Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena

by Zel’dovich, Ya. B.; Raizer, Yu. P.

• ISBN13: 9780486420028
• ISBN10: 0486420027
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-03-15
• Publisher: Dover Publications

Summary

The physical and chemical processes occurring in gases at high temperatures are the focus of this outstanding text by two distinguished physicists. They discuss essential physical influences on the dynamics and thermodynamics of continuous media, combining material from such disciplines as gas dynamics, shock-wave theory, thermodynamics and statistical physics, molecular physics, spectroscopy, radiation theory, astrophysics, solid-state physics, and other fields. Originally published in two volumes, 1966-1967. 284 b/w illustrations.

Author Biography

Son of a Gambling Man
Ronald F. Probstein, Ford Professor of Engineering, Emeritus, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has had a long career in engineering research and has made significant contributions in many areas from ballistic missile design, to hypersonic flight theory, to the field of synthetic fuels, a subject of obvious importance to everyone. His 1959 book, Hypersonic Flow Theory, co-authored with Wallace D. Hayes, and reprinted by Dover in 2004 as Hypersonic Inviscid Flow, is still the basic book on this subject. Synthetic Fuels, written with R. Edwin Hicks, is certainly one of the most important and timely engineering texts ever reprinted by Dover.

In addition to their own writings, Probstein and Hayes edited the English translation of a major text by two distinguished Russian physicists, Ya. B. Zel'dovich and Yu. P. Raizer, Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena. 　

However, Dr. Probstein's literary legacy isn't all about hard science. In 2009 he published an evocatively entertaining memoir of his father and their life in Depression-era New York, Honest Sid: Memoir of a Gambling Man. Even though not a Dover book, it is certainly highly recommended.

Critical Acclaim for Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena:
"The republication by Dover Publications of this masterwork by Ya. B. Zel'dovich and Yu. P. Raizer will be welcomed by all workers dealing with high-temperature (radiating) flows. This book is a virtual 'bible' for studies of shocks and radiation fronts in high speed aeronautics, astronautics (re-entry), astrophysics, fireballs, shock tubes, and very intense explosions.

Zel'dovich was a physicist of extraordinary breadth of interests. The style of this book is to give heuristic explanations followed by rigorous analysis. It is insightful for both beginning students and researchers in the field. This book is an ABSOLUTE MUST for anyone working on the subjects listed above."

"I URGE anyone working in astrophysics and high-temperature flow physics to buy, read, enjoy, and be enlightened by this masterpiece." — Dimitri Mihalas, co-author of Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics

Table of Contents

Preface to the Dover Edition	vi
Editors' Foreword	vii
Preface to the English Edition	xi
Preface to the First Russian Edition	xiii
Preface to the Second Russian Edition	xvii
Elements of gasdynamics and the classical theory of shock waves
Continuous flow of an inviscid nonconducting gas	1	(44)
The equations of gasdynamics	1	(3)
Lagrangian coordinates	4	(3)
Sound waves	7	(6)
Spherical sound waves	13	(2)
Characteristics	15	(4)
Plane isentropic flow. Riemann invariants	19	(5)
Plane isentropic gas flow in a bounded region	24	(3)
Simple waves	27	(2)
Distortion of the wave form in a traveling wave of finite amplitude. Some properties of simple waves	29	(4)
The rarefaction wave	33	(5)
The centered rarefaction wave as an example of self-similar gas motion	38	(5)
On the impossibility of the existence of a centered compression wave	43	(2)
Shock waves	45	(24)
Introduction to the gasdynamics of shock waves	45	(4)
Hugoniot curves	49	(1)
Shock waves in a perfect gas with constant specific heats	50	(5)
Geometric interpretation of the laws governing compression shocks	55	(4)
Impossibility of rarefaction shock waves in a fluid with normal thermodynamic properties	59	(4)
Weak shock waves	63	(4)
Shock waves in a fluid with anomalous thermodynamic properties	67	(2)
Viscosity and heat conduction in gasdynamics	69	(15)
Equations of one-dimensional gas flow	69	(4)
Remarks on the second viscosity coefficient	73	(1)
Remarks on the absorption of sound	74	(1)
The structure and thickness of a weak shock front	75	(9)
Various problems	84	(92)
Propagation of an arbitrary discontinuity	84	(9)
Strong explosion in a homogeneous atmosphere	93	(4)
Approximate treatment of a strong explosion	97	(2)
Remarks on the point explosion with counterpressure	99	(2)
Sudden isentropic expansion of a spherical gas cloud into vacuum	101	(3)
Conditions for the self-similar sudden expansion of a gas cloud into vacuum	104	(3)
Thermal radiation and radiant heat exchange in a medium
Introduction and basic concepts	107	(4)
Mechanisms of emission, absorption, and scattering of light in gases	111	(4)
Equilibrium radiation and the concept of a perfect black body	115	(3)
Induced emission	118	(4)
Induced emission of radiation in the classical and quantum theories and the laser effect	122	(6)
The radiative transfer equation	128	(2)
Integral expressions for the radiation intensity	130	(3)
Radiation from a plane layer	133	(5)
The brightness temperature of the surface of a nonuniformly heated body	138	(3)
Motion of a fluid taking into account radiant heat exchange	141	(3)
The diffusion approximation	144	(5)
The ``forward-reverse'' approximation	149	(2)
Local equilibrium and the approximation of radiation heat conduction	151	(3)
Relationship between the diffusion approximation and the radiation heat conduction approximation	154	(3)
Radiative equilibrium in stellar photospheres	157	(4)
Solution to the plane photosphere problem	161	(3)
Radiation energy losses of a heated body	164	(4)
Hydrodynamic equations accounting for radiation energy and pressure and radiant heat exchange	168	(4)
The number of photons as an invariant of the classical electromagnetic field	172	(4)
Thermodynamic properties of gases at high temperatures
Gas of noninteracting particles	176	(39)
Perfect gas with constant specific heats and invariant number of particles	176	(3)
Calculation of thermodynamic functions using partition functions	179	(4)
Dissociation of diatomic molecules	183	(5)
Chemical reactions	188	(4)
Ionization and electronic excitation	192	(6)
The electronic partition function and the role of the excitation energy of atoms	198	(3)
Approximate methods of calculation in the region of multiple ionization	201	(6)
Interpolation formulas and the effective adiabatic exponent	207	(2)
The Hugoniot curve with dissociation and ionization	209	(4)
The Hugoniot relations with equilibrium radiation	213	(2)
Gases with Coulomb interactions	215	(33)
Rarefied ionized gases	215	(3)
Dense gases. Elements of Fermi-Dirac statistics for an electron gas	218	(4)
The Thomas-Fermi model of an atom and highly compressed cold materials	222	(7)
Calculation of thermodynamic functions of a hot dense gas by the Thomas-Fermi method	229	(4)
Shock tubes
The use of shock tubes for studying kinetics in chemical physics	233	(1)
Principle of operation	234	(2)
Elementary shock tube theory	236	(3)
Electromagnetic shock tubes	239	(4)
Methods of measurement for various quantities	243	(3)
Absorption and emission of radiation in gases at high temperatures
Introduction. Types of electronic transitions	246	(2)
Continuous spectra	248	(35)
Bremsstrahlung emission from an electron in the Coulomb field of an ion	248	(7)
Bremsstrahlung emission from an electron scattered by a neutral atom	255	(3)
Free-free transitions in a high-temperature ionized gas	258	(3)
Cross section for the capture of an electron by an ion with the emission of a photon	261	(3)
Continuous section for the bound-free absorption of light by atoms and ions	264	(5)
Continuous absorption coefficient in a gas of hydrogen-like atoms	269	(3)
Continuous absorption of light in a monatomic gas in the singly ionized region	272	(5)
Radiation mean free paths for multiply ionized gas atoms	277	(4)
Absorption of light in a weakly ionized gas	281	(2)
Atomic line spectra	283	(20)
Classical theory of spectral lines	283	(5)
Quantum theory of spectral lines. Oscillator strength	288	(5)
The absorption spectrum of hydrogen-like atoms. Remarks on the effect of spectral lines on the Rosseland mean free path	293	(5)
Oscillator strengths for the continuum. The sum rule	298	(2)
Radiative emission in spectral lines	300	(3)
Molecular band spectra	303	(28)
Energy levels of diatomic molecules	303	(5)
Structure of molecular spectra	308	(5)
The Frank-Condon principle	313	(3)
Probability of molecular transitions with the emission of light	316	(5)
Light absorption coefficient in lines	321	(2)
Molecular absorption at high temperatures	323	(3)
More exact calculation of the molecular absorption coefficient at high temperatures	326	(5)
Air	331	(7)
Radiative properties of high-temperature air	331	(7)
Breakdown and heating of a gas under the action of a concentrated laser beam	338	(11)
Breakdown	338	(5)
Absorption of a laser beam and heating of a gas after initial breakdown	343	(6)
Rate of relaxation processes in gases
Molecular gases	349	(33)
Establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium	349	(3)
Excitation of molecular rotations	352	(1)
Rate equations for the relaxation of molecular vibrational energy	353	(3)
Probability of vibrational excitation and the relaxation time	356	(6)
Rate equation for dissocation of diatomic molecules and the relaxation time	362	(2)
Atom recombination rates and dissociation rates for diatomic molecules	364	(4)
Chemical reactions and the activated complex method	368	(6)
Oxidation of nitrogen	374	(4)
Rate of formation of nitrogen dioxide at high temperatures	378	(4)
Ionization and recombination. Electronic excitation and deexcitation	382	(34)
Basic mechanisms	382	(4)
Ionization of unexcited atoms by electron impact	386	(4)
Excitation of atoms from the ground state by electron impact. Deexcitation	390	(2)
Ionization of excited atoms by electron impact	392	(4)
Impact transitions between excited states of an atom	396	(2)
Ionization and excitation by heavy particle collisions	398	(4)
Photoionization and photorecombination	402	(4)
Electron-ion recombination by three-body collisions (elementary theory)	406	(2)
A more rigorous theory of recombination by three-body collisions	408	(5)
Ionization and recombination in air	413	(3)
Plasma	416	(52)
Relaxation in a plasma	416	(6)
The Cited References, Author Index, and Subject Index listed on this page relate to chapters I -VI only. All three items for the entire work are listed at the end of the Contents
Cited References	422	(19)
Appendix: Some Often Used Constants, Relations Between Units, and Formulas	441	(6)
Author Index	447	(5)
Subject Index	452	(13)
Shock wave structure in gases
Introduction	465	(3)
The shock front	468	(21)
Viscous shock front	468	(9)
The role of viscosity and heat conduction in the formation of a shock front	477	(5)
Diffusion in a binary gas mixture	482	(3)
Diffusion in a shock wave propagating through a binary mixture	485	(4)
The relaxation layer	489	(37)
Shock waves in a gas with slow excitation of some degrees of freedom	489	(5)
Excitation of molecular vibrations	494	(4)
Dissociation of diatomic molecules	498	(4)
Shock waves in air	502	(3)
Ionization in a monatomic gas	505	(8)
Ionization in air	513	(2)
Shock waves in a plasma	515	(7)
Polarization of a plasma and the creation of an electric field in a shock wave	522	(4)
Radiant heat exchange in a shock front	526	(21)
Qualitative picture	526	(5)
Approximate formulation of the problem of the front structure	531	(4)
The subcritical shock wave	535	(4)
The supercritical shock wave	539	(4)
Shock waves at high energy densities and radiation pressures	543	(4)
Physical and chemical kinetics in hydrodynamic processes
Dynamics of a nonequilibrium gas	547	(17)
The gasdynamic equations in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium	547	(4)
Entropy increase	551	(2)
Anomalous dispersion and absorption of ultrasound	553	(6)
The dispersion law and the absorption coefficient for ultrasound	559	(5)
Chemical reactions	564	(7)
Oxidation of nitrogen in strong explosions in air	564	(7)
Disturbance of thermodynamic equilibrium in the sudden expansion of a gas into vacuum	571	(14)
Sudden expansion of a gas cloud	571	(2)
Freezing effect	573	(4)
Disturbance of ionization equilibrium	577	(2)
The kinetics of recombination and cooling of the gas following the disturbance of ionization equilibrium	579	(6)
Vapor condensation in an isentropic expansion	585	(13)
Saturated vapor and the origin of condensation centers	585	(3)
The thermodynamics and kinetics of the condensation process	588	(3)
Condensation in a cloud of evaporated fluid suddenly expanding into vacuum	591	(4)
On the problem of the mechanism of formation of cosmic dust. Remarks on laboratory investigations of condensation	595	(3)
Radiative phenomena in shock waves and in strong explosions in air
Luminosity of strong shock fronts in gases	598	(13)
Qualitative dependence of the brightness temperature on the true temperature behind the front	598	(5)
Photon absorption in cold air	603	(3)
Maximum brightness temperature for air	606	(3)
Limiting luminosity of very strong waves in air	609	(2)
Optical phenomena observed in strong explosions and the cooling of the air by radiation	611	(27)
General description of luminous phenomena	611	(7)
Breakaway of the shock front from the boundary of the fireball	618	(3)
Minimum luminosity effect of the fireball	621	(5)
Radiation cooling of air	626	(2)
Origin of the temperature drop-the cooling wave	628	(2)
Energy balance and propagation velocity of the cooling wave	630	(4)
Contraction of the cooling wave toward the center	634	(2)
The spark discharge in air	636	(2)
Structure of cooling wave fronts	638	(14)
Statement of the problem	638	(4)
Radiation flux from the surface of the wave front	642	(3)
Temperature distribution in the front of a strong wave	645	(3)
Consideration of adiabatic cooling	648	(4)
Thermal waves
The thermal conductivity of a fluid	652	(2)
Nonlinear (radiation) heat conduction	654	(3)
Characteristic features of heat propagation by linear and nonlinear heat conduction	657	(6)
The law of propagation of thermal waves from an instantaneous plane source	663	(1)
Self-similar thermal waves from an instantaneous plane source	664	(4)
Propagation of heat from an instantaneous point source	668	(4)
Some self-similar plane problems	672	(4)
Remarks on the penetration of heat into moving media	676	(3)
Self-similar solutions as limiting solutions of nonself-similar problems	679	(2)
Heat transfer by nonequilibrium radiation	681	(4)
Shock waves in solids
Introduction	685	(3)
Thermodynamic properties of solids at high pressures and temperatures	688	(17)
Compression of a cold material	688	(5)
Thermal motion of atoms	693	(4)
Equation of state for a material whose atoms undergo small vibrations	697	(4)
Thermal excitation of electrons	701	(3)
A three-term equation of state	704	(1)
The Hugoniot curve	705	(27)
Hugoniot curve for a condensed substance	705	(4)
Analytical representation of Hugoniot curves	709	(1)
Weak shock waves	710	(2)
Shock compression of porous materials	712	(4)
Emergence of weak shock waves from the free surface of a solid	716	(6)
Experimental methods of determining Hugoniot curves for solids	722	(8)
Determination of cold compression curves from the results of shock compression experiments	730	(2)
Acoustic waves and splitting of waves	732	(30)
Static deformation of a solid	732	(5)
Transition of a solid medium into the plastic state	737	(4)
Propagation speed of acoustic waves	741	(3)
Splitting of compression and unloading waves	744	(2)
Measurement of the speed of sound in a material compressed by a shock wave	746	(4)
Phase transitions and splitting of shock waves	750	(7)
Rarefaction shock waves in a medium undergoing a phase transition	757	(5)
Phenomena associated with the emergence of a very strong shock wave at the free surface of a body	762	(16)
Limiting cases of the solid and gaseous states of an unloaded material	762	(4)
Criterion for complete vaporization of a material on unloading	766	(4)
Experimental determination of temperature and entropy behind a very strong shock by investigating the unloaded material in the gas phase	770	(3)
Luminosity of metallic vapors in unloading	773	(4)
Remarks on the basic possibility of measuring the entropy behind a shock wave from the luminosity during unloading	777	(1)
Some other phenomena	778	(7)
Electrical conductivity of nonmetals behind shock waves	778	(3)
Measuring the index of refraction of a material compressed by a shock wave	781	(4)
Some self-similar processes in gasdynamics
Introduction	785	(9)
Transformation groups admissible by the gasdynamic equations	785	(2)
Self-similar motions	787	(3)
Conditions for self-similar motion	790	(2)
Two types of self-similar solutions	792	(2)
Implosion of a spherical shock wave and the collapse of bubbles in a liquid	794	(18)
Statement of the problem of an imploding shock wave	794	(2)
Basic equations	796	(3)
Analysis of the equations	799	(4)
Numerical results for the solutions	803	(4)
Collapse of bubbles. The Rayleigh problem	807	(3)
Collapse of bubbles. Effect of compressibility and viscosity	810	(2)
The emergence of a shock wave at the surface of a star	812	(8)
Propagation of a shock wave for a power-law decrease in density	812	(5)
On explosions of supernovae and the origin of cosmic rays	817	(3)
Motion of a gas under the action of an impulsive load	820	(29)
Statement of the problem and general character of the motion	820	(3)
Self-similar solutions and the energy and momentum conservation laws	823	(4)
Solution of the equations	827	(6)
Limitations on the similarity exponent imposed by conservation of momentum and energy	833	(1)
Passage of the nonself-similar motion into the limiting regime and the ``infinite'' energy in the self-similar solution	834	(5)
Concentrated impact on the surface of a gas (explosion at the surface)	839	(3)
Results from simplified considerations of the self-similar motions for concentrated and line impacts	842	(2)
Impact of a very high-speed meteorite on the surface of a planet	844	(2)
Strong explosion in an infinite porous medium	846	(3)
Propagation of shock waves in an inhomogeneous atmosphere with an exponential density distribution	849	(15)
Strong point explosion	849	(3)
Self-similar motion of a shock wave in the direction of increasing density	852	(6)
Application of the self-similar solution to an explosion	858	(1)
Self-similar motion of a shock wave in the direction of decreasing density Application to an explosion	859	(5)
Cited References	864	(17)
Appendix: Some Often Used Constants, Relations Between Units, and Formulas	881	(6)
Author Index	887	(9)
Subject Index	896