Philosophy Through the Ages

by Price, Joan A.

• ISBN13: 9780534567002
• ISBN10: 0534567002
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-10
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

Featuring accessible and straightforward prose, this chronological book with readings maintains philosophical rigor in its discussion of the seminal philosophers and ideas throughout history. To help foster an appreciation for the dynamic of the discipline, Pauses for Thought sections motivate the relevancy of philosophical ideas to everyday life. Sections on women are included for each of the philosophers and special "Connections" sections at the chapter conclusions provide transitions between major areas of thought.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
The Pre-Socratics: Early Greek Philosophers	1	(22)
The Birth of Philosophy	1	(2)
Monastic Materialism	3	(4)
Thales	3	(1)
Water	4	(1)
The Sun and the Pyramids	4	(1)
Olive Presses	4	(1)
Anaximander	5	(1)
The Boundless	5	(1)
Evolution	5	(1)
Creation and Destruction	6	(1)
Anaximenes	6	(1)
A Mathematical Universe Pythagoras	7	(3)
Rebirth	7	(1)
Rules of Purification	7	(1)
Three Classes of People	8	(1)
The Harmonic Mean	9	(1)
Number: The Key to Nature	9	(1)
Form	9	(1)
Theano of Crotona	10	(1)
The Pythagoreans	10	(1)
Aesara of Lucania	10	(1)
Explanations of Change	11	(6)
Heraclitus	11	(1)
The Ever-Living Fire	11	(1)
Flux	12	(1)
God	12	(1)
Parmenides	13	(1)
What Is Is, What Is Not Is Not	13	(1)
Zeno	14	(1)
Empedocles	15	(1)
Love and Strife	15	(1)
Anaxagoras	16	(1)
Seeds	16	(1)
Mind (Nous)	16	(1)
The Sun and the Moon	17	(1)
The Atomists	17	(3)
Atoms	18	(1)
Soul Atoms	19	(1)
Moral Philosophy	19	(1)
Summary	20	(1)
Connections	20	(1)
Study Questions	21	(2)
Socrates and the Sophists	23	(22)
The Sophists	23	(18)
Protagoras	25	(1)
Religion and Morals	26	(1)
The Gods	27	(1)
Gorgias	27	(1)
Thrasymachus	28	(1)
Socrates	29	(1)
Socrates' Life	30	(3)
Socrates' Inner Voice	33	(1)
The Oracle at Delphi	33	(1)
The Dialectic Method	34	(1)
Knowledge	35	(1)
Moral Philosophy	36	(1)
Socrates' Trial and Death	37	(3)
On Women	40	(1)
Summary	41	(1)
Connections	42	(1)
Study Questions	42	(3)
Plato	45	(26)
Plato's Mother, Perictione	45	(1)
On Women	46	(1)
Plato	46	(22)
Plato's Life	46	(1)
The Socratic Method	47	(1)
The Dialogues	48	(1)
The Forms	48	(1)
Creation	49	(2)
The Soul	51	(2)
Immortality of the Soul	53	(1)
Evil	54	(1)
Moral Philosophy	55	(1)
Theory of Knowledge	55	(1)
Allegory of the Cave	55	(3)
The Divided Line	58	(1)
Imaging Stage	59	(1)
Belief Stage	60	(1)
Thinking Stage	60	(1)
Intelligence (Reason and Intuition)	61	(1)
Knowing the Forms	61	(1)
Ladder of Love	62	(1)
Political Philosophy	63	(1)
The Ideal State	63	(4)
On Women	67	(1)
Summary	68	(1)
Connections	68	(1)
Study Questions	69	(2)
Aristotle	71	(26)
Aristotle's Life	72	(4)
Metaphysics	73	(1)
Form and Matter	73	(1)
The Four Causes	74	(1)
Potentiality and Actuality	75	(1)
The Unmoved Mover	76	(2)
The Soul	78	(4)
Moral Philosophy	82	(9)
Ends and Means	83	(2)
Happiness	85	(1)
The Golden Mean	86	(2)
Two Kinds of Reasoning	88	(1)
Two Kinds of Acts	88	(1)
Two Kinds of Wisdom	88	(3)
Political Philosophy	91	(1)
Types of States	91	(1)
On Women	92	(1)
Summary	93	(1)
Connections	94	(1)
Study Questions	94	(3)
Hellenistic Philosophy	97	(28)
Religion, Philosophy, and Science	97	(1)
Hellenistic Philosophy	98	(15)
The Cynics	99	(1)
Diogenes	99	(1)
The Epicureans	100	(1)
Epicurus	100	(4)
The Stoics	104	(1)
God and Nature	104	(1)
Natural Law and Fate	105	(1)
Human Nature	105	(1)
Ethics	105	(1)
Epictetus	106	(2)
Marcus Aurelius	108	(2)
Universal Brotherhood	110	(1)
The Skeptics	110	(1)
Sextus Empiricus	111	(102)
Mystery Cults	113	(7)
The Neoplatonists	113	(1)
Plotinus	114	(5)
Hypatia of Alexandria	119	(1)
Summary	120	(1)
Connections	121	(1)
Study Questions	121	(4)
The Medieval World	125	(36)
Religious Doctrines	126	(1)
Early Christianity and Philosophy	126	(12)
Saint Augustine	127	(1)
Augustine's Life	127	(2)
God	129	(1)
The Creation	130	(1)
Moral Philosophy	131	(4)
The Two Cities	135	(1)
Science	136	(1)
History	137	(1)
Church and State	137	(1)
On Women	138	(1)
The ``Not-So-Dark-Ages''	138	(4)
Faith Versus Reason	139	(1)
John Scotus Erigena	139	(1)
Proving God's Existence	140	(1)
Anselm	140	(2)
Islamic Philosophy	142	(3)
Avicenna	142	(1)
Avicenna's Life	142	(1)
God	143	(1)
The Soul	143	(1)
Averroes	143	(1)
Averroes's Life	143	(1)
God	144	(1)
The Soul	144	(1)
True Knowledgec	144	(1)
Jewish Philosophy	145	(1)
Moses Maimonides	145	(1)
Maimonides' Life	145	(1)
Faith and Reason	145	(1)
God	146	(1)
High Point of the Middle Ages	146	(10)
Thomas Aquinas	147	(1)
Aquinas's Life	147	(1)
Faith and Reason	148	(1)
Five Ways to Prove God's Existence	149	(4)
Can We Know God?	153	(1)
Evil	153	(1)
Moral Philosophy	154	(1)
Divine Law	155	(1)
On Women	155	(1)
Summary	156	(1)
Connections	157	(1)
Study Questions	157	(4)
Modern Philosophy: The Reformation, Science, and Rationalism	161	(32)
The Renaissance	161	(1)
The Reformation	162	(3)
Martin Luther	162	(1)
Luther's Life	162	(1)
Luther's Reforms	163	(1)
Faith and Reason	164	(1)
The Reformation Spreads	164	(1)
The Rise of Science	165	(1)
The New Science	166	(4)
Thomas Hobbes	167	(1)
Hobbes's Life	167	(1)
Metaphysics	167	(1)
Human Nature	168	(1)
Social Contract	169	(1)
Influence on Philosophy	169	(1)
On Women	169	(1)
The Continental Rationalists	170	(19)
Rene Descartes	170	(1)
Descartes' Life	170	(1)
The Cartesian Method	171	(1)
Role of Mathematics	172	(1)
Rules of Method	172	(1)
Intuition and Deduction	173	(1)
Method of Doubt	174	(2)
I Think, Therefore I Am	176	(1)
Reversal of Doubt	176	(1)
Proofs of God's Existence	177	(1)
Mathematics and the Physical World	178	(1)
The Mind--Body Problem	179	(1)
Animals as Machines	180	(1)
Benedict de Spinoza	181	(1)
Spinoza's Life	181	(1)
God	182	(1)
The World	183	(1)
Freedom	184	(1)
Gottfried Leibniz	185	(1)
Leibniz's Life	185	(1)
Substance	186	(1)
Monads	186	(2)
Pre-Established Harmony	188	(1)
God and the Problem of Evil	188	(1)
Summary	189	(1)
Connections	190	(1)
Study Questions	190	(3)
British Empiricism: Locke, Berkeley, and Hume	193	(34)
John Locke	194	(12)
Locke's Life	194	(1)
The Human Mind	195	(1)
No Innate Ideas	196	(1)
Tabula Rasa	196	(2)
Simple and Complex Ideas	198	(2)
Primary and Secondary Qualities	200	(1)
Substance	201	(1)
Degrees of Knowledge	202	(1)
Moral Philosophy	203	(2)
Political Philosophy	205	(1)
Right to Property	205	(1)
Government	205	(1)
On Women	206	(1)
George Berkeley	206	(4)
Berkeley's Life	206	(1)
Berkeley's Idealism	207	(1)
To Be Is to Be Perceived	208	(2)
David Hume	210	(13)
Hume's Life	210	(1)
Hume's Purpose	211	(1)
Contents of the Mind	212	(2)
Association of Ideas	214	(1)
Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact	215	(1)
Cause and Effect	215	(1)
The External World	216	(1)
The Self	217	(1)
Substance	218	(1)
God	219	(1)
Moral Philosophy	220	(2)
Sympathy	222	(1)
On Women	222	(1)
Summary	223	(1)
Connections	224	(1)
Study Questions	225	(2)
Immanuel Kant: Critical Philosophy	227	(30)
Immanuel Kant	227	(25)
Kant's Life	227	(2)
Kant's Revolution	229	(1)
The Powers of Human Reason	230	(1)
A Priori and a Posteriori Knowledge	231	(1)
Analytic and Synthetic Judgments	232	(1)
Synthetic a Priori	233	(1)
The Structure of the Mind	234	(2)
The Self	236	(2)
The Two Worlds	238	(1)
Transcendental Ideas	238	(2)
Moral Philosophy	240	(1)
Goodwill	240	(2)
Hypothetical Imperatives	242	(5)
Freedom	247	(1)
Immortality	248	(1)
God	249	(1)
Morality and Religion	250	(1)
On Women	251	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Connections	253	(1)
Study Questions	253	(4)
Idealism and Materialism Hegel and Marx	257	(30)
Idealism	258	(16)
G. W. F. Hegel
Hegel's Life	258	(1)
Reality	259	(2)
Logic	261	(2)
Absolute Spirit	263	(1)
Philosophy of Nature	263	(1)
Philosophy of Spirit	264	(1)
Subjective Spirit (Mind)	264	(2)
Objective Spirit (Mind)	266	(2)
The State	268	(1)
The Constitution	269	(1)
International Law	269	(1)
World History	270	(1)
Art, Religion, and Philosophy	271	(1)
Art	271	(1)
Religion	271	(1)
Philosophy	272	(1)
On Women	273	(1)
Materialism	274	(9)
Karl Marx
Marx's Response to Hegel	274	(1)
Karl Marx's Life	274	(2)
Dialectical Materialism	276	(1)
Production	277	(2)
Alienation	279	(1)
Communism	280	(2)
On Women	282	(1)
Summary	283	(1)
Connections	284	(1)
Study Questions	285	(2)
Utilitarianism Wollstonecraft, Bentham, Mill, Taylor	287	(24)
Mary Wollstonecraft	288	(3)
Wollstonecraft's Life	288	(1)
Women In Cages	289	(1)
Education	290	(1)
Jeremy Bentham	291	(5)
Bentham's Life	291	(1)
The Principle of Utility	292	(2)
Sources of Pleasure and Pain	294	(1)
The Hedonistic Calculus	295	(1)
John Stuart Mill	296	(8)
Mill's Life	296	(1)
Mill's Utilitarianism	297	(1)
Kinds of Pleasures	298	(1)
Moral Philosophy	299	(1)
Mill's View of Education	300	(1)
Happiness	301	(1)
Duty	301	(1)
Liberty	302	(2)
Harriet Taylor (with John Stuart Mill)	304	(3)
On Women	304	(3)
Summary	307	(1)
Connections	308	(1)
Study Questions	309	(2)
Individualism Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Rand	311	(34)
Søoren Kierkegaard	312	(11)
Kierkegaard's Life	312	(2)
Existence	314	(1)
Truth as Subjectivity	315	(1)
Existence as Alienation	316	(1)
Stages on Life's Way	317	(1)
The Aesthetic Stage	317	(1)
The Ethical Stage	318	(2)
The Religious Stage	320	(1)
En Masse	321	(1)
On Women	322	(1)
The Unique Individual	323	(12)
Friedrich Nietzsche	323	(1)
Nietzsche's Life	323	(2)
Truth Above All	325	(1)
``God Is Dead''	325	(2)
Revaluation of Values	327	(1)
Master and Slave Morality	328	(2)
Will to Power	330	(1)
The Overman	331	(2)
Eternal Recurrence	333	(2)
On Women	335	(1)
Ayn Rand	335	(5)
Ayn Rand's Life	336	(1)
Who Is John Galt?	337	(1)
Reason and Emotion	338	(1)
Objectivism	338	(2)
Summary	340	(1)
Connections	341	(1)
Study Questions	341	(4)
Pragmatism Peirce, James, Dewey	345	(36)
Pragmaticism	346	(1)
Charles Sanders Peirce	347	(8)
Peirce's Life	347	(1)
Pragmatism and Meaning	348	(2)
Doubt, Belief, and Action	350	(1)
Fixing Belief	350	(2)
The Scientific Method	352	(1)
Metaphysics	353	(2)
William James	355	(14)
James's Life	355	(1)
The Pragmatic Method	356	(1)
Pragmatic Theory of Truth	357	(3)
Consciousness	360	(1)
Freedom	361	(2)
The Moral Life	363	(2)
Religion	365	(1)
Two Types of Personalities	366	(1)
Religious Conversion	367	(1)
Saintliness	367	(1)
Mysticism	368	(1)
Religious Experience	368	(1)
John Dewey	369	(6)
Dewey's Life	369	(1)
Instrumentalism	369	(1)
Human Nature	370	(1)
Impulse	370	(2)
Habits	372	(1)
Intelligence	372	(1)
Importance of Education	373	(1)
Theory of Value	374	(1)
Summary	375	(2)
Connections	377	(1)
Study Questions	377	(4)
Process Philosophy Bergson and Whitehead	381	(24)
Henri Bergson	382	(1)
Bergson's Life	382	(8)
Intellect Versus Intuition	383	(1)
Evolution	384	(1)
Time and Duration	385	(1)
The Elan Vital	386	(1)
Morality and Religion	387	(1)
Closed Morality	387	(2)
Open Morality	389	(1)
Static and Dynamic Religion	390	(1)
Alfred North Whitehead	390	(9)
Whitehead's Life	390	(1)
The Function of Philosophy	391	(1)
Mathematical Pattern	392	(1)
Simple Location	393	(1)
Actual Entities and Actual Occasions	394	(1)
Prehensions	395	(2)
Eternal Objects	397	(1)
God	398	(1)
Summary	399	(2)
Connections	401	(1)
Study Questions	401	(4)
Analytic Philosophy Russell, Logical Positivists, and Wittgenstein	405	(40)
Bertrand Russell	407	(9)
Russell's Life	407	(2)
Logical Atomism	409	(3)
Moral Philosophy	412	(2)
Education	414	(1)
Religion	414	(1)
On Women	415	(1)
Logical Positivism	416	(3)
The Principle of Verification	417	(2)
Ludwig Wittgenstein	419	(12)
Wittgenstein's Life	419	(2)
The Tractatus	421	(1)
Picturing	422	(2)
Philosophy	424	(1)
The Mystic	425	(1)
The New Wittgenstein	426	(2)
Language Games	428	(1)
The Fly in the Fly-Bottle	429	(1)
The Use of Philosophy	430	(1)
Summary	431	(1)
Connections	431	(1)
Study Questions	432	(13)
Phenomenology Husserl and Heidegger	445	(20)
Edmund Husserl	436	(8)
Husserl's Life	436	(1)
The Crisis of Western Man	437	(2)
The Phenomenological Method	439	(3)
The Phenomenological Ego	442	(1)
The Life-World	443	(1)
Martin Heidegger	444	(15)
Heidegger's Life	444	(1)
The Human Being (Dasein)	445	(2)
Existence	447	(1)
Being-in-the-World	447	(1)
Concern	448	(1)
Ready-to-Hand	449	(2)
The ``Who'' of Dasein	451	(1)
Modes of Disclosure	452	(1)
Attunement (Moods)	452	(3)
Understanding	455	(2)
Discourse (Speech)	457	(1)
Death	458	(1)
Summary	459	(2)
Connections	461	(1)
Study Questions	461	(4)
Existentialism Sartre, de Beauvoir, Camus	465	(30)
Jean-Paul Sartre	467	(10)
Sartre's Life	467	(1)
Sartre's Existentialism	468	(1)
Nausea	469	(1)
The Absurd	469	(1)
Abandonment	470	(1)
Existence Precedes Essence	470	(1)
Being-in-Itself and Being-for-Itself	471	(1)
Responsibility	472	(1)
Condemned to Be Free	473	(1)
Cowards and Heroes	474	(2)
Bad Faith	476	(1)
Simone de Beauvoir	477	(7)
De Beauvoir's Life	477	(1)
Woman as Other	478	(1)
Biology of Women	479	(1)
Woman as Being-for-Itself	480	(1)
Women's Oppression	481	(1)
Myths About Women	481	(1)
Woman's Life Today	482	(2)
Albert Camus	484	(6)
Camus' Life	484	(1)
The Absurd	485	(2)
Revolt	487	(1)
The Myth of Sisyphus	488	(2)
Summary	490	(1)
Connections	491	(1)
Study Questions	492	(3)
Glossary	495	(6)
Index	501