Pediatric Psychopharmacology Fast Facts

by Connor, Daniel F.; Meltzer, Bruce M.

• ISBN13: 9780393704617
• ISBN10: 0393704610
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-17
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Summary

This new title in the Fast Facts series, full of up-to-date and authoritative information, is a critical resource for all health care professionals working with children and adolescents.Psychiatrists, prescribing psychologists, psychotherapists, pediatricians, family practice physicians, pediatric neurologists, nurse practitioners, allied mental health professionals, and trainees in these professions are provided with: General introductory reviews of the principles of pediatric psychopharmacology and related patient assessment issues; Detailed discussions of psychiatric medications organized by drug class; A comprehensive review of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Rich background information and clear explanations of clinical directions for the prescriber and nonprescriber alike.Authored by two child and adolescent psychiatrists, Pediatric Psychopharmacology provides empirically-based, state-of-the-art knowledge as well as clear practical guidance regarding assessment, prescription, monitoring, and discontinuation of medications.

Author Biography

Bruce M. Meltzer is Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcestor. He is also the Medical Director of Adolescent Continuity Care Services at the University of Masschausetts Medical School. Daniel F. Connor is the Lockean Distinguished Professor in Mental Health Education, Research, and Clinical improvement, and Chief of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in the Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Famington, CT.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxv
PART I: INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Pediatric Psychopharmacology	3	(12)
A Brief History of the Field	4	(2)
Epidemiological Trends in Pediatric Psychopharmacology	6	(1)
Prescribing Algorithms	7	(1)
Psychiatric Medication Use in Preschool Children	7	(1)
Regulatory Issues in Pediatric Psychopharmacology	8	(4)
Off-Label Prescribing	8	(1)
The Regulatory Process of Drug Development	9	(1)
FDA Initiatives to Promote Pediatric Drug Development	10	(2)
Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychopharmacology	12	(1)
Developmental Pharmacology, Neurobiology, and Pediatric Psychopharmacology	13	(2)
Basic Pharmacology	15	(8)
Pharmacokinetics	15	(5)
Absorption	16	(1)
Key Concepts	17	(1)
Distribution	17	(1)
Elimination	18	(1)
Elimination Kinetics	18	(1)
Elimination Half-Life	19	(1)
Pediatric Variations in Pharmacokinetics	19	(1)
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes	20	(2)
Summary	22	(1)
General Principles of Treatment	23	(16)
Psychiatric Evaluation in Pediatric Psychopharmacology	24	(3)
Sources of Information	24	(1)
Types of Information	25	(1)
The Psychiatric Interview	26	(1)
Mental Status Examination	26	(1)
Diagnostic Case Formulation	27	(3)
Psychiatric Diagnosis, Target Symptoms, and Treatment Planning	30	(1)
The Three Phases of Psychopharmacological Treatment	31	(1)
Medication Initiation and Titration	32	(1)
Clinical Management and the Evaluation of Outcome	33	(1)
Compliance	34	(1)
Medical Record Documentation	34	(2)
Summary	36	(3)
PART II: THE MEDICATIONS
Stimulants	39	(14)
Stimulant Drug Schedules	39	(1)
Indications	40	(1)
Efficacy in ADHD	40	(1)
Efficacy in Narcolepsy	40	(1)
Pharmacoepidemiology	41	(1)
Currently Available Stimulants	41	(1)
Pharmacology	42	(3)
Pharmacodynamics	42	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	43	(2)
Stimulant Formulations and Dose	45	(1)
Clinical Efficacy	45	(1)
FDA Approval	45	(1)
Pemoline	46	(1)
Stimulant Side Effects	46	(4)
Stimulant Contraindications	50	(1)
Stimulant Drug--Drug Interactions	50	(1)
Management of Stimulant Overdose	51	(2)
Antidepressants	53	(58)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors	54	(19)
Fluoxetine	54	(6)
Paroxetine	60	(3)
Sertraline	63	(3)
Citalopram	66	(1)
Escitalopram	67	(2)
Fluvoxamine	69	(2)
SSRI Side Effects	71	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	72	(1)
Management of SSRI Overdose	72	(1)
Atypical Antidepressants	73	(14)
Bupropion	73	(4)
Trazodone	77	(3)
Nefazodone	80	(3)
Mirtazapine	83	(4)
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibiting Antidepressants	87	(6)
Venlafaxine	87	(3)
Duloxetine	90	(3)
Tricyclic Antidepressants	93	(14)
Imipramine	93	(3)
Desipramine	96	(2)
Amitriptyline	98	(2)
Nortriptyline	100	(2)
Clomipramine	102	(3)
TCA Drug-Drug Interactions	105	(2)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	107	(1)
Future Antidepressants in Pediatric Psychopharmacology?	108	(1)
Meclobemide	108	(1)
Reboxetine	108	(1)
Clinical Use of Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents	108	(3)
Duration of Treatment	108	(1)
Medical Monitoring for Increased Suicidality	109	(1)
Lack of Response to Initial Antidepressant Treatment	109	(2)
Mood Stabilizers	111	(34)
Lithium	114	(8)
Pharmacology	114	(1)
Indications	115	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	116	(3)
Contraindications	119	(1)
Side Effects	119	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	119	(1)
Management of Overdose	119	(2)
Drug Interference with Diagnostic Laboratory Testing	121	(1)
Divalproex Sodium	122	(5)
Pharmacology	122	(1)
Indications	123	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	123	(2)
Contraindications	125	(1)
Side Effects	126	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	126	(1)
Management of Overdose	127	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	127	(1)
Carbamazepine	127	(7)
Pharmacology	128	(1)
Indications	129	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	129	(3)
Contraindications	132	(1)
Side Effects	133	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	133	(1)
Management Of Overdose	134	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	134	(1)
Lamotrigine	134	(7)
Pharmacology	135	(1)
Indications	136	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	136	(2)
Contraindications	138	(1)
Side Effects	139	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	140	(1)
Management of Overdose	140	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	141	(1)
Medical Management of Pediatric Patients Receiving Mood Stabilizers	141	(1)
Newer Anticonvulsants with Potential Utility as Mood-Stabilizing Agents	142	(3)
Gabapentin	142	(1)
Oxcarbazepine	142	(1)
Tiagabine	143	(1)
Topiramate	143	(2)
Antipsychotics	145	(26)
Second-Generation Antipsychotics	146	(15)
Pharmacology	146	(3)
Indications	149	(3)
Choosing A Second-Generation Antipsychotic	152	(7)
Common Side Effects	159	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	160	(1)
Management of Overdose	161	(1)
First-Generation Antipsychotics	161	(10)
Chlorpromazine	162	(2)
Thioridazine Hydrochloride	164	(1)
Haloperidol	165	(1)
Pimozide	166	(1)
Fluphenazine Hydrochloride	167	(1)
Molindone Hydrochloride	167	(1)
Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride	168	(1)
Side Effects	169	(1)
Management of Side Effects	169	(2)
Drugs to Treat Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Syndromes	171	(12)
Anticholinergics	171	(6)
Pharmacology	172	(1)
Indications	173	(1)
Pertinent Studies	173	(1)
Choosing an Anticholinergic for EPS	173	(1)
Contraindications	174	(1)
Side Effects	175	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	175	(1)
Management of Overdose	176	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	177	(1)
Amantadine Hydrochloride	177	(3)
Pharmacology	177	(1)
Indications	178	(1)
Pertinent Studies	178	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	178	(1)
Contraindications	179	(1)
Side Effects	179	(1)
Management of Side Effects	179	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	180	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	180	(1)
Bromocriptine and Pergolide	180	(1)
Pharmacology	180	(1)
Dosing	181	(1)
Side Effects	181	(1)
Vitamin E	181	(2)
Pharmacology	182	(1)
Dosing	182	(1)
Contraindications	182	(1)
Side Effects	182	(1)
Anxiolytics	183	(30)
Benzodiazepines	183	(15)
Pharmacology	184	(4)
Indications	188	(1)
Choosing a Benzodiazepine	189	(2)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	191	(4)
Contraindications	195	(1)
Side Effects	195	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	196	(1)
Management of Overdose	196	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	197	(1)
Buspirone	198	(5)
Pharmacology	198	(1)
Indications	199	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	200	(2)
Contraindications	202	(1)
Side Effects	202	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	202	(1)
Management of Overdose	203	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	203	(1)
Other Drugs	203	(10)
Antihistamines	203	(5)
Chloral Hydrate	208	(1)
Novel Benzodiazepine Receptor Agonists	209	(4)
Adrenergic Agents	213	(20)
Clonidine	213	(7)
Pharmacology	213	(1)
Indications	214	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	215	(2)
Contraindications	217	(1)
Side Effects	217	(2)
Drug--Drug Interactions	219	(1)
Management of Overdose	219	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	220	(1)
Guanfacine	220	(3)
Pharmacology	220	(1)
Indications	221	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	221	(2)
Contraindications	223	(1)
Side Effects	223	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	223	(1)
Management of Overdose	223	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	223	(1)
Beta-Blockers	223	(10)
Pharmacology	224	(1)
Indications	225	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	226	(3)
Contraindictions	229	(1)
Side Effects	229	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	230	(1)
Management of Drug Overdose	230	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	231	(2)
Other Medications	233	(22)
Atomoxetine	233	(5)
Pharmacology	233	(1)
Indications	234	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	235	(2)
Contraindications	237	(1)
Side Effects	237	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	237	(1)
Management of Overdose	238	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	238	(1)
Modafinil	238	(5)
Pharmacology	239	(1)
Indications	239	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	240	(1)
Contraindications	240	(2)
Side Effects	242	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	242	(1)
Management of Overdose	242	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	242	(1)
Desmopressin Acetate	243	(2)
Pharmacology	243	(1)
Indications	243	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	244	(1)
Contraindications	244	(1)
Side Effects	244	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	244	(1)
Management of Overdose	244	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	245	(1)
Oxybutynin	245	(2)
Pharmacology	245	(1)
Indications	245	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	246	(1)
Side Effects	246	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	246	(1)
Management of Overdose	247	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	247	(1)
Tolterodine	247	(2)
Pharmacology	247	(1)
Indications	248	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	248	(1)
Contraindications	248	(1)
Side Effects	248	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	249	(1)
Management of Overdose	249	(1)
Drug Interference with Laboratory Testing	249	(1)
Naltrexone	249	(6)
Pharmacology	250	(1)
Indications	250	(1)
Contraindications	251	(1)
Side Effects	251	(2)
Drug--Drug Interactions	253	(1)
Management of Overdose	253	(2)
Herbal and Alternative Medicines	255	(10)
Regulatory Issues	255	(1)
St. John's Wort	256	(3)
Pharmacology	256	(1)
Indications	257	(1)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	257	(1)
Contraindications	258	(1)
Side Effects	258	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	259	(1)
Melatonin	259	(3)
Pharmacology	260	(1)
Indications	260	(2)
Dosing and Duration of Treatment	262	(1)
Contraindications	262	(1)
Side Effects	262	(1)
Drug--Drug Interactions	262	(1)
Essential Fatty Acids	262	(1)
Secretin	263	(1)
Kava	263	(1)
Valerian	264	(1)
Conclusions	264	(1)
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Adolescents	265	(10)
Evidence of Effectiveness	266	(1)
Indications for ECT in Adolescents	267	(1)
Predictors of Response	268	(1)
Contraindications	268	(1)
Assessment of the Adolescent for ECT	268	(1)
Description and Administration	269	(1)
Adverse Effects	270	(1)
Legal Considerations	271	(1)
Informed Consent and Assent	272	(1)
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation	272	(3)
PART III: THE DISORDERS AND THEIR TREATMENT
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	275	(28)
Diagnostic Features	275	(1)
Prevalence	276	(1)
Etiology	277	(1)
Course of Illness	277	(2)
Comorbidity in ADHD	278	(1)
Assessment	279	(1)
Treatment Options	279	(3)
Psychosocial Interventions	279	(2)
Medication Interventions	281	(1)
Stimulants in ADHD	282	(7)
Indications	282	(2)
Choosing A Stimulant	284	(1)
Stimulant Treatment	284	(2)
Stimulant Nonresponders	286	(1)
Stimulant Side Effects	287	(2)
Nonstimulants in ADHD	289	(6)
Bupropion	289	(3)
Atomoxetine	292	(1)
Clonidine and Guanfacine	293	(2)
Modafinil	295	(1)
Tricyclic Antidepressants	295	(1)
Clinical Management of ADHD with Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders	295	(4)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder	296	(1)
Depression	296	(1)
Bipolar Disorder	297	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	297	(1)
Tic Disorders	298	(1)
Substance Use Disorders	298	(1)
Stimulant Use for Symptoms of ADHD in Special Populations	299	(1)
Learning Disabilities	299	(1)
Persons with Developmental Delay	300	(1)
Preschool Children	300	(1)
Children with Seizure Disorders	300	(1)
Summary: An Algorithm for the Treatment of ADHD	300	(3)
Tic Disorders and Tourette's Disorder	303	(16)
Diagnostic Features	303	(2)
Prevalence	305	(1)
Comorbidity	305	(1)
Course of Illness and Outcome	306	(1)
Assessment	306	(1)
Treatment	307	(1)
Pharmacotherapy	307	(6)
Typical Neuroleptics	309	(2)
Atypical Antipsychotics	311	(1)
Pergolide	312	(1)
Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists: Clonidine and Guanfacine	312	(1)
Other Tic-Suppressing Agents	313	(1)
Pharmacological Treatment of ADHD in Patients with Tic Disorders or Tourette's disorder	313	(4)
Stimulants and Tic Disorder	315	(1)
Nonstimulant Medication Alternatives for Combined ADHD and Tic Disorder	315	(2)
Combined Pharmacotherapy	317	(1)
Pharmacological Treatment of OCD in Patients with Tic Disorders or Tourette's disorder	317	(1)
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcas	318	(1)
Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Impulsive Aggression	319	(18)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder	320	(1)
Prevalence	320	(1)
Etiology	320	(1)
Course of Illness	321	(1)
Conduct Disorder	321	(3)
Prevalence	322	(1)
Etiology	323	(1)
Course of Illness	323	(1)
Comorbidity in ODD and CD	324	(1)
Psychopharmacological Treatment of ODD and CD	324	(1)
Impulsive Aggression	325	(1)
Treatment of Excessive, Maladaptive Aggression	326	(6)
Psychosocial Treatments	326	(1)
Educational Interventions	327	(1)
Psychopharmacological Treatments	328	(4)
Measuring Treatment Response	332	(1)
A Clinical Approach to the Aggressive Child or Adolescent	332	(5)
Mood Disorders	337	(50)
Depressive Disorders	338	(24)
Diagnostic Features and Subtypes of Mood Disorders	340	(2)
Prevalence	342	(1)
Comorbidity	342	(1)
Course of Illness	343	(1)
Assessment	343	(3)
Cultural Factors Affecting Assessment	346	(1)
Treatment of Depression	347	(15)
Bipolar Disorders	362	(6)
Description and Diagnostic Features	362	(3)
Comorbidity	365	(2)
Prevalence	367	(1)
Course of Illness	367	(1)
Assessment	368	(1)
Treatment of Pediatric Bipolar Illness	368	(12)
Psychosocial Therapies	369	(1)
Psychopharmacology	369	(1)
Choosing a Medication	370	(10)
Duration of Treatment	380	(1)
Pediatric Bipolar Illness Medication Treatment Algorithm	380	(7)
Acute Treatment	380	(4)
Maintenance Treatment	384	(1)
Treatment of Comorbid ADHD	384	(3)
Psychotic Disorders	387	(14)
Developmental Considerations	387	(2)
Prevalence	389	(1)
Comorbidity	389	(1)
Assessment	389	(2)
Early-Onset Schizophrenia	391	(2)
Prevalence	392	(1)
Course and Prognosis	392	(1)
Assessment	392	(1)
Treatment Options	393	(8)
Psychopharmacological Treatments	395	(3)
Psychosocial Treatments	398	(3)
Extrapyramidal Syndromes and Central Serotonin Syndrome	401	(10)
Acute Dystonic Reactions	401	(1)
Parkinsonism	402	(1)
Akathisia	403	(1)
Tardive and Other Neuroleptic-Related Dyskinesias	403	(4)
Assessment of Neuroleptic-Induced Dyskinesias	405	(1)
Etiology of Neuroleptic-Induced Dyskinesias	405	(1)
Treatment of Neuroleptic-Induced Dyskinesias	406	(1)
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome	407	(1)
Central Serotonin Syndrome	408	(3)
Anxiety Disorders	411	(16)
Prevalence and Epidemiology	412	(1)
Comorbidity	413	(1)
Assessment	413	(1)
Separation Anxiety Disorder	414	(2)
Panic Disorder With and Without Agoraphobia	416	(1)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	417	(1)
Social Phobia	418	(1)
Treatment Options for Anxiety Disorders	419	(8)
Psychosocial Therapies	420	(1)
Psychopharmacology in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders	420	(7)
Obsessive--Compulsive Disorder	427	(12)
Prevalence	427	(1)
Comorbidity	428	(1)
Course of Illness and outcome	429	(1)
Assessment	429	(1)
Treatment	430	(8)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	432	(1)
Psychopharmacology	432	(6)
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcas	438	(1)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	439	(16)
Prevalence	440	(1)
Comorbidity	441	(1)
Course of Illness and Outcome	442	(1)
Assessment	443	(1)
Treatment Options	443	(12)
Psychosocial Interventions	445	(1)
Psychopharmacology	446	(9)
Mental Retardation, Autism, and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders	455	(24)
Mental Retardation	455	(13)
Diagnostic Features	455	(2)
Prevalence and Epidemiology	457	(1)
Comorbidity	457	(1)
Course of Condition and Outcome	458	(1)
Assessment	458	(1)
Psychoeducational Treatment	459	(3)
Psychopharmacological Treatment	462	(6)
Childhood Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders	468	(11)
Diagnostic Features	468	(1)
Prevalence	469	(1)
Comorbidity	470	(1)
Course and Outcome	470	(1)
Assessment	471	(2)
Treatment	473	(6)
Eating Disorders	479	(14)
Diagnostic Criteria	480	(2)
Anorexia Nervosa	480	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	481	(1)
Binge Eating Disorder	481	(1)
Prevalence	482	(1)
Course of Illness	482	(2)
Anorexia Nervosa	482	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	483	(1)
Binge Eating Disorder	484	(1)
Comorbidity	484	(1)
Assessment	485	(1)
MultidiscIplinary Treatment	486	(2)
Anorexia Nervosa	487	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	488	(1)
Psychopharmacological Treatment	488	(5)
Adjunctive Medications in Anorexia Nervosa	491	(1)
Adjunctive Medications in Bulimia Nervosa	491	(2)
Sleep Disorders	493	(10)
Normal Sleep Architecture	494	(1)
Difficulties Falling Asleep or Night Waking	494	(2)
Unusual Arousal Events During Sleep (Parasomnias)	496	(2)
Night Terrors, Sleepwalking, and Sleep Talking	496	(1)
Nightmares	497	(1)
Nocturnal Enuresis	497	(1)
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness	498	(2)
Disturbed Nocturnal Sleep	499	(1)
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Sleep Apnea	499	(1)
Narcolepsy	499	(1)
Sleep Problems Associated with Psychiatric Conditions	500	(2)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	500	(1)
Depression	500	(1)
Bipolar Disorder	501	(1)
Anxiety Disorders	501	(1)
Psychotic Disorders	502	(1)
Developmental Delay	502	(1)
Sleep Problems Associated with Medical and Neurological Disorders	502	(1)
Other Important Topics in Pediatric Psychopharmacology	503	(12)
Combined Pharmacotherapy	503	(4)
Reasons for Rational Combined Pharmacotherapy	503	(1)
Prevalence of Combined Pharmacotherapy	504	(1)
Controlled Studies of Combined Pharmacotherapy	504	(1)
Combined Pharmacotherapy in the Clinical Setting	505	(2)
Psychopharmacology and the Suicidal Patient	507	(4)
Epidemiology	507	(1)
Etiology	507	(1)
Assessment of the Suicidal Child or Adolescent	508	(2)
Treatment of the Suicidal Child or Adolescent	510	(1)
An Approach to Pediatric Psychopharmacology in Conflicted Family Situations	511	(1)
Psychopharmacology and The Substance-Abusing Youngster	512	(3)
General Treatment Considerations in Youth with Psychiatric Disorder and SUDs	512	(3)
APPENDICES	515	(156)
Appendix 1: Pediatric Psychopharmacology Summary Table: Evidence of Efficacy by Drug and Disorder in Children and Adolescents < 18 Years Old	517	(4)
Appendix 2: Pharmacodynamics of Psychiatric Medications Commonly Used in Children and Adolescents	521	(8)
Pharmacodynamics of Antidepressants	522	(1)
Pharmacodynamics of Atypical Antipsychotics	522	(1)
Pharmacodynamics of Anticonvulsants	522	(4)
Pharmacodynamics of Stimulants	526	(3)
Appendix 3: Pediatric Psychopharmacology and the Cardiovascular System	529	(8)
The ECG	529	(1)
Reading the ECG	530	(1)
ECG Parameters	531	(1)
Psychiatric Medications and the ECG	532	(1)
Pulse and Blood Pressure	533	(4)
Appendix 4: Practical Tools for the Clinical child and Adolescent Psychopharmacologist	537	(74)
Growth Curves: Boys	538	(1)
Growth Curves: Girls	539	(1)
Parent's Questionnaire	540	(6)
Patient Medication Log	546	(2)
Medication Side Effects Rating Scales Antipsychotic Side Effects Profile	548	(2)
Atomoxetine Side Effects Profile	550	(1)
Antidepressant Side Effects Profile	551	(2)
Benzodiazepine Side Effects Profile	553	(1)
Buspirone Side Effects Profile	554	(1)
Carbamazepine Side Effects Profile	555	(1)
Clonidine/Guanfacine Side Effects Profile	556	(1)
Lamotrigine Side Effects Profile	557	(1)
Lithium Side Effects Profile	558	(2)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Side Effects Profile	560	(2)
Modafinil Side Effects Profile	562	(1)
Oxcarbazepine Side Effects Profile	563	(1)
Stimulant Side Effects Profile	564	(1)
Topiramate Side Effects Profile	565	(1)
Valproic Acid/Divalproex Side Effects Profile	566	(2)
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS)	568	(5)
Clinical Global Impressions (CGI)	573	(1)
Global Assessment Children's Scale (CGAS)	574	(2)
Disorder Rating Scales Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children (BPRS-C)	576	(2)
Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC)	578	(2)
The SNAP-IV Teacher and Parent Rating Scale	580	(5)
Abbreviated Parent Questionnaire	585	(1)
Children's Depression Rating Scale---Revised (CDRS-R)	586	(10)
Yale--Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)	596	(3)
Children's Aggression Scale---Parent Version	599	(2)
Overt Aggression Scale	601	(1)
The Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form: Parent Version	602	(3)
The Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form: Teacher Version	605	(4)
Pediatric Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (PQ-LES-Q)	609	(2)
Appendix 5: Parent Support Resources	611	(4)
General Mental Health Resources for Children and Adolescents	611	(1)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	612	(1)
Bipolar Disorder	612	(1)
Depression	612	(1)
Independent Herbal and Alternative Medication Internet Sites	612	(1)
Learning Disabilities	612	(1)
Mental Retardation	613	(1)
Obsessive--Compulsive Disorder	613	(1)
Tic Disorders and Tourette's Disorder	613	(2)
Bibliography	615	(56)
Introduction to Pediatric Psychopharmacology	615	(1)
Basic Pharmacology	616	(1)
General Principles of Treatment	617	(1)
Stimulants	617	(2)
Antidepressants	619	(3)
Mood Stabilizers	622	(3)
Antipsychotics	625	(1)
Drugs to Treat Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Syndromes	626	(2)
Anxiolytics	628	(2)
Adrenergic Agents	630	(1)
Other Medications	631	(2)
Herbal and Alternative Medicines	633	(2)
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Adolescents	635	(1)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	636	(3)
Tic Disorders and Tourette's disorder	639	(3)
Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Impulsive Aggression	642	(2)
Mood Disorders	644	(7)
Psychotic Disorders	651	(2)
Extrapyramidal Syndromes and Central Serotonin Syndrome	653	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	655	(2)
Obsessive--Compulsive Disorder	657	(2)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	659	(1)
Mental Retardation, Autism, and other Pervasive Developmental Disorders	660	(4)
Eating Disorders	664	(2)
Sleep Disorders	666	(1)
Other Important Topics in Pediatric Psychopharmacology	667	(2)
Pediatric Psychopharmacology and the Cardiovascular System	669	(2)
Index	671