Preface to Second Edition | p. xiii |
Preface to First Edition | p. xiv |
Acknowledgments | p. xv |
About the Author | p. xvi |
Introducing Individual Differences - From Everyday to Psychological Questions | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 2 |
Personality: A Commonsense Idea | p. 4 |
Describing Individuals | p. 5 |
Abnormality | p. 8 |
Intelligence, Competition, and Adaptation | p. 9 |
Predicting Success | p. 11 |
Born Different? | p. 12 |
Other Abilities | p. 16 |
Variability and Change: Motivation and Mood States | p. 18 |
Creativity | p. 20 |
Leading the Way | p. 22 |
Interests | p. 24 |
Personality, Part I | p. 25 |
Introduction | p. 26 |
Overview and Approaches | p. 27 |
Definition of Personality Traits | p. 28 |
History of Personality | p. 30 |
Personality Traits and States: Dispositional vs. Situational Approaches | p. 36 |
Eysenck's Gigantic Three and the Biological Basis of Personality Traits | p. 40 |
Self-Report Inventories | p. 43 |
The Biological Basis of Personality | p. 46 |
Gray's Personality Theory | p. 48 |
Cattell's 16PF and the Lexical Hypothesis | p. 50 |
The Five Factor Model (Big Five) | p. 53 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 61 |
Personality, Part II - Validating Personality Traits | p. 63 |
Introduction | p. 64 |
Testing Personality Theories | p. 64 |
Personality and Social Behavior | p. 74 |
Personality and Romantic Relationships | p. 76 |
Personality and Performance | p. 79 |
Personality and Health | p. 84 |
Personality and Happiness | p. 88 |
Current Developments Outside the Dispositional Paradigm | p. 90 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 101 |
Psychopathology | p. 103 |
Introduction | p. 104 |
Defining Abnormality | p. 105 |
Historical Roots of Psychopathology | p. 108 |
Modern Approaches to Psychopathology | p. 110 |
Integrative Approaches to Psychopathology: The Biopsychosocial Model | p. 115 |
Diagnosis: Classifying Psychological Disorders | p. 116 |
Major Psychological Disorders | p. 118 |
Criticisms of the Diagnostic Approach | p. 129 |
Dimensional View of Psychopathology and Personality Disorders | p. 130 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 132 |
Intelligence, Part I | p. 135 |
Introduction | p. 136 |
Defining Intelligence | p. 137 |
History of Intelligence Testing | p. 140 |
Cattell's Theory of Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence | p. 154 |
Genetic vs. Environmental Causes of Intelligence | p. 156 |
Piaget and the Developmental Theory of Cognitive Ability | p. 158 |
The Great Debate: g vs. Multiple Abilities | p. 160 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 163 |
Intelligence, Part II - Validating Intelligence and Correlates of IQ (Causes and Consequences) | p. 165 |
Introduction | p. 166 |
Wechsler's IQ Scale | p. 166 |
Intelligence at School and University: Educational Outcomes | p. 169 |
In the Job: Occupational Outcomes of Intelligence | p. 172 |
Intelligence, Longevity, and Health | p. 175 |
Intelligence and Social Class | p. 179 |
Race and Sex Differences in IQ: Facts, Controversies, and Implications | p. 183 |
Sex Differences in IQ | p. 185 |
Even More Basic: Decomposing Intelligence | p. 191 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 194 |
Behavioral Genetics | p. 197 |
Introduction | p. 198 |
Early Foundations of Behavioral Genetics | p. 199 |
DNA: Some Background | p. 202 |
The Power of Genes: Recent Evidence for the Heritability of Intelligence | p. 205 |
Intelligence and Assortative Mating | p. 206 |
The Importance of the Environment | p. 208 |
Biological Effects on Intelligence: Why Do they Increase Across the Lifespan? | p. 209 |
Genetic Causes of Personality Traits | p. 213 |
Genetic Basis of Maladaptive Behaviors | p. 217 |
Personality and Intelligence: Interplay Between Environment and Genes? | p. 218 |
Implications for Upbringing and Education | p. 220 |
Contradicting Genetics: The Flynn Effect | p. 221 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 225 |
Beyond IQ - Theories of Hot Intelligence | p. 227 |
Introduction | p. 228 |
Streetwise Rather than Book Smart | p. 229 |
Early Beginnings: Thorndike's Social Intelligence | p. 232 |
Theoretical Importance of Social Intelligence | p. 237 |
Early Problems | p. 238 |
Recent Approaches: From Multidimensionality to Implicit Theories | p. 242 |
Emotional Intelligence | p. 243 |
Debate and Controversy Surrounding Emotional Intelligence | p. 247 |
Origins and Measurement Problems of EQ | p. 248 |
Trait Emotional Intelligence: Emotional Self-Efficacy | p. 249 |
Practical Intelligence | p. 253 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 254 |
Mood and Motivation | p. 257 |
Introduction | p. 258 |
Beyond or Underneath Traits | p. 259 |
Defining Motivation | p. 261 |
From Biological Reflexes to Psychological Self-Realization | p. 266 |
Mood States | p. 1 |
Structure of Mood | p. 283 |
Situational Determinants of Mood | p. 285 |
Dispositional Influences on Mood States | p. 285 |
Integrative and Recent Approaches to Mood States | p. 286 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 288 |
Creativity | p. 291 |
Introduction . | p. 292 |
Definitions and Conceptualizations of Creativity | p. 294 |
Creativity Across Different Psychological Paradigms | p. 297 |
Differential Approaches to Creativity | p. 301 |
Creativity and Intelligence | p. 303 |
Creativity and Personality Traits | p. 311 |
Testing Creativity | p. 320 |
Creativity in Different Fields (From Arts to Science) | p. 322 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 323 |
Leadership | p. 325 |
Introduction | p. 326 |
Approaches to Leadership | p. 328 |
Behavioral Approaches: Leadership Styles | p. 345 |
Leadership and Gender | p. 355 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 357 |
Vocational Interests | p. 359 |
Introduction | p. 360 |
Approaches to Vocational Interests | p. 361 |
Linking Theory and Practice | p. 363 |
Stability of Interests: Evidence for Dispositional Nature | p. 364 |
Gender Differences in Vocational Interests | p. 366 |
Person-environment Fit | p. 371 |
Holland's RIASEC Typology | p. 371 |
Prediger's Three-Factor Model | p. 376 |
Holland and the Big Five | p. 377 |
Circumscription and Compromise: Gottfredson's Theory | p. 378 |
Trait Complexes and Interests | p. 379 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 381 |
Glossary | p. 383 |
References | p. 391 |
Index | p. 431 |
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