The Politics of United States Foreign Policy

by Rosati, Jerel A.; Scott, James M.

• ISBN13: 9780495008620
• ISBN10: 0495008621
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-08-07
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Have you ever wondered how U.S. foreign policy is made? THE POLITICS OF UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY is the definitive work on this topic and gives you insight into the real impact of politics. Comprehensible and informative, this political science text discusses the historical patterns of continuity and change, the president's ability to govern, and the tension between the demands of democracy and national security. The text is filled with tools designed to make studying and learning difficult concepts easy such as summaries, key assessments, questions, tables, figures, examples, and bibliographic essays.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition	p. vii
Introduction	p. 1
The Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy	p. 2
The Relevance and Significance of Foreign Policy	p. 3
The Concept and Nature of Foreign Policy	p. 4
The Study of U.S. Foreign Policy	p. 6
The Analytical Framework	p. 7
The Three Perspectives	p. 7
The Three Themes	p. 9
Politics and Uncertainty in the Twenty-First Century	p. 10
Historical and Global-Power Context	p. 13
History of United States Foreign Relations	p. 14
The Myth of Isolationism	p. 15
European and English Colonial Roots	p. 17
The Continental Era	p. 18
The Regional Era	p. 23
The Global Era	p. 26
World War II and Immediate Postwar Foreign Policy	p. 26
The Cold War Era	p. 27
The Post-Vietnam War Era	p. 29
The Post-Cold War Era?	p. 32
The George Bush Jr. Administration and September 11	p. 34
From the Past Into the Twenty-First Century	p. 37
The Global Context and American Power	p. 40
Influence on Government and Society	p. 41
The Cold War Era in World Politics	p. 42
The Rise of the East-West Conflict	p. 42
The Rise of American Power	p. 43
Global Complexity and American Decline?	p. 45
The Rise of Global Pluralism and Interdependence	p. 46
The Relative Decline of American Power	p. 47
The Post-Cold War Era, Globalization, September 11th, and American Renewal	p. 49
Contradictory Post-Cold War Tendencies	p. 50
Is The Twenty-First Century the American Century?	p. 53
Beyond Global Context and Power	p. 63
Government and the Policymaking Process	p. 67
Presidential Power and Leadership	p. 68
The Paradox of Presidential Power	p. 69
Constitutional Roles and Strengths	p. 69
Limits and Constraints	p. 71
Uncertain Elements	p. 76
The Patterns of the Paradox	p. 77
The Problem of Presidential Governance	p. 79
The Presidential Life Cycle	p. 79
American Politics and the Crisis of Governance	p. 83
Presidential Power in Foreign Policy: An Overview	p. 83
Presidential Supremacy During the Cold War	p. 84
The Decline of Presidential Power Since the Vietnam War and the Cold War	p. 85
The Importance of Presidential Leadership	p. 86
Patterns in Foreign Policy Leadership and Governance	p. 88
The Roosevelt Presidency	p. 88
The Cold War Years	p. 89
The Transition Years	p. 89
The Post-Vietnam War Years	p. 90
Post-Cold War Opportunities and Risks	p. 95
The Bush Sr. Presidency	p. 95
The Clinton Presidency	p. 96
The Bush Jr. Presidency	p. 97
Summary and Challenges of the Post-Cold War World	p. 99
The Bureaucracy, Presidential Management, and the National Security Council	p. 103
A Huge and Complex Foreign Policy Bureaucracy	p. 104
Bureaucratic Size	p. 104
Bureaucratic Complexity	p. 106
Bureaucratic Historical Development	p. 106
Presidential Management	p. 109
The President's Orientation, Agenda, and Level of Involvement	p. 109
Appointment of Staff and Advisers	p. 109
Organizing the Policymaking Process	p. 115
The National Security Council System	p. 117
Origins	p. 117
Changing Patterns in the NSC	p. 118
Presidential Management Styles and the Role of the NSC System	p. 121
The Early NSC as Advisory Body	p. 121
The Rise of the NSC Adviser and Staff	p. 122
The NSC Adviser and Staff Ascendant	p. 123
Bush Jr.'s Management Style	p. 133
The NSC and Presidential Management Types in Perspective	p. 136
Understanding Bureaucracy: The State Department at Home and Abroad	p. 140
A Conceptual Approach for Understanding Bureaucracy	p. 141
The Context of the Decline of State's Historic Role	p. 141
State's Functions Over Time	p. 143
Bureaucratic Organization and Structure	p. 144
At Home	p. 144
Abroad	p. 146
Overall Bureaucratic Patterns	p. 148
USAID: Affiliated Yet Autonomous	p. 151
Public Diplomacy: A Difficult Affiliation	p. 153
The Foreign Service Subculture	p. 154
Consequences for Presidential Reliance on State	p. 159
The Secretary of State and Other Key Officials	p. 160
The Future?	p. 163
The Military Establishment	p. 166
Functions of the Military	p. 167
The Old U.S. Military	p. 167
The Post-WWII Modern Military Establishment	p. 168
Dod's Organizational Ideal Versus Political Reality	p. 171
The Modern Military Subculture	p. 175
The American Way of War	p. 178
The Post-Goldwater-Nichols Military	p. 181
A More Efficient But Incredibly Complex Process	p. 183
The Value of Military Advice	p. 184
War, Low-Intensity Conflict, and OOTW	p. 187
Rummy, Military Transformation, and the Iraq War	p. 189
Continuing and New Military Issues	p. 191
Military Reform and the Future Use of Force	p. 199
The Intelligence Community	p. 203
Purpose and Activities of Intelligence	p. 204
The Major Intelligence Organizations	p. 206
Intelligence Organizations of the Defense Department	p. 207
Non-DOD Organizations	p. 209
Historical Development of a Large, Complex Community	p. 212
Patterns in the Intelligence Process	p. 213
Coordination Problems	p. 215
Producer-Consumer Problems	p. 220
Variation in Intelligence Success	p. 223
The Central Intelligence Agency and Covert Operations	p. 226
The "Good Ol' Days"	p. 227
The "Fall" and Reform During the 1970s	p. 231
Resurgence in the 1980s	p. 232
Adjusting to the Post-Cold War and 9/11	p. 234
The Tensions Between National Security and Democracy	p. 235
The Prevalence of a National Security Ethos	p. 236
The Rise of Democratic Norms	p. 238
An Uneasy Coexistence of National Security and Democracy	p. 240
The Future of Intelligence?	p. 244
Foreign Economics, the NEC, and State and Local Governments	p. 247
U.S. Foreign Economic Policy in Historical Context	p. 248
Contemporary Economic Involvement and Interdependence	p. 249
Relevant Governmental Institutions	p. 252
Economic Culture and the Free Market Ethos	p. 257
Coordination Efforts and Problems from Above	p. 258
The Problem of Presidential Attention and Knowledge	p. 259
Clinton and the National Economic Council	p. 260
Origins	p. 261
Robert Rubin and the Transition	p. 262
The NEC in Operation	p. 263
Policymaking Under Bush Jr.	p. 265
The Role of State and Local Governments	p. 267
The Future of the NEC and Foreign Economics	p. 274
Decisionmaking Theory and Washington Politics	p. 276
Policymaking Stages	p. 277
Decisionmaking Models	p. 278
The Rational Actor Ideal	p. 278
Groupthink	p. 280
Governmental Politics	p. 282
Organizational Process	p. 284
The Two General Policymaking Levels	p. 290
Presidential Politics	p. 291
Bureaucratic Politics	p. 291
The Role of Personality, Beliefs, and Crises	p. 292
The World of Cognition and Images	p. 293
The Impact of Personality	p. 295
The Role of Crises	p. 298
The Washington Political Community	p. 299
The Complex Reality of Policymaking	p. 303
Congress and Interbranch Politics	p. 306
The Context of Congressional Foreign Policymaking	p. 307
The Constitutional Foundation of Foreign Policy	p. 307
The Courts, the Congress, and the Presidency	p. 308
Avenues for Congressional Influence	p. 311
The Historical Cyclical Pattern in Legislative-Executive Relations	p. 313
World War II and the Post-War Years	p. 314
Presidential Preeminence in the Cold War Era	p. 314
The Post-Vietnam Congressional Resurgence	p. 318
Congress after the Cold War	p. 325
Summary: from Deference to Assertiveness	p. 326
Contemporary Congressional Behavior in Four General Areas	p. 328
The War Powers	p. 328
Advice on and Consent to Appointments and Treaties	p. 331
The Power of the Purse and the Power to Make Laws	p. 335
The Power of Oversight and Investigation	p. 337
Congress and the Politics of Foreign Policy	p. 341
Into the Twenty-First Century	p. 345
The Society and Domestic Politics	p. 349
The Public and Its Beliefs	p. 350
The Old and New Consensus on Public Opinion	p. 351
The Traditional Wisdom	p. 351
The New Consensus: A More Complex and Consequential Public	p. 351
Public Opinion	p. 352
Elite and Mass Publics	p. 352
Major Patterns in Public Opinion	p. 354
Impact on Foreign Policy	p. 356
Political Ideology and Foreign Policy Orientations	p. 360
The Cold War Years of Consensus	p. 361
The Post-Vietnam Lack of Consensus	p. 365
The Continual Search for Consensus and Policy Legitimation	p. 375
Political Culture	p. 377
American Culture and National Style	p. 377
Foreign Policy Implications	p. 379
Continuity, Change, and the Vietnam War	p. 383
Summary: Patterns in Beliefs and Foreign Policymaking	p. 385
Civil Liberties and Political Participation Versus National Security	p. 389
Contemporary Political Participation	p. 390
Historical Background and Development	p. 391
The Preoccupation With National Security Versus Democratic Liberties	p. 392
World War I	p. 393
World War II	p. 394
The Cold War	p. 396
The Post-Vietnam War Resurgence of Civil Liberties	p. 401
The Continued American Dualism of Freedom and Intolerance Despite the End of the Cold War	p. 403
Implications of the September 11 Attacks and the War on Terrorism	p. 404
Electoral Politics	p. 412
The Election Surprises of 1992, 2000, and 2004	p. 413
Political Parties and the Electoral Process	p. 415
Electoral Patterns Over Time	p. 416
The New Deal Realignment	p. 416
The Period of Bipartisanship	p. 418
The Post-Vietnam Dealignment Era	p. 420
Foreign Policy Implications	p. 423
Contemporary Electoral and Campaign Politics	p. 425
Political and Future Consequences	p. 429
Group Politics	p. 434
Influence Strategies in Group Politics	p. 435
Social Movements, Group Origins and Development	p. 436
Group Politics During the Cold War	p. 438
Foreign Policy and Cold War-Oriented Groups	p. 438
The Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure	p. 442
The Foreign Policy Establishment	p. 446
The Rise of Movements of the Left and the Right	p. 448
The Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements	p. 448
The Resurgence of Conservative Movements and the Right	p. 449
Group Politics Since Vietnam to the Present	p. 452
Collapse of the Foreign Policy Establishment	p. 452
Expansion of Group Politics	p. 453
Continuation of the Military-Industrial-Scientific Infrastructure	p. 460
Group Politics in the Future	p. 467
The Media and the Communications Process	p. 470
The Conventional Wisdoms and the Complex Reality	p. 471
Foreign Policy Coverage Since World War II	p. 472
The Selectivity and Medium of Contemporary Coverage	p. 475
Explaining News Media Coverage	p. 478
Characteristics of the News Business	p. 478
The Role of Culture, Ideology, and Politics	p. 486
Summary of Implications for the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy	p. 496
Public Knowledge and Democratic Citizenship	p. 496
The Prevalence of Symbolic Politics	p. 498
The Entertainment Media	p. 501
The Alternative Media	p. 504
An Alternative Medium: The Internet	p. 508
Information, Ideas, Symbols, and Politics	p. 509
Recommended Media Sources for Contemporary Issues	p. 509
Conclusion	p. 513
Summarizing the Major Patterns, the Nature of Change, and the Future Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy	p. 514
Competing Theoretical Models	p. 515
Pluralism	p. 515
Elitism	p. 516
The Great Debate	p. 517
Hyperpluralism, Iron Triangles, and Issue Networks	p. 518
The Making of Foreign Policy Since World War II	p. 518
Pluralism and the Cold War Years	p. 519
From Elitism to Pluralism Since Vietnam	p. 520
Continuity in Hyperpluralist Politics and an Apolitical Mass Public	p. 525
Overall Contemporary Complexity and Convergence	p. 527
Foreign Policy Change	p. 528
9/11 and the Future	p. 530
Notes	p. 533
The U.S. Constitution Abridged, as It Pertains to U. S. Foreign Policy	p. 585
Recommended Websites	p. 587
Index	p. 591
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