Polymer Analysis/Polymer Theory

by Anantawaraskul, S.; Dusek, Karel; Kobayashi, Shiro; Aoki, H. (CON)

• ISBN13: 9783540255482
• ISBN10: 3540255486
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-11-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This series presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics and materials science. It is addressed to all scientists at universities and in industry who wish to keep abreast of advances in the topics covered. Impact Factor Ranking: Always number one in Polymer Science. More information as well as the electronic version of the whole content available at: www.springerlink.com

Table of Contents

Fractionation of Semicrystalline Polymers by Crystallization Analysis Fractionation and Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation	1	(54)
S. Anantawaraskul
J. B. P. Soares
P. M. Wood-Adams
Introduction	3	(3)
Theoretical Background	6	(5)
Thermodynamic Considerations for Homopolymer Solutions	6	(2)
Thermodynamic Considerations for Copolymer Solutions	8	(1)
Stockmayer's Bivariate Distribution	9	(2)
Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation	11	(15)
Basic Experimental Apparatus and Procedures	12	(2)
Effect of Chain Microstructures and Operation Conditions	14	(4)
Use of Tref to Estimate the CCD of Copolymers	18	(2)
Cross-Fractionation	20	(4)
Mathematical Modeling of Tref	24	(2)
Crystallization Analysis Fractionation	26	(14)
Basic Experimental Apparatus and Procedures	26	(3)
Comparison Between Crystaf and Other Characterization Techniques	29	(2)
Effect of Chain Microstructure	31	(1)
Effect of Molecular Weight	31	(2)
Effect of Comonomer Content	33	(1)
Effect of Comonomer Type	34	(1)
Effect of Cooling Rate	35	(1)
Effect of Cocrystallization	36	(4)
Crystaf Applications	40	(7)
Estimation of CC and CCD of Copolymers	40	(2)
Polymer Reaction Engineering	42	(3)
Analysis of Blend Compositions	45	(2)
Mathematical Modeling of Crystaf	47	(4)
Stockmayer's Bivariate Distribution Models	47	(1)
Monte Carlo Models	48	(3)
Conclusion and Future Trends	51	(4)
References	52	(3)
Chemical Composition of Polymer Surfaces Imaged by Atomic Force Microscopy and Complementary Approaches	55	(76)
G. J. Vancso
H. Hillborg
H. Schonherr
Introduction	56	(9)
The Scope of Atomic Force Microscopy in Polymer Surface Characterization	56	(4)
The Case and Need of Surface Treatment of Polymers	60	(1)
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Distributions of Functional Groups at Surfaces	60	(5)
How can Polymer Surfaces be Modified?	65	(4)
Plasma Treatment	65	(1)
UV-Radiation and UV-Laser Ablation	66	(2)
Electron/Ion Beam Treatment	68	(1)
Surface Grafting	68	(1)
Surface Patterns Originating from Physical Instabilities	69	(1)
Surface Tension and Surface Tension Models	69	(4)
Single Surface Tension Theories	70	(1)
Theories Based on Multi-Component Surface Tension Models	71	(1)
Contact Angle Hysteresis	72	(1)
Techniques to Measure Ensemble Average Distributions	73	(10)
Surface Forces	73	(4)
Adhesion Force and Work of Adhesion between Solids	77	(6)
Atomic Force Microscopy with Chemically Functionalized Tips (``Chemical Force Microscopy'', CFM)	83	(24)
The Case of Chemically Sensitive Imaging of Surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy	84	(1)
Atomic Force Microscopy	84	(1)
AFM-Based Force Measurements	85	(5)
AFM Probe Functionalization, Surface Imaging and Surface Chemistry	90	(4)
CFM on Polymers -- Friction and Pull-Off Force Imaging/Mapping	94	(1)
Friction Force Imaging	94	(3)
Pull-Off Force Imaging	97	(10)
Other Techniques to Image Chemical Functional Groups and their Lateral Distributions	107	(12)
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry	108	(3)
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy	111	(2)
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry	113	(2)
Raman Microspectroscopy	115	(3)
Near Field Scanning Optical Microscopy	118	(1)
Outlook	119	(12)
References	122	(9)
Nano-Imaging of Polymers by Optical Microscopy	131	(40)
S. Ito
H. Aoki
Introduction	132	(1)
Nano-Imaging with Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy	133	(14)
Instruments	133	(1)
Phase Separation Structures of Polymer Blends	134	(2)
Time Dependent Observation	136	(1)
Contrast	137	(1)
Observation of a Single Polymer	138	(3)
Single Molecule Spectroscopy	141	(2)
Recent Advances in Optical Microscopy	143	(4)
Nano-Imaging with Near Field Optics	147	(19)
Outlook of SNOM	147	(2)
Imaging of a Single Polymer Chain	149	(4)
Phase Separation Structure of Conjugated Polymers	153	(3)
Two-Dimensional Polymer Blends	156	(4)
Polymer Networks	160	(2)
Development of SNOM	162	(4)
Summary	166	(5)
References	166	(5)
Generalized Gaussian Structures: Models for Polymer Systems with Complex Topologies	171	(112)
A. A. Gurtovenko
A. Blumen
Introduction	172	(3)
Generalized Gaussian Structures: The Model	175	(2)
Target Dynamical Quantities	177	(11)
Mechanical Viscoelastic Relaxation	177	(1)
Dynamical Shear Modulus (Storage and Loss Moduli) and Viscosity	177	(4)
Time--Dependent Relaxation Modulus and Relaxation Spectrum	181	(2)
Dielectric Relaxation	183	(3)
Displacement of Monomers under External Forces	186	(2)
Historical Retrospective: The Linear Rouse Chain	188	(7)
50 Years of the Rouse Model	188	(4)
Successes and Limitations of the Rouse Approach: Comparison with the Zimm and the Reptation Pictures	192	(3)
Regular Mesh-Like Polymer Networks	195	(18)
Regular Network Models for Cooperative Interchain Relaxation	196	(1)
3-D Model Networks	196	(4)
2-D Model Networks	200	(2)
Topologically-Regular Networks Built from Rouse Chains: Exactly Solvable Models	202	(1)
Topologically-Cubic Networks	202	(7)
Topologically-Square Networks	209	(1)
Regular Networks Built from Complex Cells of Arbitrary Internal Topology	210	(3)
Fractal Polymer Networks	213	(9)
General Approach: Generalized Viscoelastic Models	213	(4)
A Simple Fractal Network: The Ladder Model	217	(2)
Dual Sierpinski Gasket Structures	219	(3)
Heterogeneous Polymer Networks	222	(14)
Monodisperse Random Nets	223	(2)
Small-World Rouse Networks	225	(3)
Polymer Networks with Random (Nonfractal) Heterogeneities: Localization Effects	228	(2)
Polydisperse Polymer Networks: Length Distribution of Network Strands	230	(1)
Inhomogeneous Polymer Networks Consisting of Domains of Different Sizes	231	(1)
General Approach for Describing Cross-Linked Polymers Consisting of Cross-Link Agglomerations	231	(3)
Mesh-Like Inhomogeneous Polymer Networks	234	(1)
Inhomogeneously Cross-Linked Polymeric Gels	234	(2)
Dendritic Polymers	236	(19)
Tree-Like Networks	236	(1)
Tree-Like Gaussian Structures	236	(3)
Tree-Like Networks Built from Rouse Chains	239	(3)
Trifunctional Dendrimers	242	(4)
Generalized Dendrimers	246	(6)
Side-Chain Dendritic Polymers	252	(3)
Hyperbranched Polymers	255	(13)
Randomly-Branched Polymers	256	(6)
Comblike Polymers	262	(2)
Regular Hyperbranched Polymers	264	(4)
Hybrid Polymer Structures	268	(8)
Regular Structures Constructed From Small-World Rouse Networks	268	(3)
Polymer Networks Bearing Dendritic Wedges	271	(2)
Dendrimer-Based Polymer Networks	273	(3)
Conclusions	276	(7)
References	277	(6)
Author Index Volumes 101-182	283	(22)
Subject Index	305