Pollen Biology and Biotechnology

by Shivanna,K R

• ISBN13: 9781578082414
• ISBN10: 1578082412
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The author offers an overview of pollen biology and biotechnology for students and researchers in areas such as reproductive biology, biotechnology, aeropalynology, plant breeding, horticulture, and forestry. Citing more than 1,500 references to pollen research, the text covers topics including advances in understanding pollen tube growth, the use of pollen for gene transfer, and advantages and disadvantages of various pollination systems for production of species limits.

Table of Contents

Preface	vii
Part 1: Pollen Biology
Pollen Development	7	(19)
Differentiation of Anther Layers	7	(1)
Microsporogenesis	8	(5)
Initiation of Meiosis	8	(1)
Synthesis of Macromolecules	9	(1)
Cytoplasmic Reorganization	10	(1)
Syncytium and Isolation	10	(2)
Significance of Cytoplasmic Reorganization and Isolation	12	(1)
Microgametogenesis	13	(5)
Vegetative and Generative Cells	14	(2)
Sperm Cells	16	(1)
Dimorphism of sperm cells and organization of male germ unit	17	(1)
Tapetum	18	(4)
Secretory Tapetum	20	(1)
Plasmodial Tapetum	20	(1)
Tapetal Membrane	21	(1)
Role of Tapetum	21	(1)
Supply of nutrients to developing pollen	21	(1)
Breakdown of callose wall around microspore tetrads	21	(1)
Supply of sporopollenin precursors to pollen exine	22	(1)
Supply of pollen coat substances and exine proteins	22	(1)
Gene Expression during Anther Development	22	(1)
Transmission of Pathogens through Pollen	23	(1)
Pollen Maturation and Anther Dehiscence	23	(3)
Pollen Morphology and Aeropalynology	26	(19)
Pollen Morphology	26	(1)
Applications	26	(1)
Petroleum exploration	26	(1)
Archaeology	26	(1)
Criminology	26	(1)
Testing purity of honey	27	(1)
Three Domains of Pollen Wall	27	(2)
Intine	27	(1)
Exine	27	(2)
Pollen coat substances	29	(1)
Pollen Wall Morphogenesis	29	(4)
Control of exine pattern	31	(2)
Pollen wall proteins	33	(1)
Pollen Analysis	33	(7)
Pollen size and shape	33	(3)
Compound pollen	36	(1)
Polarity	37	(1)
Apertures	38	(1)
Exine sculpture	39	(1)
LO analysis	39	(1)
Aeropalynology	40	(5)
Allergic Response	41	(2)
Diagnostic Tests	43	(1)
Allergens	43	(1)
Biological Standardization of Allergens	44	(1)
Pollen Viability and Vigour	45	(16)
Pollen Viability	45	(11)
Tests for Viability	46	(1)
Fruit- and seed-set	46	(1)
Pollen germination and pollen tube growth in the pistil	47	(1)
Non-vital stains and other tests of limited use	47	(1)
Tetrazolium test	47	(2)
In-vitro germination test	49	(1)
Fluorescein diacetate test	49	(1)
Causes for Loss of Viability	50	(1)
Loss of membrane integrity	51	(2)
Quantitative changes in phospholipids	53	(1)
Phase transition and membrane integrity	53	(3)
Pollen Vigour	56	(2)
Tests for Vigour	56	(1)
In-vitro germination	56	(1)
Semivivo technique	57	(1)
In-vivo pollen germination and pollen tube growth	57	(1)
Effects of Environmental Stresses on Pollen Quality	58	(3)
In-vitro Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth	61	(16)
Germination Requirements	61	(5)
Hydration	61	(1)
Carbohydrate Source	62	(2)
Boron	64	(1)
Calcium	65	(1)
Effects of other Physical and Chemical Factors	66	(1)
Phases of Germination and Tube Growth	67	(6)
Lag Phase	67	(1)
Pollen Tube Emergence	68	(1)
Pollen Tube Growth	69	(1)
Role of cytoskeleton and calcium in tip growth	70	(2)
In-vitro vs in-vivo Tube Growth	72	(1)
Release of Metabolites	73	(1)
RNA and Protein Synthesis	73	(3)
In-vitro Pollen Germination Assay to Study the Effects of Toxic Chemicals	76	(1)
Pollen Sterility	77	(13)
Genic Male Sterility	77	(3)
Phenotypic Effects of GMS	77	(1)
Structural and Biochemical Changes	78	(2)
Hormonal Changes	80	(1)
Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod	80	(1)
Induction of Pollen Sterility through Recombinant DNA Technology	80	(2)
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility	82	(7)
Alterations in Mitochondrial Genome	84	(1)
Structural and Biochemical Changes	85	(2)
Mechanism of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility	87	(2)
Environmentally Induced Pollen Sterility	89	(1)
Chemically Induced Pollen Sterility	89	(1)
Pistil	90	(12)
Stigma	90	(3)
Style	93	(5)
Ovule and Embryo Sac	98	(4)
Pollination	102	(12)
Breeding Systems	104	(1)
Outbreeding Devices	104	(1)
Secondary Pollen Presentation	104	(1)
Pollen: Ovule Ratio	105	(1)
Modes of Pollination	105	(4)
Anemophily	105	(1)
Hydrophily	105	(1)
Zoophily	106	(3)
Evolutionary Significance of Insect Pollination	109	(1)
Floral Attractants and Rewards	110	(1)
Floral Thermogenicity	111	(1)
Pollen Travel and Gene Flow	111	(2)
Pollination Postulates	113	(1)
Pollination Efficiency	113	(1)
Pollen-Pistil Interaction and Fertilization	114	(26)
Significance of pollen-Pistil Interaction	114	(3)
Screening for Compatibility	115	(1)
Screening for Quality	115	(2)
Pollen Viability and Stigma Receptivity	117	(1)
Events on Stigma Surface	118	(2)
Pollen Adhesion and Hydration	118	(1)
Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Entry into Stigma	119	(1)
Pollination Stimulus	120	(1)
Pollen Tube Growth through Style	121	(4)
Regulation of Pollen Tube Number	124	(1)
Internal Geitonogamy	125	(1)
Pollen Tube Guidance	125	(5)
On Stigma Surface	127	(1)
In Ovary	128	(2)
Pollen Tube Entry into Ovule and Embryo Sac	130	(1)
Double Fertilization	131	(2)
Preferential Fertilization	131	(1)
Inheritance of Plastids	132	(1)
Positional Effect of Ovules	133	(1)
In-vitro Pollination and Fertilization	133	(7)
In-vitro Pollination	134	(1)
Pollination of cultured pistils	134	(1)
Pollination of cultured ovules	134	(3)
In-vitro Fertilization	137	(1)
Applications of in-vitro Pollination and Fertilization	138	(2)
Self-incompatibility	140	(27)
Evolution of SI	140	(1)
Homomorphic SI	141	(17)
Genetics	141	(3)
Cytology	144	(2)
Physiological and Biochemical Studies	146	(2)
Temporal Expression of SI	148	(1)
Operation of SI	149	(1)
Characterization of S-allele Products and S-alleles in Pistil	149	(1)
Sporophytic systems	149	(3)
Gametophytic systems	152	(1)
Papaver system	153	(1)
S-allele-specific components in pollen	153	(1)
Basis of S-allele Specificity	154	(1)
Mechanism of Pollen Recognition and Inhibition	154	(4)
Heteromorphic SI	158	(9)
Dimorphic Systems	158	(5)
Trimorphic Systems	163	(1)
Zone of Inhibition	163	(2)
Mechanism of Inhibition	165	(1)
Passive inhibition	165	(1)
Combination of passive and active inhibition	166	(1)
Interspecific Incompatibility	167	(14)
Prefertilization Barriers	167	(8)
Unilateral Incompatibility	167	(1)
Incongruity/Passive Inhibition	168	(2)
Mechanism of Passive Inhibition	170	(5)
Post-fertilization Barriers	175	(6)
Part II: Pollen Biotechnology
Optimization of Crop Yield	181	(5)
Enhancing Populations of Native Pollinators through Habitat Management	181	(1)
Use of Commercially Managed Pollinators	182	(2)
Spraying Pollinator Attractants on Target Crop	183	(1)
Introduction of Pollinators	184	(1)
Supplementary Pollination/Assisted Pollination	184	(2)
Commercial Production of Hybrid Seeds	186	(13)
Use of Genic Male Sterility	187	(2)
Vegetative/Micropropagation of Female Lines	188	(1)
Use of Phenotypic Markers	189	(1)
Environmental/Hormonal Induction of Male Fertility	189	(1)
Use of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility	189	(1)
Use of Self-incompatibility	190	(3)
Methods to Overcome SI	191	(2)
Selection of Lines with Strong SI Alleles	193	(1)
Transfer of SI Alleles to Self -compatible Species	193	(1)
Hybrid Seed Production in Monoecious Species	193	(1)
Manipulation of Sex-expression for Yield Improvement	194	(1)
Use of Pollen Sterility Induced through r-DNA Technology	194	(1)
Use of Pollen Sterility Induced through Chemical Hybridizing Agents	194	(2)
Proline Analogues	195	(1)
Phenyl Pyridazones	195	(1)
Phenylcinnoline Carboxylates	196	(1)
LY 195259	196	(1)
MON 21200	196	(1)
Potential of Apomixis in Hybrid Seed Technology	196	(3)
Transfer of Useful Genes to Crop Species	199	(20)
Use of Pollen for Identifying Plants with Desirable Genes	200	(2)
Production of Hybrids	202	(9)
Effective Techniques to Overcome Physical Barriers	203	(1)
Pollen storage	204	(2)
Effective Techniques to Overcome Prefertilization Barriers	206	(1)
Application of growth substances and other chemicals	207	(1)
Use of mentor pollen	208	(1)
Stump pollination	208	(1)
Stylar grafting	209	(1)
Bridge crosses	209	(1)
Bud pollination	210	(1)
Intraovarian pollination	210	(1)
In-vitro pollination of ovules	210	(1)
In-vitro fertilization	210	(1)
Methods to Overcome Post-fertilization Barriers	211	(1)
Multiplication of Hybrids	211	(1)
Identification of Hybrids at Seedling Stage	212	(1)
Induction of Amphiploidy	212	(1)
Handling of Backcross Generations	212	(3)
Application of selection pressure to pollen	213	(2)
Stabilization of Recombinants	215	(1)
Use of Pollen for Genetic Transformation	215	(4)
Mature Pollen Grains	216	(1)
Microspores and Microspore-derived Embryos	217	(2)
Induction of Haploids from Pollen Grains	219	(12)
Importance of Haploids	219	(1)
Production of Homozygous Diploids	219	(1)
Recovery of Novel Recombinants	219	(1)
Mutation Research	220	(1)
Model System to Study Embryogenesis	220	(1)
Production of Artificial Seeds and Genetic Transformation	220	(1)
Production of Haploids	220	(9)
Use of Genetic Lines	220	(1)
Chromosome Elimination	221	(1)
Culture of Anthers and Microspores	222	(1)
Optimal Conditions for Induction of Pollen Embryos	223	(2)
Pollen dimorphism	225	(1)
Diploidization	225	(1)
Developmental Pathways	225	(2)
Production of Haploids through Gynogenesis	227	(2)
Utilization of Haploids	229	(2)
Production of Other Economic Products	231	(6)
Pollen as Health Food Supplement	231	(1)
Pollen as Medicine	231	(2)
Pollen Grains/Pollen Allergens for Diagnosis and Therapy	233	(4)
Treatment of Pollen Allergy	233	(1)
Pollen Calendars	234	(3)
References	237	(48)
Index	285