Personality Theories An Introduction

by Engler, Barbara

• ISBN13: 9780618496624
• ISBN10: 0618496629
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-14
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The Seventh Edition ofPersonality Theoriescontinues its sound tradition of providing accurate and thorough coverage via an easily accessible text enhanced by pedagogical features and a focus on critical thinking.Personality Theoriesis designed both to explain the major personality theories and to stimulate critical thinking about them. Each chapter focuses on one theory or group of theories and provides brief biographies that shed light on how the theories were formed. Engler also provides criteria for evaluating each theory and cites current research pertaining to that theory, in addition to integrating multicultural and gender-related issues throughout the text. New and Updated!Thinking Critically boxes throughout the text provide students with a clearer context for critical-thinking activities, presenting interesting activities that encourage students to analyze or apply key issues related to the theories discussed. The author has been selective in this edition, streamlining the number to retain the most effective pieces. To Learn Moreprompts in the text direct students to the web site where they will find a discussion of each topic as well as links for further research. The web modules posted at the Student Web Site cover topics such as the status of psychoanalysis today, recent existential theories, and the use of medication to treat depression. Updated!All content has been updated to reflect the status of current research on the theorists. Expanded coverage of research includes Levinson's work, in Chapter 6, and a new section on ethnic identity, encompassing work done by Cross, Parham and Helms, and Phinney. New coverage on Kernberg and social issues in Chapter 7 includes confidentiality, privacy, and his exploration of mature religiosity. New section on Five Factor Theory in Chapter 11 seeks to account for the research findings associated with the Five Factor Model. Chapter 11 also includes an expansion of the implications of the Five Factor Model for the diagnosis and analysis of dysfunctional behavior. A timeline added to the inside front cover provides a contextual reference for theorists' lives within historical events. Philosophical Assumptionboxes have been revised to give students more structure and guidance in analyzing theorists' philosophical views. These sections in each chapter enable students to place a presented theory along several philosophical continuums. Philosophy, Science, and Artsections at the end of each chapter help students examine the mix of philosophy, science, and art that a theory represents. Unique final chapter on Zen Buddhism adds significant cross-cultural understanding of personality theory.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Introduction: Evaluating Personality Theories	1	(26)
Your Goals for This Chapter	1	(1)
What Is Personality?	2	(1)
What Is a Theory?	3	(1)
The Role of Personality Theory in Psychology	4	(2)
The Evaluation of Personality Theories	6	(2)
Philosophical Assumptions	8	(5)
Basic Philosophical Assumptions	8	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions Versus Scientific Statements	9	(1)
Evaluating Philosophical Assumptions	10	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Your Own Philosophical Assumptions	11	(2)
Scientific Statements	13	(5)
The Philosophical Basis of Science	13	(1)
Recognizing Scientific Statements	13	(2)
Some Basic Scientific Constructs	15	(1)
Evaluating Scientific Statements	15	(2)
Thinking Critically: Evaluating Personality Theories	17	(1)
The Application of Personality Theories	18	(6)
Assessment	18	(1)
Research	19	(2)
Psychotherapy	21	(3)
The Complexities of Evaluation	24	(3)
Summary	24	(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading	26	(1)
PART I THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH	27	(40)
Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud	28	(39)
Your Goals for this Chapter	28	(1)
Biographical Background	29	(2)
The Origins of Psychoanalysis	31	(8)
The Discovery of Unconscious Forces	31	(3)
The Psychoanalytic Method of Assessment and Research	34	(3)
Thinking Critically: Free Association	37	(2)
The Dynamics and Development of Personality	39	(8)
The Importance of Sexuality	39	(2)
The Psychosexual Stages of Development	41	(3)
Thinking Critically: Memories: True or False?	44	(1)
The Effects of the Psychosexual Stages	45	(2)
The Structure of Personality	47	(4)
The Id, Ego, and Superego	47	(2)
The Relationship of the Id, Ego, and Superego to Consciousness	49	(2)
The Ego's Defense Mechanisms	51	(2)
Thinking Critically: Identifying Defense Mechanisms	53	(1)
Psychoanalysis	53	(3)
Transference	54	(1)
The Analytic Process	54	(2)
Empirical Validation of Psychoanalytic Concepts	56	(11)
Thinking Critically: Freud on Women and Women on Freud	57	(2)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Freud's Theory	59	(2)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Freud	61	(2)
Summary	63	(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading	65	(2)
PART II THE NEOPSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH	67	(80)
Analytical Psychology: Carl Jung	68	(24)
Your Goals for this Chapter	68	(1)
Biographical Background	69	(2)
The Nature and Structure of Personality	71	(10)
Psychic Energy	71	(1)
The Ego	72	(1)
The Personal Unconscious	72	(2)
The Collective Unconscious	74	(4)
Thinking Critically: Archetypes in Cultural Forms	78	(1)
Psychological Types	79	(2)
Self-Realization	81	(2)
Synchronicity	81	(1)
Individuation and Transcendence	82	(1)
Jungian Psychotherapy	83	(1)
Assessment and Research in Jung's Theory	84	(8)
Thinking Critically: Active Imagination	85	(2)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Jung's Theory	87	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Jung	88	(1)
Summary	89	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	90	(2)
Interpsychic Theories: Alfred Adler, Harry Stack Sullivan	92	(29)
Your Goals for this Chapter	92	(1)
Alfred Adler (1870--1937)	93	(14)
Biographical Background	93	(2)
Basic Concepts	95	(5)
Thinking Critically: Birth Order and Personality	100	(2)
Adlerian Psychotherapy	102	(2)
Thinking Critically: A License to Parent?	104	(1)
Assessment and Research in Adler's Theory	104	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Adler's Theory	105	(2)
Harry Stack Sullivan (1892--1949)	107	(14)
Biographical Background	107	(2)
Basic Concepts	109	(5)
Thinking Critically: Prototaxic, Parataxic, and Syntaxic Experience	114	(1)
Psychotherapy, Assessment, and Research	114	(2)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Sullivan's Theory	116	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Adler and Sullivan	117	(1)
Family Therapy	117	(2)
Summary	119	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	120	(1)
Psychoanalytic Social Psychology: Karen Horney, Erich Fromm	121	(26)
Your Goals for This Chapter	121	(1)
Karen Horney (1885--1952)	122	(13)
Biographical Background	122	(2)
Basic Anxiety	124	(1)
Neurotic Needs or Trends	125	(1)
The Idealized Self	125	(2)
Thinking Critically: The Tyranny of the Should	127	(1)
Feminine Psychology	128	(2)
Assessment and Research in Horney's Theory	130	(1)
Attachment and Parenting Research	131	(3)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Horney's Theory	134	(1)
Erich Fromm (1900--1980)	135	(12)
Biographical Background	135	(1)
Basic Human Conditions and Needs	136	(2)
Character Orientations	138	(2)
Assessment and Research in Fromm's Theory	140	(3)
Thinking Critically: Terrorism	143	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Fromm's Theory	143	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Horney and Fromm	144	(1)
Summary	145	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	146	(1)
PART III MORE RECENT TRENDS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY	147	(58)
Ego Analytic Psychology: Anna Freud, Erik Erikson	148	(27)
Your Goals for This Chapter	148	(1)
Anna Freud (1895--1982)	149	(3)
Erik Erikson (1902--1994)	152	(23)
Biographical Background	152	(2)
An Enhanced Understanding of the Ego	154	(1)
The Psychosocial Stages of Development	154	(7)
Assessment and Research in Erikson's Theory	161	(4)
Thinking Critically: The Life Cycle	165	(1)
Empirical Research in Erikson's Theory	166	(1)
Applying Erikson's Theory: The Work of Dan McAdams	167	(2)
Thinking Critically: How Do You Measure Up?	169	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Erikson's Theory	170	(1)
Thinking Critically: Writing Your Own Life Story	171	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Erikson	172	(1)
Summary	172	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	173	(2)
Human Relations: Object Relations Theory, the Stone Center Group	175	(30)
Your Goals for this Chapter	175	(1)
Object Relations Theory	176	(11)
Melanie Klein (1882--1960)	176	(2)
Margaret Mahler (1897--1985)	178	(1)
Heinz Kohut (1913--1981)	179	(3)
Otto Kernberg (1928-- )	182	(1)
Nancy Chodorow (1944-- )	183	(3)
Thinking Critically: Shared Parenting	186	(1)
Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT): The Stone Center Group	187	(18)
Shifting the Paradigm	189	(2)
Thinking Critically: Reconceiving Maturity	191	(4)
Thinking Critically: Disconnections and Connections	195	(1)
Psychotherapy	195	(2)
Other Applications	197	(3)
Thinking Critically: Working with Diversity in Relationships	200	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Human Relations Theories	201	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Human Relations Theories	202	(1)
Summary	203	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	204	(1)
PART IV BEHAVIOR AND LEARNING THEORIES	205	(54)
Experimental Analysis of Behavior: John Dollard, Neal Miller, B. F. Skinner	206	(26)
Your Goals for this Chapter	206	(2)
John Dollard and Neal Miller	208	(9)
Biographical Background	208	(1)
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior	208	(2)
Habits, Drives, and the Learning Process	210	(1)
Frustration and Conflict	211	(2)
The Integration of Learning Theory and Psychoanalysis	213	(1)
Thinking Critically: Personal Conflicts	214	(1)
Psychotherapy	215	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Dollard and Miller's Theory	216	(1)
B. F. Skinner	217	(12)
Biographical Background	217	(1)
A Theory of Personality Without Personality	218	(1)
The Development of Behavior Through Learning	219	(3)
Schedules and Types of Reinforcement	222	(1)
Thinking Critically: Classical and Operant Conditioning in Your Life	223	(1)
Psychotherapy and Behavioral Change	224	(2)
Social Utopias	226	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Skinner's Theory	227	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Dollard and Miller and Skinner	228	(1)
Conclusions	229	(3)
Summary	230	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	231	(1)
Social Learning Theories: Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, Walter Mischel	232	(27)
Your Goals for this Chapter	232	(1)
Albert Bandura	233	(16)
Biographical Background	233	(1)
An Agentic Perspective	234	(2)
Learning Through Observation	236	(5)
Aggression and Inhumane Behavior	241	(1)
Thinking Critically: Media Violence	242	(2)
Self-Efficacy	244	(1)
Psychotherapy and Behavior Modification	245	(2)
Thinking Critically: Developing Self-Management	247	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Bandura's Theory	248	(1)
Julian Rotter (1916--)	249	(4)
Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement	249	(2)
Other Basic Concepts	251	(2)
Walter Mischel (1930-- )	253	(3)
Behavioral Specificity	253	(1)
A Cognitive Affective Personality System	253	(2)
Thinking Critically: Situational Contexts	255	(1)
Conclusions	256	(3)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Bandura, Rotter, and Mischel	256	(1)
Summary	257	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	258	(1)
PART V DISPOSITIONAL THEORIES	259	(84)
Traits and Personology: Gordon Allport, Henry Murray	260	(24)
Your Goals for this Chapter	260	(1)
Gordon Allport	261	(11)
Biographical Background	261	(1)
The Nature of Personality	262	(1)
Traits	263	(2)
Thinking Critically: Central Dispositions	265	(1)
The Proprium	266	(1)
Functional Autonomy	266	(1)
A Definition of Maturity	267	(1)
Assessment and Research in Allport's Theory	268	(2)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Allport's Theory	270	(2)
Henry Murray	272	(9)
Biographical Background	272	(2)
The Study of Personology	274	(1)
Human Needs	275	(1)
Thinking Critically: Evaluating Needs	275	(2)
Assessment and Research in Murray's Theory	277	(1)
Thinking Critically: The Thematic Apperception Test	278	(2)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Murray's Theory	280	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Allport and Murray	281	(1)
Conclusions	281	(3)
Summary	282	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	283	(1)
Factor Analytic Theories: Raymond Cattell, The Big Five Personality Traits	284	(26)
Your Goals for this Chapter	284	(1)
Raymond Cattell	285	(5)
Biographical Background	285	(1)
Cattell's Definition of Personality	286	(1)
Surface Traits Versus Source Traits	287	(1)
Assessment and Research in Cattell's Theory	287	(3)
The Big Five Personality Traits	290	(8)
The Study of Language	290	(1)
The Study of Personality Questionnaires and Ratings	291	(1)
Differences Between the Big Five and the Five Factor Model	292	(1)
Five Factor Theory	292	(2)
Applications of the Big Five and the Five Factor Model and Theory	294	(3)
Thinking Critically: How Abnormal Is Abnormal?	297	(1)
Related Developments: Behavioral Genetics and Evolution	298	(12)
The Genetic Influence on Traits	298	(3)
Applications of Genetic Research	301	(1)
Evolutionary Personality Theory	302	(1)
Thinking Critically: Using a Genogram to Chart Personality Traits in Your Family Tree	303	(2)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Factor Analytic Trait Theories	305	(1)
Thinking Critically: Should We Selectively Breed Humans?	306	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Cattell and the Big Five Theorists	307	(1)
Summary	308	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	309	(1)
Biological Traits: Hans Eysenck	310	(33)
Your Goals for this Chapter	310	(1)
Biographical Background	311	(1)
Historical Predecessors	312	(2)
Constructing a Model of Personality	314	(2)
The Identification of Superfactors	316	(6)
The Hierarchical Model of Personality	316	(3)
Comparisons with Cattell and the Big Five	319	(1)
The Measurement of Traits	320	(2)
Looking for Causal Agents of Behavior	322	(8)
Thinking Critically: The Lemon Test	325	(1)
The Biological Basis of Behavior and Neurosis	326	(2)
Intelligence	328	(2)
Applications of Eysenck's Theory	330	(5)
Education	330	(2)
Creativity	332	(1)
Thinking Critically: Study Places	332	(1)
Personality and Genetics	333	(2)
Psychotherapy	335	(8)
Thinking Critically: Measuring the Efficacy of Psychotherapy	337	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Eysenck's Theory	337	(2)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Eysenck's Theory	339	(1)
Summary	340	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	341	(2)
PART VI HUMANISTIC AND EXISTENTIAL THEORIES	343	(58)
Humanism: Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers	344	(32)
Your Goals for this Chapter	344	(1)
Abraham Maslow	345	(9)
Biographical Background	345	(2)
Human Motivation: A Hierarchical Theory	347	(2)
The Study of Self-Actualized Persons	349	(3)
Thinking Critically: Who's Among the Self-Actualized?	352	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Maslow's Theory	352	(2)
Carl Rogers	354	(17)
Biographical Background	354	(2)
Rogers's Theory of Personality	356	(5)
Psychotherapy	361	(4)
Thinking Critically: Cultivating a More Reflective Response	365	(1)
Changes in Rogers's View of Therapy	366	(1)
Assessment and Research in Rogers's Theory	366	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Rogers's Theory	367	(3)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Maslow and Rogers	370	(1)
Related Developments: Positive Psychology and Transpersonal Psychology	371	(5)
Summary	372	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	373	(3)
Existential Psychoanalysis: Rollo May	376	(25)
Your Goals for this Chapter	376	(1)
Biographical Background	377	(2)
The Existential Attitude	379	(2)
Our Predicament	381	(3)
Powerlessness	381	(1)
Anxiety	382	(1)
The Loss of Values	383	(1)
Thinking Critically: After 9/11	384	(1)
Rediscovering Selfhood	384	(2)
Ontological Assumptions Concerning the Person	384	(2)
Rediscovering Feelings	386	(1)
Four States of Consciousness of Self	386	(1)
The Goals of Integration	386	(8)
The Daimonic	387	(1)
Power	387	(1)
Love and Sex	388	(1)
Intentionality	389	(1)
Freedom and Destiny	389	(1)
Courage and Creativity	390	(1)
A Cry for Myth	391	(1)
Thinking Critically: Your Personal Myth	392	(2)
Psychotherapy	394	(1)
Assessment and Research in May's Theory	395	(6)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: May's Theory	397	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining May	398	(1)
Summary	399	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	400	(1)
PART VII COGNITIVE THEORIES	401	(50)
Personal Constructs: George Kelly	402	(19)
Your Goals for This Chapter	402	(1)
Biographical Background	403	(2)
The Person as Scientist	405	(1)
Constructive Alternativism	405	(1)
Fundamental Postulate and Corollaries	406	(3)
Thinking Critically: How We Behave as Scientists	407	(2)
The Reconstruction of Old Concepts	409	(2)
Assessment and Research in Kelly's Theory	411	(4)
Thinking Critically: Assessing Personal Constructs: The Rep Test	413	(2)
Psychotherapy	415	(6)
Thinking Critically: Role-Playing	416	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Kelly's Theory	417	(2)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Kelly	419	(1)
Summary	420	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	420	(1)
Cognitive-Behavioral Theories: Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Arnold Lazarus	421	(30)
Your Goals for this Chapter	421	(1)
Albert Ellis	422	(8)
Biographical Background	422	(2)
Philosophical Origins	424	(1)
The Theory of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)	424	(3)
Rational Emotive Behavior Psychotherapy	427	(1)
Thinking Critically: A Self-Help Form	428	(2)
Aaron Beck	430	(8)
Biographical Background	430	(2)
Philosophical Origins	432	(1)
The Theory Behind Cognitive Therapy	432	(3)
Cognitive Psychotherapy	435	(1)
Thinking Critically: Automatic Thoughts Diary	436	(1)
Assessment and Research	437	(1)
Arnold Lazarus	438	(13)
Biographical Background	438	(2)
The Development of a Theory and the BASIC-ID	440	(1)
Theory of Personality	440	(2)
Thinking Critically: Using the Basic-ID	442	(1)
Multimodal Therapy	443	(1)
Technical Eclecticism	444	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Cognitive Behavioral Therapies and Theories	444	(1)
Philosophical Assumptions: Examining Ellis, Beck, and Lazarus	445	(2)
Summary	447	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	448	(3)
PART VIII A NON-WESTERN APPROACH	451	(26)
Zen Buddhism	452	(25)
Your Goals for this Chapter	452	(1)
The Introduction of Zen to the West	453	(1)
The Origins of Zen	453	(2)
The Teachings of the Buddha	455	(4)
The Three Characteristics of Existence	456	(3)
Vasubandhu and the Eight Consciousnesses	459	(2)
Bodhidharma and the Transmission of Zen to China	461	(1)
The Practice of Zen	462	(5)
Thinking Critically: Meditation	465	(2)
The Five Approaches to Zen Practice	467	(1)
Enlightenment	468	(2)
Eastern Thought and Psychotherapy	470	(7)
Thinking Critically: Mindfulness and the Search for a Higher Synthesis	472	(1)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Eastern Theories	473	(1)
Summary	474	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	475	(2)
CONCLUSION / PERSONALITY THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE	477	(12)
Your Goals for This Chapter	477	(2)
Philosophy, Science, and Art: Personality Theories	478	(1)
Philosophical Issues	479	(1)
The Challenge of Contemporary Personality Theorizing	480	(9)
Summary	487	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	488	(1)
Glossary	489	(15)
References	504	(28)
Index	532	(20)
Credits	552