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Gary Jacobson is a Professor of Political Science at the University of California at San Diego. His 1980 book, Money in Congressional Elections, won multiple awards. Since its publication, Jacobson has published numerous books and papers about American politics, Congress, campaign financing, and partisan polarization, including the recent A Divider Not a Uniter: George W. Bush and the American People. He has served on many advisory boards, including the NSF Political Science Advisory Panel, and he holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from Yale University.
List of Figures | p. vii |
List of Tables | p. ix |
Foreword | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The Context | p. 5 |
The Constitutional Framework | p. 5 |
Congressional Districts | p. 7 |
Partisan Gerrymandering | p. 8 |
Redistricting Between Censuses | p. 12 |
Racial Gerrymandering | p. 13 |
The Republican Advantage in House Districts | p. 14 |
States as Electoral Units | p. 15 |
Election Laws | p. 17 |
Political Parties | p. 18 |
Social and Political Contexts | p. 21 |
Conclusion | p. 22 |
Notes | p. 22 |
Congressional Candidates | p. 27 |
The Incumbency Factor | p. 27 |
Measuring the Value of Incumbency | p. 30 |
The Vanishing Marginals | p. 32 |
Sources of the Incumbency Advantage | p. 35 |
The Institutional Characteristics of Congress | p. 35 |
Changes in Voting Behavior | p. 38 |
Constituency Service | p. 39 |
The Variability of the Incumbency Advantage | p. 41 |
Discouraging the Opposition | p. 41 |
Money in Congressional Elections | p. 45 |
The Connection between Money and Success | p. 46 |
Why Campaign Money Is More Important to Challengers than to Incumbents | p. 49 |
The Career in the District | p. 51 |
Motivating Challengers | p. 53 |
Notes | p. 55 |
Congressional Campaigns | p. 63 |
Campaign Money | p. 65 |
Contributions to Candidates | p. 65 |
PACs | p. 67 |
Party Money | p. 74 |
Contributions from Other Members of Congress | p. 80 |
Self-Financing by Candidates | p. 82 |
Fundraising Tactics | p. 83 |
Independent, "Voter Education," and "Issue Advocacy" Campaigns | p. 84 |
Campaign Organizations | p. 87 |
Campaign Strategies | p. 88 |
Campaign Media | p. 90 |
Personal Campaigning | p. 92 |
Campaign Messages | p. 93 |
Challengers' Campaigns | p. 94 |
Going Negative | p. 95 |
Incumbents' Campaigns | p. 97 |
Candidates for Open Seats | p. 101 |
Senate Campaigns | p. 101 |
Manipulating Turnout | p. 103 |
Concluding Observations | p. 104 |
Notes | p. 105 |
Congressional Voters | p. 113 |
Turnout in Congressional Elections | p. 113 |
Who Votes? | p. 114 |
Partisanship in Congressional Elections | p. 116 |
Alternative Interpretations of Party Identification | p. 117 |
Partisanship and Voting | p. 119 |
Information and Voting | p. 121 |
Recall and Recognition of Candidates | p. 123 |
Contacting Voters | p. 128 |
The Effects of Campaign Spending | p. 132 |
Models of Voting Behavior | p. 135 |
Evaluating Incumbents | p. 137 |
Winning Challengers | p. 145 |
Issues in Congressional Elections | p. 148 |
Notes | p. 150 |
National Politics and Congressional Elections | p. 155 |
Political Interpretations of Congressional Elections | p. 157 |
Models of Aggregate Congressional Election Results | p. 159 |
Presidential Coattails | p. 161 |
National Conditions and Strategic Politics | p. 168 |
Campaign Themes | p. 174 |
House Elections, 1992-2006 | p. 175 |
1992 | p. 175 |
1994 | p. 181 |
The Clinton Problem | p. 183 |
Nationalizing the Vote | p. 185 |
1996 | p. 189 |
The Campaigns | p. 190 |
1998 | p. 192 |
The Scandal and the Campaigns | p. 193 |
2000 | p. 197 |
2002 | p. 199 |
The Economy | p. 201 |
Exposure and Redistricting | p. 202 |
2004 | p. 202 |
2006 | p. 204 |
Strategic Politicians in 2006 | p. 207 |
Conclusion: House Election Patterns, 1980-2006 | p. 209 |
Senate Elections, 1980-2006 | p. 211 |
2002-2006 | p. 217 |
Maintaining the Balance | p. 220 |
Notes | p. 220 |
Elections, Representation, and the Politics of Congress | p. 231 |
Representation | p. 231 |
Policy Congruence | p. 232 |
Interests and Causes | p. 233 |
Representation by Referendum | p. 234 |
Descriptive Representation | p. 235 |
Policy Consequences | p. 235 |
Particularism | p. 235 |
Serving the Organized | p. 237 |
Responsiveness without Responsibility | p. 239 |
The Congressional Parties: Decline and Revival | p. 240 |
The Revival of Party Cohesion, 1980-2006 | p. 242 |
Ideological Polarization in Congress and the Electorate | p. 245 |
Polarization in Presidential Support | p. 247 |
Party Polarization: The Electoral Connection | p. 249 |
Diverging Electoral Constituencies | p. 251 |
Chicken or Egg? | p. 253 |
Party Polarization and the Politics of Impeachment | p. 255 |
Representing Polarized Opinions on the Iraq War after 2006 | p. 257 |
Reforming Congress | p. 258 |
Term Limits | p. 259 |
The Public's Evaluations of Congress | p. 261 |
2008 and Beyond: A Matter of Geography | p. 262 |
Notes | p. 266 |
Bibliography | p. 271 |
Index | p. 284 |
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