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| Preface. | |
| Foreword to Plant Biotechnology and Genetics. | |
| Contributors. | |
| Plant Agriculture: The Impact of Biotechnology (Graham Brookes) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Introduction | |
| Biotechnology Crops Plantings | |
| Why Farmers Use Biotech Crops | |
| Herbicide-Tolerant Crops | |
| Insect-Resistant Crops | |
| Conclusion | |
| How the Adoption of Plant Biotechnology Has Impacted the Environment | |
| Environmental Impacts from Changes in Insecticide and Herbicide Use | |
| Impact on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Mendelian Genetics and Plant Reproduction (Matthew DHalfhill and Suzanne IWarwick) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Genetics Overview | |
| Mendelian Genetics | |
| Law of Segregation | |
| Law of Independent Assortment | |
| Mitosis and Meiosis | |
| Mitosis | |
| Meiosis | |
| Recombination | |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | |
| Plant Reproductive Biology | |
| History of Research | |
| Mating Systems | |
| Sexual Reproduction | |
| Asexual Reproduction | |
| Mating Systems Summary | |
| Hybridization and Polyploidy | |
| Conclusion | |
| References | |
| Plant Breeding (Nicholas ATinker) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| Central Concepts in Plant Breeding | |
| Simple versus Complex Inheritance | |
| Phenotype versus Genotype | |
| Mating Systems, Varieties, Landraces, and Pure Lines | |
| Other Topics in Population and Quantitative Genetics | |
| The Value of a Plant Variety Depends on Many Traits | |
| Varieties Must Be Adapted to Environments | |
| Plant Breeding Is a Numbers Game | |
| Plant Breeding Is an Iterative and Collaborative Process | |
| Diversity, Adaptation, and Ideotypes | |
| Other Considerations | |
| Objectives for Plant Breeding | |
| Methods of Plant Breeding | |
| Methods of Hybridization | |
| Self-Pollinated Species | |
| Outcrossing Species | |
| Synthetic Varieties | |
| Hybrid Varieties | |
| Clonally Propagated Species | |
| Breeding Enhancements | |
| Doubled Haploidy | |
| Marker-Assisted Selection | |
| Mutation Breeding | |
| Apomixis | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Plant Development and Physiology (Glenda EGillaspy) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Plant Anatomy and Morphology | |
| Embryogenesis and Seed Germination | |
| Gametogenesis | |
| Fertilization | |
| Fruit Development | |
| Embryogenesis | |
| Seed Germination | |
| Photomorphogenesis | |
| Meristems | |
| Shoot Apical Meristem | |
| Root Apical Meristem and Root Development | |
| Leaf Development | |
| Leaf Structure | |
| Leaf Development Patterns | |
| Flower Development | |
| Floral Evocation | |
| Floral Organ Identity and the ABC Model | |
| Hormone Physiology and Signal Transduction | |
| Seven Plant Hormones and Their Actions | |
| Plant Hormone Signal Transduction | |
| Auxin and GA Signaling | |
| Cytokinin and Ethylene Signaling | |
| Brassinosteroid Signal Transduction | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Tissue Culture: The Manipulation of Plant Development (Vinitha Cardoza) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| History | |
| Media and Culture Conditions | |
| Basal Media | |
| Growth Regulators | |
| Sterile Technique | |
| Clean Equipment | |
| Surface Sterilization of Explants | |
| Culture Conditions and Vessels | |
| Culture Types and Their Uses | |
| Callus Culture | |
| Somaclonal Variation | |
| Cell Suspension Culture | |
| Production of Secondary Metabolites and Recombinant Proteins Using Cell Culture | |
| Anther/Microspore Culture | |
| Protoplast Culture | |
| Somatic Hybridization | |
| Embryo Culture | |
| Meristem Culture | |
| Regeneration Methods of Plants in Culture | |
| Organogenesis | |
| Indirect Organogenesis | |
| Direct Organogenesis | |
| Somatic Embryogenesis | |
| Synthetic Seeds | |
| Acclimation | |
| Conclusions | |
| Acknowledgments | |
| References | |
| Molecular Genetics of Gene Expression (Maria Gallo and Alison KFlynn) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| The gene | |
| DNA Coding for a Protein via the Gene | |
| DNA as a Polynucleotide | |
| DNA Packaging into Eukaryotic Chromosomes | |
| Transcription | |
| Transcription of DNA to Produce Messenger RNA (mRNA) | |
| Transcription Factors | |
| Coordinated Regulation of Gene Expression | |
| Chromatin as an Important Regulator of Transcription | |
| Regulation of Gene Expression by DNA Methylation | |
| Processing to Produce Mature mRNA | |
| Translation | |
| Initiation of Translation | |
| Translation Elongation | |
| Translation Termination | |
| Protein Postranslational Modification | |
| References | |
| Recombinant DNA, Vector Design, and Construction (Mark DCurtis) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| DNA Modification | |
| DNA Vectors | |
| DNA Vectors for Plant Transformation | |
| Components for Efficient Gene Expression in Plants | |
| Greater Demands Lead to Innovation | |
| Site-Specific DNA Recombination | |
| Gateway Cloning | |
| CreatorTM Cloning | |
| Univector (EchoTM) Cloning | |
| Vector Design | |
| Vectors for High-Throughput Functional Analysis | |
| Vectors for RNA Interference (RNAi) | |
| Expression Vectors | |
| Vectors for Promoter Analysis | |
| Vectors Derived from Plant Sequences | |
| Vectors for Multigenic Traits | |
| Targeted Transgene Insertions | |
| Safety Features in Vector Design | |
| Prospects | |
| References | |
| Genes and Traits of Interest for Transgenic Plants (Kenneth LKorth) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| Identifying Genes of Interest via Genomic Studies | |
| Traits for Improved Crop Production | |
| Herbicide Resistance | |
| Insect Resistance | |
| Pathogen Resistance | |
| Traits for Improved Products and Food Quality | |
| Nutritional Improvements | |
| Modified Plant Oils | |
| Pharmaceutical Products | |
| Biofuels | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Marker Genes and Promoters (Brian Miki) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| Definition of Marker Genes | |
| Selectable Marker Genes: An Introduction | |
| Reporter Genes: An Introduction | |
| Promoters | |
| Selectable Marker Genes | |
| Conditional Positive Selectable Marker Gene Systems | |
| Selection on Antibiotics | |
| Selection on Herbicides | |
| Selection Using Nontoxic Metabolic Substrates | |
| Nonconditional Positive Selection Systems | |
| Conditional Negative Selection Systems | |
| Nonconditional Negative Selection Systems | |
| Nonselectable Marker Genes or Reporter Genes | |
| b-Glucuronidase | |
| Luciferase | |
| Green Fluorescent Protein | |
| Marker-Free Strategies | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Transgenic Plant Production (John Finer and Taniya Dhillon) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Overview | |
| Basic Components for Successful Gene Transfer to Plant Cells | |
| Visualizing the General Transformation Process | |
| DNA Delivery | |
| Target Tissue Status | |
| Selection and Regeneration | |
| Agrobacterium | |
| History of Our Knowledge of Agrobacterium | |
| Use of the T-DNA Transfer Process for Transformation | |
| Optimizing Delivery and Broadening the Range of Targets | |
| Agroinfiltration | |
| Arabidopsis Floral Dip | |
| Particle Bombardment | |
| istory of Particle Bombardment | |
| he Fate of Introduced DNA | |
| he Power and Problems of Direct DNA Introduction | |
| mprovements in Transgene Expression | |
| Other Methods | |
| The Need for Additional Technologies | |
| Protoplasts | |
| Whole-Tissue Electroporation | |
| Silicon Carbide Whiskers | |
| Viral Vectors | |
| Laser Micropuncture | |
| Nanofiber Arrays | |
| The Rush to Publish | |
| Controversial Reports of Plant Transformation | |
| DNA Uptake in Pollen | |
| Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Maize Seedlings | |
| Pollen Tube Pathway | |
| Rye Floral Tiller Injection | |
| Electrotransformation of Germinating Pollen Grain | |
| Medicago Transformation via Seedling Infiltration | |
| Criteria to Consider: Whether My Plant Is Transgenic | |
| Resistance Genes | |
| Marker Genes | |
| Transgene DNA | |
| A Look to the Future | |
| References | |
| Transgenic Plant Analysis (Janice Zale) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| Directionally Named Analyses: As the Compass Turns | |
| Initial Screens: Putative Transgenic Plants | |
| Screens on Selection Media | |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction | |
| Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) | |
| Definitive Molecular Characterization | |
| Intact Transgene Integration | |
| Determining the Presence of Intact Transgenes or Constructs | |
| Transgene Expression: Transcription | |
| Northern Blot Analysis | |
| Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase (RT)-PCR | |
| Transgene Expression: Translation: Western Blot Analyses | |
| Digital Imaging | |
| Phenotypic Analysis | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Regulations and Biosafety (Alan McHughen) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| History of Genetic Engineering and its Regulation | |
| Regulation of GE | |
| United States | |
| USDA | |
| FDA | |
| EPA | |
| EU | |
| Canada | |
| International Perspectives | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Field Testing of Transgenic Plants (Detlef Bartsch, Achim Gathmann, Christiane Saeglitz, and Arti Sinha) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| Environmental Risk Assessment (Era) Process | |
| Initial Evaluation (ERA Step 1) | |
| Problem Formulation (ERA Step 2) | |
| Controlled Experiments and Gathering of Information(ERA Step 3) | |
| Risk Evaluation (ERA Step 4) | |
| Progression through a Tiered Risk Assessment | |
| An Example Risk Assessment: The Case of Bt Maize | |
| Effect of Bt Maize Pollen on Nontarget Caterpillars | |
| Statistical Analysis and Relevance for Predicting Potential Adverse Effects on Butterflies | |
| Proof of Safety versus Proof of Hazard | |
| Proof of Benefits: Agronomic Performance | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Intellectual Property in Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for Open Access (Alan BBennett, Cecilia Chi-Ham, Gregory Graff, and Sara Boettiger) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| Intellectual Property Defined | |
| Intellectual Property in Relation to Agricultural Research | |
| Development of an ôAnticommonsö in Agricultural Biotechnology | |
| Transformation Methods | |
| Selectable Markers | |
| Constitutive Promoters | |
| Tissue- or Development-Specific Promoters | |
| Subcellular Localization | |
| Freedom to Operate (FTO) | |
| Strategies for Open Access | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Why Transgenic Plants Are So Controversial (Douglas Powell) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| The Frankenstein Backdrop | |
| Agricultural Innovations and Questions | |
| Perceptions of Risk | |
| Responses to Fear | |
| Feeding Fear: Case Studies | |
| Pusztai's Potatoes | |
| Monarch Butterfly Flap | |
| How Many Benefits are Enough | |
| Continuing Debates | |
| Process versus Product | |
| Health Concerns | |
| Environmental Concerns | |
| Consumer Choice | |
| Business and Control | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| The Future of Plant Biotechnology (CNeal Stewart, Jrand David WOw) | |
| Chapter Summary and Objectives | |
| Summary | |
| Discussion Questions | |
| Introduction | |
| Site-Specific Recombination Systems to Provide Increased Precision | |
| Removal of DNA from Transgenic Plants or Plant Parts | |
| More Precise Integration of DNA | |
| Zinc-Finger Nucleases | |
| The Future of Food (and Fuel and Pharmaceuticals) | |
| Conclusions | |
| References | |
| Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
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