Physics With Illustrative Examples from Medicine and Biology

by Benedek, George Bernard; Villars, Felix

• ISBN13: 9780387987699
• ISBN10: 038798769X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-06-01
• Publisher: AMER INST OF PHYSICS

Summary

A reissue of a classic book, corrected, edited, and typeset, to be published in the Biological Physics Series. Intended for undergraduate courses in biophysics, biological physics, physiology, medical physics, and biomedical engineering, this book is an introduction to mechanics with examples and problems from the medical and biological sciences. The book covers standard topics of kinematics, dynamics,statics, momentum, and feeedback, control and stability but with emphasis on physical and biological systems. Chapters include problems and references. The book can be used as a supplement to standard introductory physics courses, and as a text for medical schools, medical physics courses, and biology departments. The three volumes combined present all the major topics in physics. Originally published in 1974 from the authors's typescript, this reissue will be edited, corrected, typeset, the art redrawn, and an index added. These books are being reissued by Springer in the Biological Physics Series in response to frequent requests to provide these texts to satisfy the growing need among students and practitioners in the medical and biological sciences with a working knowledge of the physical sciences. The books are also in demand in physics departments either as supplements to traditional intro texts or as main text for those departments offering courses with biological or medical physics orientation. A solutions manual will be available. The authors are recognized experts in the field, and are under contract for an upperlevel/grad text in biological physics. Benedeck was the recepient of the 1995 Irving Lanmuir Prize from the American Physical Society for Chemical Physics, and the 1994 Biological Physics Prize by the American Physical Society.

Table of Contents

Foreword to the First Edition	v
Series Preface	vii
Preface to the Second Edition	ix
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition	xi
Preface to the First Edition	xiii
Acknowledgments for the First Edition	xv
Kinematics	1	(43)
Introduction	1	(2)
Motion in One Dimension: Velocity and Acceleration	3	(9)
Velocity	3	(5)
Acceleration	8	(2)
Examples of Accelerated Motion	10	(2)
Motion in Two and Three Dimensions: Velocity and Acceleration	12	(11)
Velocity	12	(1)
Acceleration	13	(1)
Uniform Circular Motion	14	(3)
Projectile Motion	17	(6)
Units and Conversion Factors	23	(10)
Appendix to Chapter 1: Vectors	23	(10)
References and Supplementary Reading	33	(1)
Problems	34	(10)
Dynamics	44	(68)
Introduction	44	(1)
Newton's First Law: The Law of Inertia	44	(1)
Newton's Second Law of Motion	45	(2)
Newton's Third Law of Motion: The Law of Action and Reaction	47	(1)
The Fundamental Forces of Physics	48	(8)
The Gravitational Force	49	(3)
Motion of a Satellite or the Moon Around the Earth	52	(4)
Nonfundamental or Derived Forces	56	(4)
Contact Forces	56	(3)
Drag Forces in Fluids (Liquids and Gases)	59	(1)
Newton's Laws Applied to Problems in Dynamics	60	(40)
Introduction	60	(2)
Illustrative Examples	62	(1)
Freight Train	62	(4)
Block on an Inclined Plane	66	(3)
Harmonic Oscillation	69	(5)
Spring Gun	74	(5)
Viscous Damping Force. The Exponential Function	79	(4)
Air Drag and Terminal Velocity	83	(4)
Damped Oscillation of a Pendulum	87	(8)
The Centrifugal Pendulum	95	(5)
References and Supplementary Reading	100	(1)
Problems	101	(11)
Static Equilibrium and the Forces Acting on Muscles and Bone within the Human Body	112	(138)
Introduction	112	(1)
Conditions of Static Equilibrium	113	(7)
Applications of Statics	120	(35)
The Board Resting Against a Wall	120	(3)
Forces Acting at the Hip Joint	123	(1)
Elementary Anatomy of the Femur and Hip	124	(4)
Calculation of the Force on the Head of the Femur and in the Hip Abductor Muscles	128	(4)
Clinical and Anatomical Implications	132	(1)
Effect of a Cane on the Forces Acting at the Hip Joint	133	(6)
Forces Acting on the Lumbar Vertebrae. Low Back Pain. Disease of Vertebral Discs	139	(1)
Elementary Anatomy of the Spine, Vertebrae, and Back Muscles	139	(7)
Force on the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra on Bending and Lifting	146	(6)
Shear Stress in the Lumbo-Sacral Disc with ``Sway Back''	152	(2)
Further Applications. Comments on the Torque Condition for Static Equilibrium	154	(1)
Static Equilibrium of Deformable Bodies: Stress, Strain, and Fracture	155	(31)
Introduction	155	(4)
Stress and Strain in Tension and Compression, Hooke's Law, Young's Modulus, Failure or Fracture	159	(3)
Bending Moment and Curvature of a Beam	162	(7)
Differential Equations for Deflection of a Loaded Beam	169	(6)
Bending and Breaking of a Beam or a Bone: Application to Fracture of the Tibia	175	(4)
Stress and Strain in Shear	179	(7)
Static Equilibrium of Fluids	186	(45)
Introduction and Definition of Hydrostatic Pressure	186	(5)
Fluid in a Gravitational Field: The Variation of Pressure with Height	191	(2)
Incompressible Fluid: Pascal's Law: Pressure Units	193	(2)
Compressible Fluid: Ideal Gas	195	(4)
Buoyant Force on Bodies Immersed in a Fluid	199	(4)
Physiologic Effects of Increased Fluid Pressure, Underwater Diving, Postural Effects on Blood Pressure, and Effect of High Acceleration	203	(1)
Underwater Diving	203	(3)
Postural Effects on Blood Pressure	206	(2)
Effect of High Acceleration	208	(2)
Physiologic Effects of Decrease of Air Pressure. Mountain Sickness; Balloon Ascensions, Physiology of the Storage and Delivery of Oxygen by the Blood	210	(1)
Mountain Sickness	210	(4)
Balloon Ascensions and the Physiological Effects of Decreased Air Pressure	214	(6)
Oxygen Storage and Delivery by the Blood, Mountain Sickness, and High-Altitude Anoxia	220	(5)
High Altitude Air Travel: Cabin Pressurization	225	(1)
Buoyancy and the Measurement of Molecular Weight of Macromolecules	226	(5)
References and Supplementary Reading	231	(2)
Problems	233	(17)
Momentum	250	(70)
Introduction	250	(1)
Momentum and the Dynamics of a System of Many Particles	251	(3)
Motion of the Center of Mass of an Extended Body	254	(10)
Center of Mass of Two Bodies	256	(1)
Center of Mass of a Right Triangle	257	(4)
Experimental Determination of the Center of Mass	261	(3)
Conservation of Momentum	264	(7)
The Boy, the Ball, and the Boat	264	(2)
The Oscillator in a Box	266	(5)
Ballistocardiography	271	(11)
Introduction	271	(2)
Elementary Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart	273	(2)
The Ballistocardiogram	275	(7)
Impulse and the Change of Momentum	282	(17)
Introduction and Definition of Impulse	282	(2)
Forces Acting During Collisions: Illustrative Examples	284	(1)
The Driven Golf Ball	284	(2)
The Falling Elevator and Bone Fracture	286	(2)
Jumps or Falls to the Ground from a Height	288	(2)
Tolerance Levels for Whole Body Impacts. Survival in Falls from a Great Height	290	(6)
Deceleration Pulses and the Severity Index: A Criterion for Concussion and Injury to the Brain	296	(3)
Safety Considerations in Automobile Accidents	299	(1)
Flow of Mass and Momentum. Transport in Fluids	299	(10)
Current Density	299	(4)
Pressure Exerted by a Stream of Fluid	303	(2)
Pressure on the Walls of a Curved Hose: The Fire Hose and the Aorta	305	(4)
References and Supplementary Reading	309	(2)
Problems	311	(9)
Work and Energy	320	(121)
Introduction	320	(1)
Work, Kinetic Energy, and Power in One-Dimensional Motion	321	(34)
A First Integration of Newton's Equation. The Work-Kinetic Energy Formula	321	(2)
Power and the Rate of Change of Kinetic Energy	323	(1)
Determination of x(t) Using Work-Energy Considerations	323	(2)
Conservative and Nonconservative Forces	325	(1)
Examples of One-Dimensional Motion in Simple Force Fields	325	(1)
Constant Force of Gravity	326	(3)
Linear Restoring Force. The Harmonic Oscillator	329	(6)
Motion in a Nonuniform Gravitational Field	335	(6)
Conservative Forces and the Conservation of Mechanical Energy	341	(4)
Nonconservative Forces; Power, and the Law of Conservation of Energy and Heat	345	(3)
Motion of a Body Falling Through a Viscous Liquid	348	(6)
Units and Conversion Factors	354	(1)
Work, Energy, and Power in Three Dimensions	355	(29)
The Work-Kinetic Energy Formula	356	(3)
Conservative and Constraint Forces and the Conservation of Mechanical Energy	359	(3)
Mechanical Examples. The Recoiling Block and Springboard Diving	362	(1)
The Recoiling Block	362	(3)
Springboard Diving	365	(9)
Relation Between Force and Potential Energy---A Mathematical Note	374	(4)
Energy Diagrams and Mechanical Stability	378	(6)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	384	(36)
The Conservation of Mechanical Energy, External Work and Heat	384	(2)
Heat, Work, and Energy Changes in an Electrical Water Heater	386	(4)
Elements in the Historical Development of the Law of Conservation of Energy	390	(9)
Animal Metabolism, Work, and the First Law of Thermodynamics	399	(1)
Catabolic Rate, Heat and Power Production	399	(2)
``Calorific Equivalent'' of Oxygen	401	(2)
Oxygen Consumption and Catabolic Rate for Various Activities---Basal Catabolism	403	(2)
Mechanical Body Output, and Mechanical Efficiency of the Human Body	405	(3)
Basal Metabolism	408	(1)
Basal Metabolic Rate of Mammals: From the Mouse to the Elephant	408	(4)
Energy Requirements of Various Body Organs	412	(8)
Rotational Motion	420	(9)
Kinetic Energy of the Rotating Body	422	(1)
Work Done on the Rotating Body	423	(3)
The Physical Pendulum	426	(3)
References and Supplementary Reading	429	(2)
Problems	431	(10)
Feedback, Control, and Stability in Physical and Biological Systems	441	(86)
Introduction	441	(8)
Heat Engines, Power Production, and Automatic Control	441	(2)
Brief History of the Field of Automatic Control	443	(5)
Mechanics and Feedback and Control Theory	448	(1)
A Mechanical System Under Automatic Control	449	(36)
Description of the Overall Operation of the Steam Engine	449	(2)
Mathematical Model for the Operation of the Steam Engine---Without Automatic Control	451	(1)
Equation of Motion for the Engine Output Shaft	451	(1)
Steady State Operating Speeds of the Engine. Effect of Changes in Pressure and Load	452	(4)
Temporal Response of the Steam Engine to Changes in Steam Pressure and Load Torque	456	(3)
Quantitative Analysis of the Operation of the Steam Engine with Feedback Control from a Centrifugal Pendulum	459	(1)
Differential Equation of the Steam Engine---With the Centrifugal Governor Included	460	(3)
Steady State Changes in Engine Output Angular Velocity Produced by Changes in Steam Pressure or Load Torque: The ``Open Loop Gain''	463	(3)
Temporal Response of the Steam Engine Under Proportional Feedback Control to Changes in Steam Pressure	466	(3)
Instability in the Feedback and Control System of the Steam Engine	469	(1)
Response Time of the Centrifugal Pendulum (tg) and the Characteristic Time for Engine Speed Changes	469	(1)
Qualitative Discussion of the Origin of Instability	470	(1)
Quantitative Analysis of Instability in a Feedback-Control System	471	(14)
Temperature Control Using Feedback	485	(19)
Temperature of a Heated (or Cooled) Systems without Feedback (Open Loop Operation)	485	(1)
Equation for Temperature of a System as a Function of Time	485	(3)
Steady State Operating Temperature	488	(1)
Transient Response to Changes in Ambient Temperature or Input Power	489	(1)
Temperature of a Heated (or Cooled) System with Feedback	490	(1)
On-Off Control System	490	(5)
Proportional Control System	495	(7)
Integral Control System	502	(2)
Control of Body Temperature	504	(8)
Body Temperature in Illness and in Health	504	(1)
Thermal Properties of the Human Body	505	(4)
The Control Elements for the Regulation of Body Temperature	509	(3)
Control of Blood Glucose Level	512	(8)
Introduction: Glucose Tolerance Test	512	(2)
Control Equation for Blood Glucose Concentration	514	(4)
Comparison Between Theory and the Experimentally Observed Glucose Tolerance Curve	518	(2)
References and Supplementary Reading	520	(1)
Problems	521	(6)
Index	527