Portable Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing

by Kirszner, Laurie G.; Mandell, Stephen R.

• ISBN13: 9781413022810
• ISBN10: 1413022812
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-03-30
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Designed for literature classes that only need the essentials, The PORTABLE LITERATURE: READING, REACTING, WRITING, Sixth Edition is the affordable, portable alternative to full length-or even compact-introduction to literature texts.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxiv
PART 1 A GUIDE TO WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE	1	(70)
1 READING AND WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE	3	(34)
Reading Literature	3	(4)
Previewing	3	(1)
Highlighting	4	(1)
Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols	5	(1)
Maya Angelou, My Arkansas	5	(2)
Annotating	6	(1)
Writing about Literature	7	(30)
Planning an Essay	8	(6)
Drafting an Essay	14	(1)
Revising and Editing an Essay	15	(7)
Checklist: Using Sources	20	(1)
Checklist: Conventions of Writing about Literature	21	(1)
Three Model Student Papers	22	(15)
Student Paper: "The Secret Lion": Everything Changes	23	(4)
Student Paper: Digging for Memories	27	(4)
Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles	31	(6)
2 WRITING LITERARY ARGUMENTS	37	(16)
Planning a Literary Argument	37	(3)
Choosing a Debatable Topic	37	(1)
Developing an Argumentative Thesis	38	(1)
Defining Your Terms	38	(1)
Considering Your Audience	39	(1)
Refuting Opposing Arguments	39	(1)
Using Evidence Effectively	40	(3)
Supporting Your Literary Argument	40	(1)
Establishing Credibility	40	(2)
Being Fair	42	(1)
Using Visuals as Evidence	43	(1)
Organizing a literary Argument	43	(10)
Sample Student Paper: Writing a Literary Argument	44	(9)
Student Paper: The Politics of "Everyday Use"	45	(8)
3 DOCUMENTING SOURCES AND AVOIDING PLAGIARISM	53	(18)
Avoiding Plagiarism	53	(3)
Document All Material That Requires Documentation	54	(1)
Enclose Borrowed Words in Quotation Marks	54	(1)
Do Not Imitate a Source's Syntax and Phrasing	55	(1)
Differentiate Your Words from Those of Your Source	55	(1)
Checklist: Plagiarism and Internet Sources	56	(1)
Documenting Sources	56	(4)
Parenthetical References in the Text	56	(17)
Checklist: Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References	57	(3)
The Works-Cited List	60	(9)
Content Notes	69	(2)
PART 2 FICTION	71	(366)
4 UNDERSTANDING FICTION	73	(12)
Origins of Modern Fiction	73	(6)
The History of the Novel	74	(4)
The History of the Short Story	78	(1)
Defining the Short Story	79	(5)
Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants	79	(5)
Recognizing Kinds of fiction	84	(1)
5 FICTION SAMPLER: THE SHORT-SHORT	85	(15)
Gary Gildner, Sleepy Time Gal	86	(2)
Jonathan Safran Foer, A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease	88	(5)
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings	93	(3)
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl	96	(1)
Amanda Holzer, Love and Other Catastrophes: A Mix Tape	97	(1)
Monica Ware, Mislaid Plans	98	(2)
6 PLOT	100	(25)
Conflict	100	(1)
Stages of Plot	101	(1)
Order and Sequence	102	(20)
Checklist: Writing about Plot	103	(1)
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour	103	(4)
Stephen Dobyns, Kansas	107	(6)
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily	113	(9)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Plot	122	(3)
7 CHARACTER	125	(29)
Round and Flat Characters	125	(1)
Dynamic and Static Characters	126	(1)
Motivation	127	(26)
Checklist: Writing about Character	127	(1)
John Updike, A&P	128	(6)
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill	134	(5)
Charles Baxter, Gryphon	139	(14)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Character	153	(1)
8 SETTING	154	(28)
Historical Setting	155	(1)
Geographical Setting	155	(1)
Physical Setting	156	(25)
Checklist: Writing about Setting	157	(1)
Kate Chopin, The Storm	158	(5)
Sherman J. Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona	163	(10)
Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing	173	(8)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Setting	181	(1)
9 POINT OF VIEW	182	(43)
First-Person Narrators	182	(3)
Unreliable Narrators	183	(2)
Third-Person Narrators	185	(2)
Omniscient Narrators	185	(1)
Limited Omniscient Narrators	186	(1)
Objective Narrators	187	(1)
Selecting an Appropriate Point of View	187	(37)
Checklist: Selecting an Appropriate Point of View: Review	190	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Point of View	191	(1)
Richard Wright, Big Black Good Man	191	(12)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado	203	(6)
William Faulkner, Barn Burning	209	(15)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Point of View	224	(1)
10 STYLE, TONE, AND LANGUAGE	225	(1)
Style and Tone	225	(1)
The Uses of Language	225	(2)
Formal and Informal Diction	227	(2)
Imagery	229	(1)
Figures of Speech	230	(36)
Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language	231	(1)
James Joyce, Araby	231	(7)
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find	238	(13)
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried	251	(15)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Style, Tone, and Language	266	(1)
11 SYMBOL, ALLEGORY, AND MYTH	267	(1)
Symbol	267	(2)
Literary Symbols	268	(1)
Recognizing Symbols	269	(1)
Allegory	269	(2)
Myth	271	(42)
Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, and Myth	273	(1)
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery	273	(8)
Alice Walker, Everyday Use	281	(8)
Raymond Carver, Cathedral	289	(13)
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown	302	(11)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Symbol, Allegory, and Myth	313	(1)
12 THEME	314	(1)
Interpreting Themes	315	(1)
Identifying Themes	316	(36)
Checklist: Writing about Theme 318
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path	319	(7)
David Michael Kaplan, Doe Season	326	(13)
D.H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner	339	(13)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Theme	352	(1)
13 FICTION FOR FURTHER READING	353	(1)
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson	353	(6)
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake	359	(8)
Gabriel Garcia Márquez, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings	367	(5)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper	372	(12)
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?	384	(13)
Flannery O'Connor, Everything That Rises Must Converge	397	(12)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart	409	(3)
Alberto Alvaro Rios, The Secret Lion	412	(4)
Amy Tan, Two Kinds	416	(9)
Hisaye Yamamoto, Seventeen Syllables	425	(12)
PART 3 POETRY	437	(1)
14 UNDERSTANDING POETRY	439	(270)
Marianne Moore, Poetry	439	(1)
Nikki Giovanni, Poetry	440	(1)
Origins of Modern Poetry	441	(6)
Bob Holman, 6 Short Poems	446	(1)
Defining Poetry	447	(3)
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold	448	(1)
Louis Zukofsky, I walk in the old street	448	(1)
E.E. Cummings, I(a	449	(1)
Recognizing Kinds of Poetry	450	(4)
Narrative Poetry	450	(1)
Lyric Poetry	450	(2)
15 POETRY SAMPLER: VISUAL POETRY	452	(7)
George Herbert, Easter Wings	454	(1)
May Swenson, Women	455	(1)
Greg Williamson, Group Photo with Winter Trees	455	(1)
Charles Bernstein, this poem intentionally left blank	456	(1)
Ian Hamilton Finlay, Acrobats	456	(1)
Reed Altemus and Jim Leftwich, Flake upper phase	457	(1)
Bob Grumman, Mathemaku No. 10	458	(1)
16 VOICE	459	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I'm nobody! Who are you?	459	(1)
The Speaker in the Poem	459	(12)
Louise Glück, Gretel in Darkness	460	(2)
Leonard Adamé, My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum	462	(2)
Langston Hughes, Negro	464	(1)
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess	465	(2)
FURTHER READING: The Speaker in the Poem	467	(1)
Leslie Marmon Silko, Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer	467	(1)
Janice Mirikitani, Suicide Note	468	(2)
Pat Mora, Veiled	470	(1)
The Tone of the Poem	471	(8)
Robert Frost, Fire and Ice	471	(1)
Thomas Hardy, The Man He Killed	472	(1)
Amy Lowell, Patterns	473	(3)
FURTHER READING: The Tone of the Poem	476	(1)
Adam Zagajewski, Try to Praise the Mutilated World	476	(1)
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us	477	(1)
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time	478	(1)
Irony	479	(9)
Robert Browning, Porphyria's Lover	480	(2)
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias	482	(1)
Ariel Dorfman, Hope	482	(2)
FURTHER READING: Irony	484	(1)
W.H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen	484	(2)
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham	486	(3)
Checklist: Writing about Voice	487	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Voice	488	(1)
17 WORD CHOICE, WORD ORDER	489	(1)
Sipho Sepamla, Words, Words, Words	489	(1)
Word Choice	490	(8)
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer	491	(1)
William Stafford, For the Grave of Daniel Boone	492	(2)
FURTHER READING: Word Choice	494	(1)
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin	494	(2)
E.E. Cummings, in Just-	496	(1)
Robert Pinsky, ABC	497	(1)
Levels of Diction	498	(7)
Margaret Atwood, The City Planners	498	(2)
Jim Sagel, Baca Grande	500	(2)
FURTHER READING: Levels of Diction	502	(1)
Wanda Coleman, Sears Life	502	(1)
Mark Halliday, The Value of Education	503	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool	504	(1)
Word Order	505	(5)
Edmund Spenser, One day I wrote her name upon the strand	505	(2)
E.E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town	507	(1)
FURTHER READING: Word Order	508	(1)
A.E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young	508	(8)
Checklist: Writing about Word Choice and Word Order	509	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Word Choice, Word Order	510	(1)
18 IMAGERY	511	(1)
Jane Flanders, Cloud Painter	511	(2)
William Carlos Williams, Red Wheelbarrow	513	(1)
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro	514	(1)
Gary Snyder, Some Good Things to Be Said for the Iron Age	515	(1)
Suzanne E. Berger, The Meal	515	(1)
William Carlos Williams, The Great Figure	516	(2)
FURTHER READING: Imagery	518	(1)
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay	518	(1)
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun	519	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Imagery	520	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Imagery	520	(1)
19 FIGURES OF SPEECH	521	(1)
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?	521	(1)
Simile, Metaphor, and Personification	522	(9)
Langston Hughes, Harlem	522	(1)
Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Constantly Risking Absurdity	523	(1)
Audre Lorde, Rooming houses are old women	524	(2)
FURTHER READING: Simile, Metaphor, and Personification	526	(1)
Robert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red rose	526	(1)
N. Scott Momaday, Simile	526	(1)
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors	527	(1)
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner	528	(1)
Marge Mercy, The Secretary Chant	529	(1)
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning	530	(1)
Hyperbole and Understatement	531	(10)
Sylvia Plath, Daddy	532	(3)
David Huddle, Holes Commence Falling	535	(1)
FURTHER READING: Hyperbole and Understatement	536	(1)
Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband	536	(1)
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress	537	(2)
Robert Frost, "Out, Out—"	539	(2)
Margaret Atwood, you fit into me	541	(1)
Metonymy and Synecdoche	541	(1)
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta Going to the Wars	542	(1)
Apostrophe	542	(3)
Sonia Sanchez, On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa.	542	(1)
FURTHER READING: Apostrophe	543	(1)
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California	543	(4)
Checklist: Writing about Figures of Speech	545	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Figures of Speech	545	(2)
20 SOUND	547	(1)
Walt Whitman, Had I the Choice	547	(1)
Rhythm	547	(2)
Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud	548	(1)
Meter	549	(7)
Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles—	552	(3)
FURTHER READING: Rhythm and Meter	555	(1)
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers	555	(1)
Alliteration and Assonance	556	(2)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle	557	(1)
Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder	557	(1)
Rhyme	558	(10)
Ogden Nash, The Lama	559	(1)
Richard Wilbur, A Sketch	559	(2)
FURTHER READING: Alliteration, Assonance, and Rhyme	561	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty	561	(1)
W.H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening	562	(2)
Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating	564	(1)
Robert Francis, Pitcher	565	(1)
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky	566	(3)
Checklist: Writing about Sound	567	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Sound	568	(1)
21 FORM	569	(2)
John Keats, On the Sonnet	569	(1)
Billy Collins, Sonnet	569	(2)
Closed Form	571	(16)
Blank Verse	572	(1)
Stanza	572	(1)
The Sonnet	573	(1)
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes	574	(1)
FURTHER READING: The Sonnet	575	(1)
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer	575	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks, First Fight. Then Fiddle	576	(1)
Mona Van Duyn, Minimalist Sonnet: Summer Virus	577	(1)
The Sestina	578	(1)
Alberto Alvaro Rios, Nani	578	(1)
FURTHER READING: The Sestina	579	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina	579	(2)
The Villanelle	581	(1)
Theodore Roethke, The Waking	581	(1)
The Epigram	582	(1)
FURTHER READING: The Epigram	582	(1)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram?	582	(1)
William Blake, Her Whole Life Is an Epigram	582	(1)
Martin Espada, Why I Went to College	583	(1)
Haiku	583	(1)
FURTHER READING: Haiku	584	(1)
Matsuo Basho, Four Haiku	584	(1)
Carolyn Kizer, After Bashi	584	(1)
José Juan Tablada, Haiku	585	(1)
Jack Kerouac, American Haiku	585	(2)
Open Form	587	(8)
Carl Sandburg, Chicago	588	(1)
E.E. Cummings, the sky was can dy	589	(1)
FURTHER READING: Open Form	590	(1)
Walt Whitman, from "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking"	590	(1)
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All	591	(2)
Carolyn Forché The Colonel	593	(4)
Checklist: Writing about Form	594	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Form	595	(2)
22 SYMBOL, ALLEGORY, ALLUSION, MYTH	597	(1)
William Blake, The Sick Rose	597	(1)
Symbol	597	(8)
Robert Frost, For Once, Then, Something	598	(1)
Jim Simmerman, Child's Grave, Hale County, Alabama	599	(2)
Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes be in Sicily	601	(1)
FURTHER READING: Symbol	601	(1)
Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven	601	(4)
Allegory	605	(4)
Christina Rossetti, Uphill	606	(1)
FURTHER READING: Allegory	606	(1)
Adrienne Rich, Diving into the Wreck	606	(3)
Allusion	609	(4)
Wole Soyinka, Future Plans	610	(1)
William Meredith, Dreams of Suicide	611	(1)
FURTHER READING: Allusion	612	(1)
Maxine Kumin, Where Any of Us	612	(1)
Myth	613	(7)
Countee Cullen, Yet Do I Marvel	614	(1)
FURTHER READING: Myth	615	(1)
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan	615	(1)
W.H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts	616	(1)
T.S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi	617	(4)
Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth	619	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth	620	(1)
23 DISCOVERING THEMES IN POETRY	621	(1)
Poems about Parents	621	(7)
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz	622	(1)
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays	623	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay, The courage that my mother had	623	(1)
Seamus Heaney, Digging	624	(1)
Raymond Carver, Photograph of my Father in His Twenty-Second Year	625	(1)
Mitsuye Yamada, The Night Before Good-bye	625	(1)
Wanda Coleman, Dear Mama	626	(1)
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night	627	(1)
Poems about Nature	628	(6)
William Wordsworth, I wandered lonely as a cloud	628	(1)
Christina Rossetti, Summer	629	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover	630	(1)
Robert Frost, Birches	631	(1)
William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark	632	(1)
Joy Harjo, Morning Song	633	(1)
Richard Wilbur, In Trackless Woods	633	(1)
Poems about Love	634	(3)
Robert Browning, Meeting at Night	635	(1)
Robert Browning, Parting at Morning	635	(1)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee?	635	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay, What Lips My Lips Have Kissed	636	(1)
Dorothy Parker, General Review of the Sex Situation	636	(1)
Poems about War	637	(7)
Rupert Brooke, The Soldier	638	(1)
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est	638	(1)
Robert Lowell, For the Union Dead	639	(2)
Denise Levertov, What Were They Like?	641	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It	642	(1)
Wislawa Szymborska, The End and the Beginning	643	(1)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Discovering Themes in Poetry	644	(1)
24 POETRY FOR FURTHER READING	645	(66)
Sherman J. Alexie, Defending Walt Whitman	645	(2)
Maya Angelou, Africa	647	(1)
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan	647	(2)
Anonymous, Go Down Moses	649	(1)
Anonymous, Western Wind	650	(1)
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach	650	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish	651	(2)
William Blake, The Lamb	653	(1)
William Blake, To see a World in a Grain of Sand	653	(1)
William Blake, The Tyger	653	(1)
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book	654	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks, Medgar Evers	655	(1)
George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty	655	(1)
Thomas Campion, There is a garden in her face	656	(1)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan	657	(1)
Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry	658	(1)
Hart Crane, To Brooklyn Bridge	659	(1)
E.E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill's	660	(1)
E.E. Cummings, next to of course god america i	660	(1)
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death—	661	(1)
Emily Dickinson, "Faith" is a fine invention	662	(1)
Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz—when I died—	662	(1)
John Donne, Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God	662	(1)
John Donne, Death Be Not Proud	663	(1)
John Donne, The Flea	663	(1)
Rita Dove, Fox Trot Fridays	664	(1)
Paul Laurence Dunbar, We Wear the Mask	665	(1)
T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	665	(4)
Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways	669	(1)
Robert Frost, Mending Wall	670	(1)
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken	671	(1)
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening	672	(1)
H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), Helen	672	(1)
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain	673	(1)
Seamus Heaney, Mid-Term Break	674	(1)
Edward Hirsch, Fast Break	675	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur	676	(1)
Langston Hughes, Theme for English B	677	(1)
Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers	678	(1)
John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad	679	(1)
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn	680	(2)
John Keats, When I Have Fears	682	(1)
Aron Keesbury, On the Robbery across the Street	682	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa, Ignis Fatuus	683	(1)
Ted Kooser, Selecting a Reader	684	(1)
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica	685	(1)
Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love	685	(1)
Claude McKay, If We Must Die	686	(1)
James Merrill, Page from the Koran	687	(1)
Pablo Neruda, The United Fruit Co.	687	(1)
Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys' Party	688	(1)
Marge Piercy, Barbie Doll	689	(1)
Robert Pinsky, Shirt	690	(1)
Sylvia Plath, Mirror	691	(1)
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter	692	(1)
Sir Walter Raleigh, The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd	693	(1)
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts	694	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory	695	(1)
Sonia Sanchez, right on: white america	695	(1)
Carl Sandburg, Fog	696	(1)
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds	696	(1)
William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments	697	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind	697	(3)
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar	700	(1)
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream	700	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses	701	(2)
Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America	703	(1)
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider	703	(1)
Walt Whitman, from "Song of Myself"	703	(2)
William Wordsworth, London, 1802	705	(1)
William Wordsworth, My heart leaps up when I behold	705	(1)
William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop	706	(1)
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree	706	(1)
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium	707	(1)
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming	708	(1)
PART 4 DRAMA	709	(1)
25 UNDERSTANDING DRAMA	711
Origins of Modern Drama	711	(9)
The Ancient Greek Theater	711	(2)
The Elizabethan Theater	713	(3)
The Modern Theater	716	(4)
A Note on Translations	720	(2)
Reading Drama	722	(1)
Anton Chekhov, The Brute	723	(12)
26 DRAMA SAMPLER: TEN-MINUTE PLAYS	735	(1)
Jane Martin, Beauty	736	(5)
José Rivera, Tape	741	(4)
Arlene Hutton, I Dream Before I Take the Stand	745	(15)
Warren Leight, Nine Ten	760	(6)
27 PLOT	766	(1)
Plot Structure	766	(2)
Plot and Subplot	767	(1)
Plot Development	768	(72)
Flashbacks	769	(1)
Foreshadowing	769	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Plot	769	(1)
Susan Glaspell, Trifles	770	(13)
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House	783	(57)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Plot	840	(1)
28 CHARACTER	841	(1)
Characters' Words	842	(5)
Formal and Informal Language	844	(1)
Plain and Elaborate Language	844	(2)
Tone	846	(1)
Irony	846	(1)
Characters' Actions	847	(1)
Stage Directions	848	(2)
Actors' Interpretations	850	(191)
Checklist: Writing about Character	851	(1)
August Strindberg, The Stronger	852	(6)
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman	858	(76)
William Shakespeare, Hamlet	934	(107)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Character	1041	(1)
29 STAGING	1042	(1)
Stage Directions	1042	(2)
The Uses of Staging	1044	(2)
Costumes	1044	(1)
Props and Furnishings	1044	(1)
Scenery and Lighting	1045	(1)
Music and Sound Effects	1046	(1)
A Final Note	1046	(44)
Checklist: Writing about Staging	1047	(1)
Sophocles, Oedipus the King	1047	(43)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Staging	1090	(1)
30 THEME	1091	(1)
Titles	1091	(1)
Conflicts	1092	(1)
Dialogue	1093	(1)
Characters	1093	(1)
Staging	1094	(1)
A Final Note	1095	(109)
Checklist: Writing about Theme	1095	(1)
August Wilson, Fences	1096	(55)
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie	1151	(53)
WRITING SUGGESTIONS: Theme	1204
Credits	C1
Index of First Lines of Poetry	I1
Index of Authors and Titles	I4
Index of Literary Terms	I11