements
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Dietary Supplements
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

20. Weight Management
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Overweight and Obesity
    What Causes Overweight and Obesity?
    Health Risks of Obesity
Medical and Nutritional Interventions for Overweight and Obesity
    Assessment
    Treatment Options
    Lifestyle Modifications
    Diet
    Physical Activity
    Behavior Modification
    Medications and Dietary Supplements
Metabolic Surgeries
    Types of Surgery
    Postoperative Nutrition Concerns
    Size Acceptance, Health at Every Size, and Sensitive Care of the Overweight
Eating Disorders
    What Is an Eating Disorder?
    What Causes an Eating Disorder?
    Eating Disorder Assessment and Treatment
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and the Overweight Adult
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

21. Cardiovascular Diseases and Lipid Disorders
    Did You Know?

    Key Terms
Cardiovascular Disease and the Atherosclerotic Process
Reducing Risk of CVD: Targeting Diet and Nutrition
    The Effects of Diet on Blood Cholesterol
    Diet and Risk of CVD: Beyond Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Metabolic Syndrome
    Nutrition Therapy for Metabolic Syndrome
Heart Failure: Nutritional Concerns
    Medical Nutrition Therapy for Heart Failure
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Hyperlipidemia
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

22. Diabetes Mellitus
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
What Is Diabetes?
How Is Diabetes Classified?
    Prediabetes
    Type 1 Diabetes
    Type 2 Diabetes
    Gestational Diabetes
Diabetes and Metabolism
    Carbohydrate Metabolism in Diabetes
    Fat Metabolism in Diabetes
    Protein Metabolism in Diabetes
Nutrition Therapy for Diabetes
    Carbohydrate Intake Recommendations
    Fat Intake Recommendations
    Protein Intake Recommendations
    Dietary Supplements
    Alcohol Intake
    Weight Management
    Hypertension in Diabetes
    Cardiovascular Risk Factors
    Diabetic Nephropathy
    Diabetic Neuropathies
Dietary Considerations for Special Populations
    Older Adults Type 2 Diabetes
    Children and Adolescents—Type 1 Diabetes
    Children and Adolescents—Type 2 Diabetes
    Cultural Considerations
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition in Type 2 Diabetes
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

23. Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
How Are Nutrients Digested and Absorbed?
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    Dysphagia
    Nausea and Vomiting
    Gastroesophageal Reflux, Hiatal Hernia, and Ulcer Disease
    Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroenteritis
    Dumping Syndrome
    Gastroparesis
    Lactose Intolerance
    Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    Short Bowel Syndrome
    Celiac Sprue
    Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity
    Irritable Bowel Syndrome
    Diverticular Disease
    Constipation
    Bloating and Intestinal Gas
    Diarrhea
Liver Disease
    Fatty Liver
    Hepatitis
    Cirrhosis
    Hepatic Encephalopathy
    Hemochromatosis
    Wilson Disease
Pancreatic Conditions
    Pancreatitis
    Cystic Fibrosis and Pancreatic Insufficiency
Gallbladder Disease
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

24. Renal Disease
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Kidney Function, Nutrition, and Renal Disease
Renal Failure
    Acute Kidney Injury
    Chronic Kidney Disease
    Treatment
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Renal Failure
Nutrition Support in Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
    Malnutrition in Renal Failure
Renal Transplantation
Nephrotic Syndrome
    Nutrition Intervention
Kidney Stones
    Nutrition Intervention
Urinary Tract Infection
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Renal Failure
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

25. Physiological Stress
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
What Is Physiological Stress?
    Physical Consequences of the Stress Response
Nutritional Needs During Critical Illness
    Energy Needs
    Protein Needs
    Fluid Needs
    Vitamin and Mineral Needs
Nutrition Care
    Surgery
    Trauma
    Infection and Sepsis
    Burns
    Pressure Ulcers
Pulmonary Disease and Mechanical Ventilation
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition and Trauma
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

26. Cancer and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection
    Did You Know?
    Key Terms
Cancer Prevention and Nutrition
Nutrition Challenges with Cancer or HIV
Medical Nutrition Therapy and Cancer
    Disease-Related Nutrition Risk Factors
    Treatment-Related Nutrition Risk Factors
Nutrition Intervention in Cancer Cancer
Medical Nutrition Therapy and HIV Infection
    Virus-Related Nutrition Risk Factors
    Treatment-Related Nutrition Risk Factors
    Nutrition Intervention
NURSING CARE PLAN: Nutrition during Chemotherapy
Chapter Summary
Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process
NCLEX-style Questions
References

Appendices
A. Infant and Child Growth Charts
B. Body Mass Index Table
C. DRIs for Nutrients

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