PHP and MySQL by Example

by Quigley, Ellie; Gargenta, Marko

• ISBN13: 9780131875081
• ISBN10: 0131875086
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-11-22
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

A gentle introduction to building dynamic, database-driven websites for designers with no previous programming experience.

Author Biography

Ellie Quigley has taught scripting languages in Silicon Valley for more than twenty years. Her Perl and shell programming classes at the University of Santa Cruz Extension program have become part of Silicon Valley lore. Her best-selling books include UNIX ^® Shells by Example, Fourth Edition; Perl by Example, Third Edition; and Javascript by Example, all from Prentice Hall.

Marko Gargenta has worked as an e-commerce consultant and instructor since 1996. He has created the Marakana Ecommerce Seminar Series, consulted with Sun Microsystems Educational Services, and designed and delivered PHP and MySQL courses for OpNet Community Ventures and AcademyX. For more on Marko’s training company go to http://marakana.com.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxiv
Introduction	1	(12)
From Static to Dynamic Web Sites	1	(3)
Static Web Sites	1	(1)
Dynamic Web Sites	2	(1)
What Is Open Source?	3	(1)
About PHP	4	(3)
Where to Get PHP and Documentation	5	(2)
About MySQL	7	(4)
Where to Get MySQL and Documentation	7	(1)
Features of MySQL	7	(2)
How to Install MySQL and PHP	9	(1)
Advantages of MySQL and PHP	9	(1)
High Performance	9	(1)
Built-In Libraries	10	(1)
Extensibility	10	(1)
Relatively Low Cost	10	(1)
Portability	10	(1)
Developer Community	10	(1)
Ease of Learning	10	(1)
Chapter Summary	11	(2)
What You Should Know	11	(1)
What's Next?	11	(2)
Getting Started	13	(28)
The Life Cycle of a Web Page	13	(2)
Analysis of a Web Page	14	(1)
The Players	14	(1)
The Steps	14	(1)
The Anatomy of a PHP Script	15	(6)
The Steps of Writing a PHP Script	15	(1)
Finding a Text Editor	15	(1)
Naming the PHP File---The .php Extension	16	(1)
PHP Tags	16	(1)
Additional PHP Tags	17	(1)
Where to Save the Script	18	(1)
The Script Content	18	(1)
Quoting in Strings	19	(1)
Printing Strings	20	(1)
Executing the Script	20	(1)
Some Things to Consider	21	(10)
PHP and HTML Are Different Languages	21	(2)
Statements, Whitespace, and Line Breaks	23	(2)
Comments	25	(2)
Using PHP Functions	27	(4)
Review	31	(6)
PHP on the Command Line	32	(1)
Finding the Version of PHP	32	(1)
Script Execution at the Command Line	32	(2)
Running PHP Interactively	34	(1)
PHP Command-Line Options	34	(1)
The php.ini File	35	(2)
Chapter Summary	37	(4)
What You Should Know	37	(1)
What's Next?	38	(1)
Lab	38	(3)
PHP Quick Start	41	(18)
Quick Start, Quick Reference	41	(16)
A Note to Programmers	41	(1)
A Note to Nonprogrammers	41	(1)
PHP Syntax and Constructs	42	(15)
Chapter Summary	57	(2)
What's Next?	57	(2)
The Building Blocks: Data Types, Literals, Variables, and Constants	59	(48)
Data Types	59	(11)
Numeric Literals	60	(2)
String Literals and Quoting	62	(2)
The Here Document---A Special Kind of Quoting	64	(2)
Escape Sequences	66	(2)
Boolean Literals	68	(1)
Special Data Types	68	(1)
Null	68	(1)
Resource	68	(1)
The gettype() Function	69	(1)
Variables	70	(29)
Definition and Assignment	70	(1)
Valid Names	71	(1)
Declaring and Initializing Variables	71	(1)
Double, Single, and Backquotes in Assignment Statements	72	(3)
Displaying Variables	75	(1)
The print and echo Constructs	75	(1)
Shortcut Tags	76	(2)
Variables and Mixed Data Types	78	(1)
Type Casting	79	(1)
Concatenation and Variables	79	(1)
References	80	(2)
Variable Variables (Dynamic Variables)	82	(2)
Scope of Variables	84	(1)
Local Variables	84	(1)
Global and Environment Variables	84	(1)
Managing Variables	85	(1)
The isset() Function	85	(3)
The empty() Function	88	(1)
The unset() Function	89	(1)
Introduction to Form Variables	90	(1)
The php.ini File and register_globals	90	(1)
How PHP Handles Form Input	91	(4)
Extracting the Data by Request	95	(3)
Predefined Variables	98	(1)
Constants	99	(5)
What Is a Constant?	99	(1)
Creating Constants with the define() Function	100	(2)
The constant() Function	102	(1)
Predefined and ``Magic'' Constants	102	(2)
Chapter Summary	104	(3)
What You Should Know	104	(1)
What's Next?	105	(1)
Lab	105	(2)
Operators	107	(42)
About PHP Operators and Expressions	107	(38)
Assignment	108	(1)
Precedence and Associativity	108	(4)
Arithmetic Operators	112	(1)
Short Circuit Assignment Operators	113	(2)
Autoincrement and Autodecrement Operators	115	(1)
The Autoincrement/Autodecrement and Assignment	115	(2)
Some Useful Math Functions	117	(1)
Casting Operators	118	(2)
Concatention Operator	120	(2)
Comparison Operators	122	(1)
What Is Equal?	122	(1)
What Is Identical?	123	(1)
Comparing Numbers	124	(1)
Comparing Strings	125	(1)
Logical Operators	126	(1)
The && (and) Operator, the Logical AND	127	(3)
The || (or) Operator	130	(2)
The Difference Between &&/|| and the Words and/or	132	(2)
The Logical XOR Operator	134	(1)
The ! Operator	135	(3)
The Conditional Operator	138	(2)
Bitwise Operators	140	(1)
A Little Bit About Bits	140	(1)
Using Bitwise Operators	140	(1)
Bitwise Shift Operators	141	(2)
Execution Operators	143	(1)
Error Control Operator	143	(1)
Adding the @ Operator	144	(1)
Type Operators	145	(1)
Chapter Summary	145	(4)
What You Should Know	145	(1)
What's Next?	146	(1)
Lab	146	(3)
Strings	149	(72)
What Is a String?	149	(6)
Quotes	150	(1)
Single Quotes	150	(1)
Quoting Errors	151	(1)
Double Quotes	152	(1)
String Operators	152	(1)
Concatenation	152	(2)
Equal and Identical	154	(1)
String Functions	155	(59)
Formatting and Printing Strings	155	(1)
The printf() Function	156	(3)
The sprintf() Function	159	(1)
The fprintf() Function	160	(1)
Formatting Numbers and Money	160	(1)
The number_format() Function	161	(1)
The money_format() Function	162	(1)
Finding the Length of a String	163	(1)
The strlen() Function	163	(1)
Finding the Number of Words in a String	164	(1)
The str_word_count() Function	164	(1)
Changing the Case of Strings	164	(1)
The strtoupper() and strtolower() Functions	165	(1)
The ucfirst() and ucwords() Functions	165	(1)
The mb_convert_case() Function	166	(1)
Comparing Strings	167	(1)
The strcmp() Function (Case Sensitive)	168	(2)
The strcasecmp() Function (Case Insensitive)	170	(1)
The strncasecmp() Function (Limits Character Length)	171	(1)
The strnatcmp() Function (Natural Order Comparison)	172	(1)
The strspn() Function (Using a Mask for Comparison)	173	(1)
The strcspn() Function (Comparison Not Matching a Mask)	174	(1)
Finding Similarities in Strings	174	(1)
The soundex() and metaphone() Functions (Phonic Similarity)	174	(2)
The similar_text() and levenshtein() Functions (Textual Similarity)	176	(3)
Splitting a String	179	(1)
The strtok() Function	179	(2)
Repeating a String	181	(1)
Trimming and Padding Strings	181	(1)
The trim() Functions---trim(), ltrim(), chop(), rtrim()	182	(2)
The str_pad() Function	184	(1)
Search and Replace	185	(1)
The str_replace() and stri_replace() Functions	186	(3)
Finding a Position in a String	189	(1)
The strpos() Function	189	(2)
The strrpos() and strripos() Functions	191	(1)
Extracting Pieces of a String---Substrings	191	(1)
The strchr(), strrchr(), and strichr() Functions	192	(1)
The substr() Function	193	(3)
The substr_replace() Function	196	(2)
The substr_count() Function	198	(2)
Special Characters and Strings	200	(1)
Individual Characters and the Curly Brace Syntax	200	(1)
Line Breaks with the nl2br() and wordwrap() Functions	200	(5)
ASCII Character Values and the chr() Function	205	(1)
ASCII Character Values and the ord() Function	206	(1)
Transposing Characters and the strstr() Function	206	(1)
Slashes and the addslashes() and addcslashes() Functions	206	(2)
Slashes and the stripslashes() Function	208	(2)
Working with HTML Special Characters	210	(1)
The htmlspecialchars() Function	211	(2)
The htmlentities() Function	213	(1)
Other String Functions	214	(4)
Chapter Summary	218	(3)
What You Should Know	218	(1)
What's Next?	219	(1)
Lab	219	(2)
Conditionals and Loops	221	(26)
Control Structures, Blocks, and Compound Statements	221	(11)
Conditionals	222	(1)
if/else	222	(3)
if/elseif	225	(3)
The switch Statement	228	(4)
Loops	232	(11)
The while Loop	232	(2)
The do/while Loop	234	(1)
The for Loop	235	(1)
The for Loop and Repetitive Form Fields	236	(3)
The foreach Loop	239	(1)
Loop Control with break and continue	239	(2)
Nested Loops	241	(2)
Chapter Summary	243	(4)
What You Should Know	243	(1)
What's Next?	244	(1)
Lab	244	(3)
Arrays	247	(90)
What Is an Array?	247	(63)
Creating and Naming an Array	251	(1)
The array() Function	252	(1)
The Array Identifier []	252	(1)
The range() Function	253	(2)
The array_fill() Function	255	(2)
Accessing an Array's Elements (Values)	257	(1)
Elements of a Numeric Array	257	(2)
Elements of an Associative Array	259	(1)
Watch Those Quotes!	260	(1)
Mixing Elements in an Array	260	(2)
Printing an Array	262	(1)
The print_r() Function	262	(3)
The var_dump() Function	265	(1)
Using Loops to Access Array Elements	266	(1)
The for Loop	266	(1)
The while Loop	267	(3)
The foreach Loop	270	(2)
Modifying a Value by Reference with a foreach Loop	272	(2)
Checking If an Array Exists	274	(1)
Creating Strings from Arrays and Arrays from Strings	275	(1)
The implode() Function	276	(1)
The explode() Function	276	(2)
Finding the Size of an Array	278	(1)
The count() and sizeof() Functions	278	(1)
The array_count_values() Function	279	(2)
Extracting Keys and Values from Arrays	281	(1)
The array_keys() Function	281	(2)
The array_values() Function	283	(1)
The each() Function	284	(2)
Creating Variables from Array Elements	286	(1)
The list() Function and Numeric Arrays	286	(2)
The extract() Function and Associative Arrays	288	(5)
Multidimensional Arrays	293	(3)
Finding the Size of a Mutidimensional Array	296	(2)
Sorting Arrays	298	(1)
Alphabetic Sort of Numerically Indexed Arrays	298	(1)
Alphabetic Sort	299	(1)
Numeric Sort	300	(2)
Reversed Sort	302	(1)
Sort an Associative Array by Values	302	(1)
Sort by Value in Reverse Order	303	(2)
Sort an Associative Array by Key	305	(1)
Randomizing an Array	306	(1)
Randomizing the Keys	306	(3)
Shuffling a Numeric Array (Randomizing the Values)	309	(1)
Modifying Arrays (Unsetting, Deleting, Adding, and Changing Elements)	310	(25)
Removing an Array and Its Elements	310	(1)
Removing an Entire Array	311	(1)
Removing the Last Element of an Array	311	(2)
Removing the First Element of an Array	313	(1)
Removing Duplicate Values from an Array	314	(1)
Adding Elements to an Array	315	(1)
Adding Elements to the Beginning of an Array	315	(2)
Adding Elements to the End of an Array	317	(1)
Splicing an Array---Removing and Adding Elements	318	(2)
Copying Elements of an Array	320	(1)
The array_slice() Function	320	(2)
Combining and Merging Arrays	322	(1)
The array_combine() Function	322	(1)
The array_merge() Function	323	(1)
Merging Numerically Indexed Arrays	323	(2)
Merging Associative Arrays	325	(1)
The array_merge_recursive() Function	326	(1)
Array Operators	327	(1)
The Union Operator	327	(2)
The Equality and Identical Operators	329	(1)
More Array Functions	330	(5)
Chapter Summary	335	(2)
What You Should Know	335	(1)
What's Next?	336	(1)
Lab	336	(1)
User-Defined Functions	337	(42)
What Is a Function?	337	(39)
Function Declaration, Definition, and Invocation	338	(1)
Where to Put Functions	338	(1)
How to Define a Function	338	(1)
How to Call a Function	339	(2)
Passing Arguments	341	(1)
What Are Arguments and Parameters?	341	(1)
Passing by Value	342	(2)
Missing Arguments	344	(1)
Variable Number of Arguments	345	(2)
Setting Default Parameters	347	(2)
Passing by Reference	349	(2)
Dynamic Function Calls	351	(1)
Return Values	351	(1)
Returning a Single Value	352	(1)
Conditional Returns	353	(2)
Returning Multiple Values	355	(3)
Using Callback Functions	358	(1)
The array_map() Function	359	(1)
The array_walk_recursive() Function	360	(2)
Scope	362	(1)
Local Scope	362	(1)
Global Scope	363	(2)
The $Globals[]Array	365	(1)
Static Variables	365	(3)
Nesting Functions	368	(2)
Recursive Functions	370	(3)
Function Libraries---Requiring and Including	373	(1)
The require() and include() Constructs	373	(3)
Chapter Summary	376	(3)
What You Should Know	376	(1)
What's Next?	377	(1)
Lab	377	(2)
More on PHP Forms	379	(62)
Introduction	379	(1)
Review of HTML Forms	379	(11)
The Browser's Role	380	(1)
The GET Method	381	(1)
The POST Method	382	(1)
The Server's Role	383	(1)
Creating HTML Forms	384	(1)
The Steps to Produce a Form	385	(4)
The method Attribute	389	(1)
The action Attribute	389	(1)
PHP and Forms	390	(48)
The register_globals Directive	391	(1)
PHP Superglobals for Retrieving Form Data	392	(1)
The Request Method	393	(1)
Strange Characters in Form Field Names and User Input	393	(1)
Dots and Spaces in HTML Input Device Names	393	(2)
Stripping out Slashes	395	(1)
Form Parameters the $_Request Array	396	(2)
Using the extract() Function	398	(2)
Form Parameters and the Medium Style	400	(1)
The $_Get Array	400	(2)
Security	402	(1)
The $_POST Array	403	(3)
Form Parameters and the Long (Old) Style	406	(1)
Processing Forms with Multiple Selections	406	(1)
Creating the Form with Select and Check Boxes	406	(2)
Processing the Form with Multiple Selections	408	(2)
Forms Using an Image Button	410	(3)
Self-Processing HTML Forms	413	(1)
Checking If the Form Was Submitted	413	(2)
Using Hidden Fields	415	(2)
Redirecting the User	417	(1)
The Location Header	417	(1)
Using the Correct URi for Redirection	418	(3)
Uploading Files	421	(1)
Attributes for the <Form> Tag and the file Type	421	(1)
PHP's $_Files Array	422	(3)
Moving the Uploaded File	425	(2)
Sticky Forms	427	(4)
Where to Get Information About Superglobal Arrays	431	(1)
The phpinfo() Function	431	(1)
How to Get Server Information	432	(5)
How to Get Information About the Environment	437	(1)
Chapter Summary	438	(3)
What You Should Know	438	(1)
What's Next?	439	(1)
Lab	439	(2)
Files and Directories	441	(56)
Files	441	(5)
File Permissions and Ownership	441	(1)
UNIX/Linux Permissions	441	(1)
Ownership and Groups	441	(1)
Permissions	442	(1)
Changing Permissions at the Command Line	442	(2)
Windows Permissions	444	(2)
The Web Server, PHP, and Permissions	446	(37)
PHP Built-In Functions	447	(1)
The chown() Function	447	(1)
The chgrp() Function	447	(1)
The chmod() Function	447	(1)
The Filehandle	448	(1)
Opening a File	448	(1)
The fopen() Function	448	(1)
The Mode and Permissions	449	(2)
Opening a File for Reading	451	(1)
The fgets() Function---Reading Lines from a File	451	(2)
The fgetss() Function---Stripping HTML Tags from a File	453	(2)
The fgetc() Function---Reading Characters from a File	455	(1)
The fread() Function---Reading Chunks from a File	456	(2)
Positioning the File Pointer	458	(1)
The fseek() Function	459	(1)
The rewind() Function	459	(2)
The ftell() Function---Finding the Current Position in a File	461	(2)
Opening a URL for Reading	463	(1)
Reading from Files Without a Filehandle	464	(1)
The file_get_contents() Function---Reading the Whole File into a String	464	(1)
The file() Function---Reading the Whole File into an Array	465	(1)
Using explode() and implode()	466	(4)
The readfile() Function---Reading and Writing a File	470	(1)
Opening a File for Writing and Appending	471	(1)
The fwrite() and fputs() Functions	472	(1)
The file_put_contents() Function	472	(1)
Appending to a File	473	(1)
Locking Files with flock()	474	(1)
File Checks	475	(1)
The file_exists() Function	476	(1)
The is_file() Function	477	(1)
The is_readable() Function	478	(1)
The is_writable() Function	479	(2)
Creating, Copying, Renaming, and Deleting Files	481	(1)
The copy() Function---Making a Copy of a File	481	(1)
The rename() Function---Renaming and/or Moving a File	482	(1)
The unlink() Function---Removing a File	482	(1)
Directories	483	(4)
Opening and Reading from a Directory	483	(1)
The opendir() Function	483	(1)
The readdir() Function	484	(1)
Getting Path Information	485	(1)
Changing and Getting the Current Directory	486	(1)
Managing Content with Include Files	487	(7)
A Real-World Example	488	(6)
Chapter Summary	494	(3)
What You Should Know	494	(1)
What's Next?	495	(2)
Regular Expressions and Pattern Matching	497	(70)
What Is a Regular Expression?	497	(2)
Pattern-Matching Functions	499	(66)
Finding a Pattern	500	(1)
The preg_match() Function	500	(3)
The preg_match_all() Function	503	(2)
Pattern-Matching Modifiers	505	(1)
Searching and Replacing	506	(1)
The preg_replace() Function	506	(3)
Evaluating the Replacement Side with the e Modifier	509	(1)
The preg_split() Function---Splitting Strings	510	(2)
Splitting on Multiple Alternative Delimiters	512	(3)
The preg_grep() Function	515	(2)
Getting Control---The RegEx Metacharacters	517	(3)
Anchoring Metacharacters	520	(4)
Matching Single Characters and Digits	524	(6)
Metasymbols	530	(3)
Metacharacters to Repeat Pattern Matches	533	(10)
Metacharacters for Alternation	543	(1)
Grouping or Clustering	544	(1)
Remembering or Capturing	545	(3)
Searching, Capturing, and Replacing	548	(2)
Positive Lookahead	550	(2)
Positive Lookbehind	552	(1)
Commenting Regular Expressions and the x Modifier	553	(1)
Searching for Patterns in Text Files	554	(2)
Form Validation with PHP	556	(1)
Checking for a Valid E-Mail Address	557	(5)
Help on the Web	562	(3)
Chapter Summary	565	(2)
What You Should Know	565	(1)
What's Next?	565	(1)
Chapter 12 Lab	566	(1)
Introduction to MySQL	567	(28)
About Databases	567	(3)
Client/Server Databases	568	(1)
Talking to the Database	568	(1)
MySQL Strengths and Weaknesses	569	(1)
Easy to Use	569	(1)
Large Community of Developers	569	(1)
Open Source License	569	(1)
Commercial License	569	(1)
Scalability	570	(1)
The Anatomy of a Relational Database	570	(5)
The Database Server	571	(1)
The Database	571	(1)
Tables	571	(1)
Records and Fields	572	(1)
Columns/Fields	573	(1)
Rows/Records	574	(1)
Primary Key and Indexes	574	(1)
The Database Schema	575	(1)
Connecting to the Database	575	(7)
MySQL Command-Line Options	576	(3)
Graphical User Tools	579	(1)
The phpMyAdmin Tool	579	(1)
The MySQL Query Browser	580	(2)
The MySQL Privilege System	582	(11)
Logging into the Database Server	582	(1)
Finding the Databases	583	(2)
The ``user'' Table	585	(1)
The ``db'' Table	586	(1)
The ``host'' Table	587	(1)
A Real-World Example	588	(1)
The Grant and Revoke Commands	589	(1)
Creating and Dropping a Database	590	(2)
Some Useful MySQL Functions	592	(1)
Chapter Summary	593	(2)
What You Should Know	594	(1)
What's Next?	594	(1)
SQL Language Tutorial	595	(52)
What Is SQL?	595	(8)
Standarizing SQL	596	(1)
Executing SQL Statements	596	(1)
The MySQL Query Browser	597	(1)
About SQL Commands/Queries	597	(1)
English-Like Grammar	597	(1)
Semicolons Terminate SQL Statements	598	(1)
Naming Conventions	599	(1)
Reserved Words	599	(1)
Case Senstivity	599	(1)
The Result-Set	600	(1)
SQL and the Database	600	(1)
The Show Databases Command	600	(1)
USE Command	601	(1)
SQL Database Tables	601	(1)
The Show and Describe Commands	602	(1)
SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)	603	(17)
The Select Command	604	(1)
Select Specified Columns	604	(1)
Select All Columns	605	(1)
The Select Distinct Statement	605	(1)
Limiting the Number of Lines in the Result-Set with Limit	606	(2)
The Where Clause	608	(1)
Using Quotes	609	(1)
Using the = and <> Operators	609	(1)
What Is Null?	609	(2)
The > and < Operators	611	(1)
The And and Or Operators	612	(1)
The Like and Not Like Condition	613	(1)
Pattern Matching and the % Wildcard	613	(2)
The_ Wildcard	615	(1)
The Between Statement	615	(1)
Sorting Results with Order By	616	(1)
The Insert Command	617	(1)
The Update Command	618	(1)
The Delete Statement	619	(1)
SQL Data Definition Language	620	(13)
Creating the Database	620	(1)
SQL Data Types	621	(2)
Creating a Table	623	(2)
Creating a Key	625	(1)
Primary Keys	625	(2)
Foreign Keys	627	(1)
Relations	628	(1)
Two Tables with a Common Key	628	(1)
Using a Fully Qualified Name and a Dot to Join the Tables	629	(1)
Aliases	630	(1)
Altering a Table	631	(2)
Dropping a Table	633	(1)
Dropping a Database	633	(1)
SQL Functions	633	(9)
Numeric Functions	634	(1)
Using Group By	635	(2)
String Functions	637	(1)
Date and Time Functions	638	(1)
Formatting the Date and Time	639	(2)
The MySQL Extract Command	641	(1)
Chapter Summary	642	(5)
What You Should Know	642	(1)
What's Next?	643	(1)
Lab	643	(4)
PHP and MySQL Integration	647	(26)
Introduction	647	(16)
Connecting to the Database Server	647	(2)
Choosing the Database	649	(1)
Executing SQL Statements (Insert, Update, Delete)	650	(3)
Retrieving the Query Results (Select)	653	(1)
The mysql_fetch_row() Function	653	(2)
The mysql_fetch_assoc() Function	655	(2)
Other Useful MySQL Functions	657	(1)
The mysql_error() Function	658	(2)
The mysql_num_rows() Function	660	(1)
The mysql_num_fields() Function	661	(1)
The mysql_field_name() Function	661	(2)
The Guest Book Example	663	(8)
Step 1: Designing the Database	663	(2)
Step 2: Posting a Message Page	665	(4)
Step 3: Listing All Messages	669	(1)
Example Summary	670	(1)
Chapter Summary	671	(2)
What You Should Know	671	(1)
What's Next?	671	(1)
Chapter 15 Lab	671	(2)
Cookies and Sessions	673	(66)
What Is Stateless?	673	(1)
What Are Cookies?	673	(4)
Cookie Ingredients	674	(1)
The Attributes of a Cookie	675	(1)
Name	675	(1)
Expiration Date	676	(1)
Domain Name	676	(1)
Path	676	(1)
Security	677	(1)
PHP and Cookies	677	(17)
Creating Cookies with the setcookie() Function	677	(1)
The $_Cookie Global Array	678	(3)
Storing Multiple Values in One Cookie---Serialization	681	(2)
Tracking Visitors with Cookies	683	(1)
Visitor Count Example	683	(2)
Tracking the Visitor's Last Visit	685	(3)
Extending the Life of a Cookie	688	(1)
The time() Function	688	(1)
The mktime() Function	689	(1)
Buffering and HTTP Headers	689	(2)
The ob_start() and ob_end_flush() Functions	691	(2)
Output Buffering and php.ini	693	(1)
Deleting a Cookie	693	(1)
Using the Browser to Remove Cookies	693	(1)
What Is a Session?	694	(42)
Where to Store Sessions	696	(2)
Starting a Cookie-Based Session	698	(1)
The session_start() Function	698	(1)
Registering a Session	699	(1)
The $_Session Associative Array	700	(2)
The session_register() Function	702	(1)
Saving Arrays in a Session	702	(4)
Session Cookie Functions and Configuration Options	706	(2)
Setting Preferences with Sessions	708	(3)
Remembering Users and Preferences over Multiple Pages	711	(4)
Naming Sessions	715	(2)
Sessions Without Cookies	717	(1)
Using a Hidden Form Element	717	(4)
Passing Session IDs with a Link	721	(1)
The SID Constant	721	(5)
Changing the Session ID	726	(1)
Ending a Session	727	(1)
Deleting Session Variables	727	(1)
The session_write_close() Function	728	(1)
The session_destroy() Function	728	(1)
Cleaning up Session Files and Garbage Collection	729	(1)
Session Runtime Configuration	730	(1)
PHP Session Functions	730	(1)
Implementing a Login System with Sessions	731	(5)
Chapter Summary	736	(3)
What You Should Know	737	(1)
What's Next?	738	(1)
Lab	738	(1)
Objects	739	(44)
What Are Objects?	739	(2)
Objects and Classes	740	(1)
Working with Classes	741	(31)
Defining the Class	741	(1)
Instantiating the Class	741	(1)
What's ``new''?	742	(1)
The Properties and Methods	742	(1)
What's $this?	743	(1)
The -> Operator	743	(1)
The gettype() and get_class() Functions	744	(2)
Creating a Complete Class	746	(1)
Displaying an Object	747	(1)
Functions for Getting Class Information	748	(1)
Encapsulation and Information Hiding	749	(1)
Class Members and Scope	750	(1)
Public Scope	750	(1)
Private Scope	750	(1)
Protected Scope	751	(1)
Example Using Private Scope	751	(2)
Magic Methods	753	(1)
Constructors	753	(3)
Destructors	756	(2)
Accessor Methods---Setters and Getters	758	(5)
Inheritance	763	(1)
Constructors and Inheritance	763	(3)
Overriding Methods	766	(2)
Protected Access	768	(4)
Some PHP 5 Object Features	772	(8)
final Classes and Methods	772	(1)
Static Members	773	(1)
Class Constants	774	(2)
Reusing a Class	776	(4)
Chapter Summary	780	(3)
What You Should Know	780	(1)
Chapter 17 Lab	781	(2)
Building an Art Gallery	783	(26)
Project Overview	783	(1)
The Public and the Private	783	(2)
Creating the Web Site	785	(20)
Creating the Database	785	(1)
Administration Pages	786	(1)
Listing All the Artists from the Database (admin_artlist.php)	786	(2)
Updating an Artist in the Gallery (admin_artist_edit.php)	788	(3)
Adding a New Artist to the Gallery (admin_artist_insert.php)	791	(2)
Adding and/or Editing a Piece of Art (admin_art_edit.php)	793	(4)
Public Pages	797	(1)
The Header Page (header.php)	797	(1)
The Index Page (index.php)	798	(2)
The Detail Page (artist_detail.php)	800	(2)
The Contact Us Page (contact.php)	802	(1)
Securing Pages with Login	803	(2)
Installing the Art Gallery	805	(3)
Where to Find the Files for the Canvas Gallery Site	805	(1)
Installing the MySQL Database	806	(2)
Editing the PHP Pages	808	(1)
Conclusion	808	(1)
PHP and E-Mail	809	(10)
The Mail Server	809	(1)
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)	810	(1)
Runtime Configuration Options	810	(1)
The mail() Function	811	(1)
Sending a Simple E-Mail Message	811	(2)
Example: Sending an HTML Message	813	(6)
Sending a Message with an Attachment	814	(5)
PHP and Date/Time	819	(14)
Formatting Dates and Times	819	(5)
The date() Function	819	(3)
The strftime() Function	822	(2)
Getting the Timestamp	824	(5)
The time() Function	824	(1)
The mktime() Function	825	(3)
Creating a UNIX Timestamp from a String	828	(1)
Getting the Date and Time	829	(4)
Validating Dates	831	(2)
Security and Debugging	833	(16)
About Security	833	(1)
Network Security and SSL	833	(1)
Operating System, Web Server, and File System Security	834	(1)
Securing PHP and MySQL	834	(7)
Basic PHP Security Principles	835	(1)
Validate Form Fields	835	(1)
About register_globals	835	(2)
SQL Injections	837	(1)
File Names	838	(1)
Safe Mode	839	(1)
The File System	839	(1)
Log Everything	839	(2)
Where to Get More Security Information	841	(1)
Debugging	841	(8)
Turn on the Error Reporting	841	(1)
Fix the Parse Errors First	841	(2)
Diagnostic Print Statements	843	(2)
Fixing SQL Errors	845	(2)
More on Debugging	847	(2)
Installation Procedures	849	(6)
About Web Servers	849	(1)
Installing Apache on Windows	849	(1)
Installing PHP on Windows	850	(1)
Installing PHP on Linux/UNIX	851	(1)
Installing PHP on Mac OS X	851	(1)
Configuring Apache to use PHP Module (All Platforms)	851	(2)
Testing PHP and Apache Installation	852	(1)
Configuring php.ini (All Platforms)	853	(1)
Installing MySQL on Windows	854	(1)
Installing MySQL on Linux/UNIX	854	(1)
Installing MySQL on Mac OS X	854	(1)
Read the Manual	854	(1)
Index	855

Excerpts

Over the past few years, students taking my Perl/CGI course continued to ask me when I would be graduating from CGI to PHP, and whether I would offer a course or write a PHP "by Example" book. I didn't really take the idea of a book seriously until attending a PHP/MySQL class here in San Francisco a few years ago, where I met Marko Gargenta, who was the teacher of that class and the inspiration for this book. We had lunch together and I mentioned to him that the girl sitting next to me in the class was a Web designer, with little programming experience. She was concerned that she couldn't keep up with the class and wondered if I knew where she could find a book that explained PHP for designers, not just programmers. Marko had heard similar concerns from his students. We talked about how to address this issue, and from that conversation, the seeds were sown for PHP and MySQL by Example. Although, theoretically, the Web designer/developer should need no PHP programming experience to change the content of a page, and the programmer should be concerned only with the logic, such as calculations, sending data to a database, and so on, they do not always work in isolation. For example, suppose a page is designed so that when the user enters bank information in an HTML form, a PHP program, after doing some calculations, finds that there are insufficient funds, and sends back an error in a bold red font. In such a case, PHP and HTML are integratedone to calculate and produce the error message, the other to display it in a bold red font. Keeping the design and program logic separated may be the goal, but it is often impossible with the complexities of today's Web development. And then there is the issue of the database management system. Where does the processed data get stored? Who designs the database and its tables? Who administers it? How does the information get from the Web page, to the PHP program, and then to the database? Enter MySQL. Is this yet another world in isolation? Since my first meeting with Marko, I was challenged to bring these technologies together. When Prentice Hall agreed to publish our book, the learning curve was steep, and after the initial draft was done, I began teaching "An Introduction to PHP and MySQL Programming" from the PDF version of that first draft. I noticed that more Web designers were signing up than programmers, and they came in with trepidation that it would be way over their heads. But with the real-world examples and labs we provided, they started to enjoy feelings of success on the first morning. It was wonderful to witness both designers and programmers sharing their experiences without the artificial boundary that has kept them isolated from each other in the workplace. The mission of PHP and MySQL by Exampleis to create a gentle yet thorough introduction to the shared power of PHP and MySQL, to make static HTML pages dynamic. The labs and exercises have been tested by myself, Marko, and our students. I think you will find this "by Example" book a helpful and complete guide, no matter what side of the Web site you support, or even if you are just starting your own. Acknowledgments Many people helped with the creation of this book. I'd like to thank Mark L. Taub, my longtime editor at Prentice Hall; Vanessa Moore, the most gifted compositor on the planet; and Julie Nahil, a great production editor. Matthew Leingang, Sander van Zoest, David Mercer, and Jason Wertz provided extremely helpful manuscript reviews. Any remaining mistakes are my own. I'd also like to thank the students in my classes who provided valuable input for the labs. These include Rita McCue, Sanjay Shahri, Ryan Belcher, Debra Anderson, and Catherine Nguyen. The fantastic illustrations in the book were created by Elizabeth Staechelin and Daniel Staechelin. And many thanks to the artists who provided artwork for the art gallery example. They are Elliott Easterling, Laura Blair, Stuart Sheldon, and Todd Brown. Errata and solutions to the labs can be found on the book's Web site atwww.prenhallprofessional.com/title/0131875086. The Northwind database script, used in the chapters, can be found athttp://marakana.com/download/sql/northwind.sql. Ellie Quigley San Francisco, California September 2006