Portuguese: An Essential Grammar

by Hutchinson,Amelia P.

• ISBN13: 9780415308175
• ISBN10: 0415308178
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2003-10-20
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

This new edition ofPortuguese: An Essential Grammaris a practical reference guide to the most important aspects of modern Portuguese. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language that combines traditional and function-based grammar. The book sets out the complexities of Portuguese in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear and free from jargon. Throughout, the emphasis is on Portuguese as used by native speakers around the world. The Grammar is the ideal reference source for the learner and user of Portuguese. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. This second edition features: Coverage of both European and Brazilian Portuguese and information on the lexical differences between the two Detailed contents list and index for easy access to information Full use of authentic examples Coverage of traditional grammar and languagefunctions New section on the history and culture of the Portuguese-speaking world

Table of Contents

Foreword to first edition	xiv
Acknowledgments	xvi
Foreword to second edition	xviii
How to use this book	xx
PART I: AN ESSENTIAL GRAMMAR	1	(130)
Chapter 1 Pronunciation and spelling	3	(6)
1.1 Vowels	3	(1)
1.2 Consonants	4	(2)
1.3 Diphthongs	6	(1)
1.4 Stress	7	(1)
1.5 Accents	8	(1)
Chapter 2 Nouns	9	(15)
2.1 Gender I: masculine and feminine	9	(2)
2.2 Gender II: forming the feminine	11	(4)
2.3 Number: forming the plural	15	(3)
2.4 Diminutives and augmentatives	18	(3)
2.5 Compound nouns	21	(1)
2.6 Collective nouns	22	(2)
Chapter 3 Articles	24	(8)
3.1 Definite article	24	(1)
3.2 Use of the definite article	24	(1)
3.3 Omission of the definite article	25	(2)
3.4 Contraction of the definite article	27	(1)
3.5 Indefinite article	28	(1)
3.6 Use of the indefinite article	29	(1)
3.7 Omission of the indefinite article	30	(1)
3.8 Contraction of the indefinite article	30	(2)
Chapter 4 Adjectives	32	(11)
4.1 Gender	32	(2)
4.2 Number	34	(2)
4.3 Degree	36	(4)
4.4 Agreement	40	(1)
4.5 Position in the sentence	41	(2)
Chapter 5 Pronouns	43	(21)
5.1 Personal pronouns	43	(10)
5.2 Possessive pronouns and adjectives	53	(2)
5.3 Demonstrative pronouns	55	(2)
5.4 Relative pronouns	57	(3)
5.5 Interrogative pronouns	60	(2)
5.6 Indefinite pronouns and adjectives	62	(2)
Chapter 6 Numerals	64	(4)
6.1 Cardinal, ordinal and multiplicative numbers	64	(2)
6.2 Collective numerals	66	(1)
6.3 Use of the conjunction e with numerals	66	(1)
6.4 Roman numerals	67	(1)
Chapter 7 Verbs	68	(39)
7.1 Moods and tenses	68	(1)
7.2 Indicative mood	69	(13)
7.3 Subjunctive mood	82	(8)
7.4 Imperative mood	90	(1)
7.5 Infinitive	91	(2)
7.6 Present participle	93	(1)
7.7 Compound infinitive and compound present participle	94	(1)
7.8 Past participle	94	(1)
7.9 Passive voice	95	(3)
7.10 Auxiliary verbs	98	(5)
7.11 Impersonal, unipersonal and defective verbs	103	(1)
7.12 Reflexive verbs	104	(2)
7.13 Changing vowel sounds in verbal conjugation	106	(1)
Chapter 8 Adverbs	107	(4)
8.1 Uses of the adverb	107	(1)
8.2 Adverbs in -mente	108	(1)
8.3 Other adverbs	109	(1)
8.4 Position	109	(1)
8.5 Degree	110	(1)
Chapter 9 Conjunctions	111	(5)
9.1 Co-ordinating conjunctions	111	(2)
9.2 Subordinating conjunctions	113	(3)
Chapter 10 Prepositions	116	(3)
10.1 Most commonly used prepositions	116	(1)
10.2 Prepositional phrases	116	(1)
10.3 Contraction of preposition + article or pronoun	117	(1)
10.4 Verbs followed by a preposition	117	(2)
Chapter 11 Additional notes on Portuguese usage	119	(12)
11.1 Gente/a gente	119	(1)
11.2 Tudo/todo	119	(1)
11.3 Por/para	120	(1)
11.4 Alpara	121	(1)
11.5 Desde ... até/de ... a	121	(1)
11.6 Próximo/seguinte	122	(1)
11.7 Tao/tanto	122	(1)
11.8 Affirmative/negative	123	(1)
11.9 Ainda/já	123	(1)
11.10 Prepositions of time	124	(1)
11.11 Prepositions with means of transport	124	(1)
11.12 Word order	125	(3)
11.13 Ser/estar	128	(3)
PART II: LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS	131	(72)
Chapter 12 Socializing	133	(18)
12.1 General greetings	133	(1)
12.2 Taking leave	134	(1)
12.3 Greeting/taking leave according to time of day	135	(1)
12.4 Attracting attention	136	(2)
12.5 Seasonal greetings	138	(1)
12.6 Personal greetings	138	(1)
12.7 Congratulations	138	(1)
12.8 Good wishes	139	(1)
12.9 Introductions	139	(1)
12.10 Forms of address	140	(4)
12.11 Talking about one's health	144	(2)
12.12 Places and locations	146	(2)
12.13 Talking about the weather	148	(3)
Chapter 13 Exchanging factual information	151	(14)
13.1 Identifying people	151	(3)
13.2 Identifying things	154	(1)
13.3 Asking for information	155	(2)
13.4 Reporting, describing and narrating	157	(3)
13.5 Letter writing	160	(3)
13.6 Correcting assumptions	163	(2)
Chapter 14 Getting things done	165	(10)
14.1 Suggesting a course of action	165	(1)
14.2 Offering to do something	166	(1)
14.3 Requesting others to do something	166	(1)
14.4 Inviting others to do something	167	(1)
14.5 Asking for and giving advice	167	(1)
14.6 Warning others	168	(1)
14.7 Instructing others to do/not to do something	169	(1)
14.8 Requesting assistance	170	(1)
14.9 Stating and finding out whether something is compulsory	171	(1)
14.10 Seeking, giving, refusing permission	172	(1)
14.11 Expressing and finding out about need	172	(1)
14.12 Enquiring and expressing intention, want or desire	173	(2)
Chapter 15 Finding out and expressing intellectual attitudes	175	(10)
15.1 Agreement and disagreement	175	(2)
15.2 Knowing something or someone	177	(1)
15.3 Remembering something or someone	178	(1)
15.4 Possibility and impossibility	179	(2)
15.5 Logical conclusions	181	(1)
15.6 Incomprehension and clarification	182	(1)
15.7 Certainty and uncertainty	183	(2)
Chapter 16 Judgement and evaluation	185	(18)
16.1 Expressing pleasure or liking	185	(1)
16.2 Expressing displeasure or dislike	186	(1)
16.3 Enquiring about pleasure/displeasure, liking/dislike	187	(1)
16.4 Enquiring about and expressing interest/lack of interest	188	(1)
16.5 Expressing surprise	189	(1)
16.6 Expressing hope	190	(1)
16.7 Enquiring about and expressing satisfaction/dissatisfaction	191	(1)
16.8 Expressing disappointment	192	(1)
16.9 Enquiring about and expressing worry or fear	192	(2)
16.10 Enquiring about and expressing preference	194	(1)
16.11 Expressing gratitude	194	(1)
16.12 Expressing sympathy	195	(1)
16.13 Expressing happiness and unhappiness	196	(1)
16.14 Apologizing	196	(1)
16.15 Enquiring about and expressing approval/disapproval	197	(1)
16.16 Expressing appreciation	198	(1)
16.17 Expressing regret	199	(1)
16.18 Expressing indifference	200	(1)
16.19 Accusing	200	(1)
16.20 Enquiring about and expressing capability/incapability	201	(2)
PART III: BRAZILIAN VARIANTS	203	(34)
Chapter 17 Brazilian essential grammar and language functions	205	(1)
Chapter B1 Pronunciation and spelling	206	(4)
B1.1 Vowels	208	(1)
B1.1.1 Oral vowels	208	(1)
B1.2 Consonants	209	(1)
B1.3 Diphthongs	209	(1)
B1.3.2 Nasal diphthongs	209	(1)
Chapter B2 Nouns	210	(1)
B2.4 Diminutives and augmentatives	210	(1)
B2.4.1 Diminutives	210	(1)
B2.4.3 Preferred diminutives	210	(1)
Chapter B3 Articles	211	(1)
B3.2 Use of the definite article	211	(1)
B3.2.1 With first names	211	(1)
B3.2.2 With titles	211	(1)
B3.2.5 Before possessive adjectives	211	(1)
Chapter B4 Adjectives	212	(1)
B4.1.1.2 Adjectives ending in -eu	212	(1)
B4.3 Degree	212	(1)
B4.3.1 The comparative	212	(1)
B4.3.3 Special comparative and superlative forms	212	(1)
Chapter B5 Pronouns	213	(5)
B5.1 Personal pronouns	213	(3)
B5.1.1 Subject pronouns	213	(1)
B5.1.2 Direct object pronouns	213	(2)
B5.1.3 Indirect object pronouns	215	(1)
B5.1.5 Prepositional pronouns	215	(1)
B5.1.6 Reflexive pronouns	216	(1)
B5.2 Possessive pronouns and adjectives	216	(2)
B5.2.1 Possessive adjectives	217	(1)
B5.2.2 Possessive pronouns	217	(1)
Chapter B6 Numerals	218	(1)
B6.1 Cardinal, ordinal and multiplicative numbers	218	(1)
Chapter B7 Verbs	219	(2)
B7.4 Imperative mood	219	(1)
B7.4.1 Conjugation	219	(1)
B7.6 Present participle	219	(1)
B7.12 Reflexive verbs	219	(2)
Chapter B10 Prepositions	221	(1)
B10.4 Verbs followed by a preposition	221	(1)
Chapter B11 Additional notes on Brazilian Portuguese usage	222	(2)
B11.1 Gente/a gente	222	(1)
B11.4 Alpara	222	(1)
B11.11 Prepositions with means of transport	222	(1)
B11.12 Word order	223	(1)
B11.12.1 Pronouns and verbs	223	(1)
B11.12.5 Adverbs	223	(1)
Chapter B12 Socializing	224	(6)
B12.1 General greetings	224	(1)
B12.l.1 Informal	224	(1)
B12.2 Taking leave	224	(1)
B 12.2.1 Informal	224	(1)
B12.2.2 More formal farewells, figurative	225	(1)
B12.4 Attracting attention	225	(1)
B12.4.3 Call for help	225	(1)
B12.10 Forms of address	225	(3)
B12.10.2 Less informal	226	(1)
B12.10.3 Formal	227	(1)
B12.10.4 Titles	227	(1)
B12.10.5 Family	228	(1)
B12.11 Talking about one's health	228	(1)
B12.11.1 In small talk and greetings	228	(1)
B12.12.4 Place of residence and addresses	229	(1)
B12.13 Talking about the weather	229	(1)
Chapter B13 Exchanging factual information	230	(2)
B13.1 Identifying people	230	(1)
B13.1.4 Profession, occupation	230	(1)
B13.3 Asking for information	230	(1)
B13.5 Letter writing	231	(1)
B13.5.1 Dates	231	(1)
B13.5.2 Opening formulas	231	(1)
Chapter B14 Getting things done	232	(2)
B14.4 Inviting others to do something	232	(1)
B14.8 Requesting assistance	232	(1)
B14.12 Enquiring about and expressing intention, want or desire	233	(1)
Chapter B15 Finding out about and expressing intellectual attitudes	234	(1)
B15.6 Incomprehension and clarification	234	(1)
B15.7 Certainty and uncertainty	234	(1)
Chapter B16 Judgement and evaluation	235	(2)
B16.2 Expressing displeasure or dislike	235	(1)
B16.5 Expressing surprise	235	(1)
B16.6 Expressing hope	235	(1)
B16.14 Apologizing	236	(1)
B16.17 Expressing regret	236	(1)
PART IV: HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL NOTES	237	(16)
Chapter 18 The Portuguese language and the cultures of the Portuguese-speaking world	239	(14)
18.1 Portuguese: an international language	239	(2)
18.1.1 Portuguese as an official language	239	(1)
18.1.2 Variants of Portuguese	240	(1)
18.2 The origins of Portuguese	241	(2)
18.3 Portuguese: cultural expressions	243	(8)
18.3.1 Literature	243	(1)
18.3.2 Music	244	(4)
18.3.3 Cinema	248	(3)
18.4 Internet resources	251	(2)
Bibliography	253	(2)
Index	255