Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, Procedures, and Forensic Techniques, Fourth Edition

by Geberth; Vernon J.

• ISBN13: 9780849333033
• ISBN10: 0849333032
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-08
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Combining detailed techniques with instructive case studies, the best-selling Practical Homicide Investigation stresses the basics and provides patterns on which to build a foundation for a prosecutable case. This fourth edition presents the latest information on DNA analysis and the latest assessment of crime scene reconstruction principles. It offers updated information on crime scene processing, including new blood enhancement reagents and current constitutional law, and contains new serial murder cases and a revised chapter on profiling, also with a new case. All of the illustrations are now presented in full color, including new medical-legal drawings for instruction and courtroom testimony.

Table of Contents

1 The Homicide Crime Scene	1	(30)
The Five Components of Practical Homicide Investigation®	2	(1)
The Crime Scene	2	(18)
At the Crime Scene	4	(1)
The Homicide Investigation Starts at the Crime Scene	4	(1)
Determining the Dimensions of the Homicide Crime Scene	5	(4)
Protecting the Crime Scene	9	(9)
The Crime Scene Sign-In Sheet	18	(2)
The Preliminary Investigation at the Primary Crime Scene	20	(1)
Victimology	21	(1)
Equivocal Death Investigations	22	(7)
The Staged Crime Scene	22	(1)
Introduction	22	(1)
Types of Crime Scene Staging	23	(1)
Example of Homicide Made to Appear an Accident	23	(2)
Examples of a Homicide Made to Appear Sex Related	25	(4)
Conclusion	29	(1)
Investigative Strategies	29	(1)
Selected Reading	30	(1)
2 First Officer's Duties: General	31	(16)
Notification of a Possible Homicide: The Official Notification to the Police	31	(3)
First Notification of Homicide Received in Person by Patrol Officer	34	(1)
First Officer's Duties on Arrival at the Scene	35	(5)
Protection of Life	36	(2)
Safeguarding the Scene and Detaining Witnesses or Suspects	38	(2)
The First Officer Initiates the Homicide Investigation	40	(1)
Dealing with Emergencies at the Scene	41	(4)
Conclusion	45	(1)
Selected Reading	46	(1)
3 First Officer's Duties: Specific	47	(16)
The Suspect in Custody	47	(2)
Transporting the Suspect	49	(2)
Examination of the Suspect for Evidence	51	(1)
The Dying Declaration	51	(1)
The Victim Removed to the Hospital	51	(1)
The Victim Pronounced DOA at the Hospital	52	(1)
The Officer's Duties at the Hospital	52	(1)
The Victim Confirmed DOA at the Scene	52	(2)
Handling Witnesses at the Scene	54	(1)
Additional Officers at the Scene	54	(1)
Handling News Media Personnel at the Scene	55	(1)
The Documentation of Events by the First Officer	55	(1)
The Changing Sequence of Command	56	(1)
Patrol Officer's Checklist	56	(7)
Initial Call/Receipt of Information	58	(1)
Arrival at the Homicide Crime Scene	58	(1)
Protection of the Crime Scene	59	(1)
Notifications	59	(1)
Preliminary Investigation	59	(1)
Suspect in Custody	60	(1)
Suicide and Accidental Death	61	(2)
4 The Preliminary Investigation at the Scene: The Detectives	63	(26)
Initial Receipt of Information	64	(1)
Arrival at the Scene	65	(1)
Preliminary Steps to Be Taken by Detectives upon Arrival Checklist	66	(1)
Describing the Scene	67	(1)
Implementing Crime Scene Procedures	68	(1)
Direction of Uniformed Personnel at the Scene	69	(1)
The Teamwork Approach	70	(1)
Directing the Investigation at the Scene	71	(1)
Duties of the Detective Supervisor on Arrival at the Scene	71	(1)
Preliminary Interview of the First Officer	72	(2)
Interview of Ambulance Personnel	74	(1)
Handling Curious Onlookers	75	(1)
Handling Witnesses at the Scene	76	(2)
The Canvass	78	(5)
The Preliminary Medical Examination at the Scene	83	(2)
Special Procedure to Follow in Specific Cases	85	(1)
Case Examples	86	(1)
Conclusion	86	(1)
Reference	87	(2)
5 Specific Investigative Duties at the Scene	89	(36)
The Suspect in Custody	89	(1)
Interview and Interrogation of the Suspect in Custody	90	(1)
Examination of a Suspect for Evidence	91	(1)
Evaluation of the Suspect's Demeanor and Mental Capacity	92	(1)
Obtaining a Dying Declaration	93	(2)
Questions to Be Asked in a Dying Declaration	94	(1)
Documentation of the Dying Declaration	94	(1)
Handling Buried-Body Cases	95	(12)
The Discovery of the Buried Body	95	(3)
Initial Response	98	(1)
The Excavation	99	(1)
The Body	100	(6)
Search for a Buried Body	106	(1)
The Investigative Checklist	107	(17)
Documentation of the Initial Report	107	(11)
Initial Receipt of Information	107	(1)
Arrival at the Homicide — Death Scene	108	(1)
Preliminary Inspection of the Body at the Crime Scene	108	(1)
Implementing Crime Scene Control Procedures	109	(1)
Initiating a Crime Scene Log	109	(1)
Establishing a Policy for Crime Scene Integrity	109	(1)
Establishing a Command Post or Temporary Headquarters	110	(1)
Emergency Medical Service (EMS) and Ambulance Personnel	111	(1)
Initiating a Canvass	111	(1)
Weapons	112	(1)
The Suspect in Custody	112	(1)
Suspect in Custody: Interrogation at the Scene	112	(1)
A.D.A.P.T	113	(1)
Documentation of Crime Scene Photographs	113	(1)
Recommended Crime Scene Photographs	113	(1)
The Crime Scene Sketch	114	(1)
The Crime Scene Search	114	(1)
Dusting for Fingerprints	115	(1)
Description of the Deceased	115	(1)
Preliminary Medical Examination at the Scene	116	(1)
Victim — Hospital Information	116	(1)
Evidence Process and Control Procedures	117	(1)
Release of the Homicide Crime Scene	117	(1)
Suicide Investigation — Investigative Considerations	118	(2)
Evaluation of the Wounds	118	(1)
Psychological State of the Victim	118	(1)
Any Prior Mental Disease or Defect	119	(1)
Recognized Warning Signs in Suicides	119	(1)
Extreme Danger Signs in Suicides	120	(1)
Autoerotic Fatalities (Accidental Asphyxia)	120	(1)
Investigative Considerations	120	(1)
Investigating Fatal Fires	120	(2)
The Investigative Considerations	120	(1)
The Fire Incident	121	(1)
Suspicious Designation: General Determination Factors	121	(1)
Maintenance of the Fire Crime Scene	121	(1)
Investigation at the Scene	121	(1)
Determination of Arson	122	(1)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)	122	(1)
Investigative Checklist	122	(1)
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP) Warning Signs	123	(1)
References	124	(1)
Selected Reading	124	(1)
6 The Crime Scene Photographs	125	(34)
The Value of Crime Scene Photographs	125	(1)
Crime Scene Photography and the Investigator	126	(1)
Admissibility of Photographic Evidence	126	(4)
Photographing the Homicide Crime Scene	130	(3)
Outdoor Locations	130	(1)
Indoor Locations	130	(1)
The Body	130	(2)
Suspects	132	(1)
Type of Film	133	(1)
Recommended Crime Scene Photographs	134	(10)
Practical Application of Crime Scene Photography	144	(8)
The World Trade Center Attack	145	(7)
The Polaroid Macro 5 SLR Camera	145	(4)
The Panoscan MK-3 Digital Panoramic Camera System	149	(1)
Examples	150	(2)
Videotaping	152	(5)
Advantages of Videotaping	152	(1)
Purpose of Videotaping the Crime Scene	153	(1)
Recommended Procedure	154	(1)
Video tape Protocol	155	(1)
Arrival at Scene	155	(1)
Taping Protocol	156	(1)
Videotaping Suspect Statements	157	(1)
Conclusion	157	(1)
References .	158	(1)
Selected Reading	158	(1)
7 The Crime Scene Sketch	159	(16)
The Sketch	159	(4)
Preparing the Crime Scene Sketch	163	(4)
Utilizing Aerial Photographs for Mapping Outdoor Crime Scenes	167	(1)
The "Total Station" Crime Scene Reconstruction Program	168	(5)
Definition	168	(2)
Operation	170	(2)
Practical Application	172	(1)
Reference	173	(1)
Selected Reading	173	(2)
8 The Homicide Crime Scene Search	175	(56)
Legal Considerations	176	(3)
Warrantless Searches Where Suspect Shares Possessory Right to Premises	178	(1)
Practical Examples of Reasonableness: Officers Arriving at Scene of Violent Crime	178	(1)
Physical Evidence	179	(1)
Types of Physical Evidence	179	(1)
The Concept of Linkage	180	(2)
Methods of Crime Scene Search	182	(2)
Formulating the Search	184	(4)
The Homicide Kit	188	(5)
Crime Scene Integrity Kit	188	(1)
Evidence Collection Tools	188	(2)
Fingerprint Kit	190	(1)
Photography Kit	190	(1)
Sketching and Mapping Kit	191	(1)
Casting Kit	191	(1)
Evidence Collection Containers	192	(1)
Lasers and Alternate Light Sources (ALS)	192	(1)
The Search	193	(1)
Examination of the Body at the Scene	194	(5)
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis	199	(4)
Release of the Body	203	(2)
The Scene	205	(10)
Processing a Vehicle (See Chapter 17)	210	(1)
Examining the Outdoor Scene	210	(5)
Examples of Evidence Found Outdoors	212	(3)
Examination of an Outdoor Scene at Night	215	(1)
Physical Examination of a Suspect in Custody	215	(5)
Gunshot Residue Testing	218	(2)
Release of the Scene	220	(1)
Crime Scene Process Protective Equipment and Clothing	221	(2)
Antiputrefaction Masks	223	(1)
Crime Scene Protocol for Protection from Airborne Pathogens and Other Biohazards	223	(4)
Communicable Diseases: Required Precautions	223	(504)
Decontamination of Equipment	224	(1)
Decontamination of Clothing	224	(1)
Precautions	225	(1)
Prevention	226	(1)
Exposure of First Responders	227	(1)
Exposure to Blood-Borne Diseases	227	(500)
Infection Control Techniques	727
Universal Precautions	227	(1)
Body Substance Isolation	228	(1)
Exposure Treatment	228	(1)
Conclusion	228	(1)
References	229	(1)
Selected Reading	229	(2)
9 Estimating Time of Death	231	(26)
The Process of Dying	233	(2)
Body Changes after Death	235	(11)
External Agents of Change	246	(8)
Insects	246	(4)
Plants	250	(1)
Animals	251	(1)
Bodies in Water	252	(2)
Information Derived from the Scene	254	(1)
Conclusion	255	(1)
Selected Reading	255	(2)
10 The Identity of the Deceased	257	(44)
The Identification	258	(9)
Identification at the Scene	258	(1)
Personal Identification	258	(1)
Clothing and Possessions	259	(1)
Identification by Photographs	259	(1)
Description of the Body	260	(2)
Clothing	262	(1)
Jewelry and Watches	262	(1)
Fingerprints	263	(4)
Obtaining Fingerprints from Dead Bodies	263	(4)
Mass Fatality Events	267	(6)
The World Trade Center Attack	268	(3)
Mass Fatality Considerations	271	(1)
DNA Testing in the Identification of WTC Victims	272	(1)
The Iceman Case	273	(4)
Dr. Zugibe's Medical Evaluation	275	(1)
Forensic Evaluation	276	(1)
The Teeth	277	(7)
Age	978
General Facial Characteristics	279	(1)
Race	280	(1)
Socioeconomic Group	281	(1)
Occupation or Habits	281	(1)
Positive Identification	281	(2)
Bite-Mark Identification	283	(1)
Inquiries Relative to Forensic Odontology	284	(1)
The Bones	284	(6)
Age	284	(3)
Sex	287	(1)
Race	287	(1)
Height and Other Individual Characteristics	287	(1)
Determination of Cause of Death	288	(1)
Determination of Whether Bones Are Human or Animal	288	(1)
Examination of Bones	288	(2)
Facial Reconstruction	290	(1)
Forensic Art	290	(9)
Introduction to Forensic Art	290	(2)
Four Categories of Forensic Art	292	(3)
Forensic Art in Identification of Human Remains	295	(16)
Postmortem Drawing	295	(1)
Two-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction from the Skull	296	(1)
Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction on the Skull	297	(1)
Methods of Superimposition	298	(1)
Conclusion	299	(1)
References	299	(1)
Selected Reading	299	(2)
11 Death Notifications: The Surviving Family as Secondary Victims	301	(14)
Psychological Reactions to Death	302	(1)
The Normal Grieving Process	302	(1)
The Stages of Grief	303	(1)
Psychological Reactions to Murder	304	(1)
Psychological Reactions to Murdered Children	304	(1)
Psychological Reactions to the Murder of Police Officers	305	(1)
Notifications of Death by the Homicide Detective	305	(1)
Recommendations and Guidelines for Proper Death Notifications to Surviving Family Members	306	(2)
Providing Information to the Surviving Family	308	(1)
Guiding the Surviving Family through the Criminal Justice System	309	(2)
Conclusion	311	(1)
Victim's Assistance Organizations	311	(1)
References	312	(1)
Selected Reading	313	(2)
12 Modes of Death	315	(68)
Gunshot Wounds	315	(16)
The Projectile Striking the Body	318	(1)
The Nature and Extent of Gunshot Wounds	318	(5)
Smudging or Smoke	323	(1)
Searing	323	(1)
Tattooing or Stippling	323	(1)
Reentry	323	(2)
Ricocheting	325	(1)
Shotgun Wounds	325	(1)
Contact Wounds	325	(4)
Bullet Track	329	(2)
Cutting Wounds	331	(2)
Stabbing Wounds	333	(3)
Blunt Force Injuries	336	(3)
Lacerations	336	(2)
Chopping Wounds	338	(1)
Deaths by Asphyxia	339	(9)
Strangulation	341	(1)
Investigative Considerations	341	(1)
Hanging	341	(3)
Drowning	344	(1)
Inhalation of Poison Gases	345	(2)
Suffocation	347	(1)
General Forms of Suffocation	347	(1)
Deaths by Fire	348	(2)
Severity of Burn Injuries	348	(1)
Investigative Considerations	348	(2)
Scalding Burns	350	(1)
Arson	350	(3)
Poisons	353	(5)
Deaths Caused by Injection	354	(4)
Sexual Asphyxia: The Phenomenon of Autoerotic Fatalities	358	(8)
Introduction	358	(5)
Preliminary Investigation at the Scene	363	(1)
Atypical Autoerotic Deaths	363	(2)
Asphyxial Deaths — The Pathology of Autoerotic Death	365	(1)
The Reality of Asphyxial Death — Videotaped Cases	366	(1)
Equivocal Death Investigations	366	(9)
Sexual Asphyxia — the Psychosexual Aspects of Autoerotic Activity	367	(6)
Female Victims of Autoerotic Fatality	373	(2)
Equivocal Death Investigation	375	(3)
Crime Scene	375	(2)
The Victim	377	(1)
Investigative Considerations	377	(1)
Opinion	377	(1)
Results	378	(1)
Notifying and Advising the Surviving Family of the Mode of Death	378	(1)
Investigative Considerations	378	(1)
Determining the Involvement of Sexual Asphyxia: Autoerotic Checklist	379	(1)
Summary	380	(1)
References	380	(1)
Selected Reading	381	(2)
13 Suicide Investigation	383	(56)
Risk Factors	383	(1)
Depression: A Clinical Perspective	384	(4)
Emotional Symptoms	384	(1)
Cognitive Symptoms	385	(1)
Motivational Symptoms	385	(1)
Somatic Symptoms	385	(1)
Clinical Scenario	385	(3)
Other Motives for Suicide	388	(2)
The Investigation	390	(5)
Staging a Scene	395	(2)
Investigative Considerations	397	(6)
The Weapon	397	(1)
Wounds	398	(4)
Medicolegal Analysis	402	(1)
Summary	403	(1)
Bizarre Suicides	403	(6)
Suicide by Blasting Cap	403	(1)
Suicide by Fireplace	403	(1)
Attempted Suicide — Self-Mutilation	403	(3)
Barrel of Gun in Suicide Victim's Head	406	(3)
Equivocal Death Investigations	409	(1)
Motives and Intent	410	(3)
Suicide Notes	413	(5)
Background Information	418	(1)
Psychological Autopsy	419	(1)
Warning Signs	419	(1)
Extreme Danger Signs	419	(1)
Investigative Considerations	419	(1)
Evaluation of the Wounds	419	(1)
Psychological State of the Victim	420	(1)
Any Prior Mental Disease or Defect	420	(1)
Final Exit Suicide Investigations	420	(8)
Introduction	420	(2)
Synopsis of Contents	422	(1)
Investigative Considerations	422	(1)
Letters to Be Written	423	(1)
Police Investigation	423	(1)
Self-Deliverance via the Plastic Bag	424	(4)
Police Investigation	424	(1)
The Final Act	425	(1)
Police Investigation	426	(2)
Investigative Checklist for Final Exit Cases	428	(1)
Recommendations	428	(1)
Conclusion	428	(1)
Staged Crime Scenes Involving Final Exit	429	(1)
Suicide-by-Cop	429	(6)
Introduction	429	(5)
Example	429	(1)
Early Example	430	(1)
Clinical Interpretations	430	(1)
The Psychopathology of Suicide-by-Cop Scenarios	431	(1)
Hostage Situations	432	(2)
Psychological Ramifications for Police Officers Involved in
Suicide-by-Cop Incidents	434	(1)
The Racial Component in Police-Related Shooting Incidents	435	(1)
Investigative Considerations	435	(1)
References	436	(1)
Selected Reading	436	(3)
14 The Investigation of Sex-Related Homicides	439	(60)
Introduction	439	(1)
The Crime Scene Investigation	440	(2)
Sex-Related Crime Scene Checklist	440	(1)
Method for Diagnosing Abrasions, Lacerations, and Other Skin Disruptions in the Perineum and Perianal Areas	441	(1)
Human Sexuality and Sexual Deviance	442	(7)
Determining Motivation	449	(2)
Significance of Fantasy in Sex-Related Incidents	451	(5)
Organized and Disorganized Offenders	456	(1)
The Organized Offender	456	(2)
The Disorganized Offender	457	(1)
Classifications	458	(1)
Interpersonal Violence-Oriented Disputes and Assaults	459	(3)
Rape- and/or Sodomy-Oriented Assault	462	(5)
Investigative Strategy	464	(2)
Categories of Rapists	466	(1)
Deviant-Oriented Assault — the Lust Murder	467	(8)
Anatomy of Lust Murder	467	(1)
Psychodynamics	468	(7)
The Serial Murder	475	(18)
The Serial Killer Profile	477	(4)
Organized Serial Killer Activities	481	(2)
Disorganized Serial Killer Activities	483	(1)
Serial Murder Investigation	484	(1)
Command Responsibilty	485	(1)
Linkage Blindnesss	485	(1)
Typical Serial Killer Murder Task Force	486	(1)
The Typical Serial Killer	487	(1)
Three Main Methods Used to Link Murders	488	(1)
Investigative Considerations	488	(2)
A Clinical Perspective	490	(3)
Conclusion	493	(1)
References	493	(1)
Selected Reading	494	(5)
15 Homosexual Homicides	499	(34)
Introduction	499	(1)
Homosexual Relationships	499	(1)
Homosexual Lifestyles — Investigative Considerations	500	(1)
Interpersonal Violence-Oriented Disputes and Assaults	501	(4)
Murders Involving Forced Anal Rape and/or Sodomy	505	(4)
Lust Murders and Other Acts of Sexual Perversion	509	(5)
Homosexual Serial Murders	514	(13)
Investigative Significance	527	(1)
Psychological Considerations	527	(1)
Robbery–Homicide of Homosexuals	528	(2)
Homophobic Assault and "Gay-Bashing" Incidents	530	(1)
Conclusion	530	(1)
References	531	(1)
Selected Reading	531	(2)
16 Forensic Application of DNA Analysis	533	(38)
Introduction	533	(1)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid — DNA	534	(1)
The Cell	534	(2)
Molecular Biology of the Cell	534	(2)
Structure and Function of DNA	536	(4)
Nuclear DNA	536	(3)
Y-Chromosomal DNA	539	(1)
Mitochondrial DNA	539	(1)
Techniques and Procedures in Forensic DNA Analysis	540	(14)
Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence	540	(3)
Scheduling Analysis	543	(1)
DNA Extraction	544	(3)
Differential DNA Extraction	547	(1)
DNA Quantification	547	(1)
DNA Amplification (Polymerase Chain Reaction)	548	(3)
Multiplex PCR Analysis	551	(1)
STR Multiplex PCR Analysis	552	(1)
Amplification of mtDNA	552	(1)
DNA Detection and Analysis	552	(1)
STR DNA Analysis	552	(1)
mtDNA Analysis	553	(1)
STR DNA Databases
Population Statistics	554	(1)
CODIS	555	(3)
National Missing Persons DNA Database	558	(1)
The Choice of Analysis	558	(1)
Admissibility of DNA Evidence	558	(2)
Laboratory Accreditation	560	(1)
Forensic DNA Case Studies	561	(8)
Victim Identification	561	(8)
Conclusion	569	(1)
References	569	(1)
Selected Reading	570	(1)
17 Collection of Evidence	571	(54)
Procedures for Collection of Evidence	571	(1)
General Types of Evidence	572	(1)
Classifications of Physical Evidence	573	(1)
Class Evidence	573	(1)
Individualistic Evidence	573	(1)
Collection of Specific Types of Evidence	573	(50)
Body Materials	574	(34)
Blood	574	(6)
Semen	580	(3)
Urine	583	(1)
Saliva or Spittle	584	(1)
Feces	585	(1)
Vomit	586	(1)
Tissue	586	(1)
Hair	587	(3)
Objects	590	(1)
Bullets	590	(1)
Discharged Casings or Cartridges	591	(1)
Shotgun Shells	591	(1)
Live Cartridges or Rounds of Ammunition	591	(1)
Shotgun Wadding	591	(1)
Weapons	591	(1)
Firearms	591	(7)
Fibers	598	(2)
Fabric	600	(1)
Cigarette/Cigar Butts	600	(3)
Displaced Furniture	603	(1)
Soil	603	(1)
Tools	604	(1)
Vehicles	605	(1)
Clothing	605	(1)
Documents (Letters, Notes, Papers)	606	(1)
Glass	607	(1)
Impressions	608	(18)
Fingerprint Examination	608	(8)
Tire Tracks and Footprints	616	(6)
Tool Marks	622	(1)
Bite Marks	622	(1)
Bullet Holes	623	(1)
Newly Damaged Areas	623	(1)
References	623	(1)
Selected Reading	623	(2)
18 The Autopsy	625	(50)
The Medical Examiner/Coroner	625	(1)
Investigation of Death	626	(7)
Cause, Mechanism, and Manner of Death	632	(1)
Practical Application of Terminology	633	(1)
Purpose of the Autopsy	633	(6)
Investigative Information Provided by the Autopsy	635	(4)
The Medicolegal Autopsy	639	(25)
Examination of the Crime Scene	650	(1)
Identification of the Body	651	(1)
External Examination of the Body	652	(2)
Preliminary Procedure	652	(1)
The External Examination	652	(2)
Internal Examination of the Body	654	(9)
The Head	654	(5)
The Chest	659	(3)
The Abdomen	662	(1)
The Pelvic Cavity	663	(1)
The Protocol	663	(1)
Summary	664	(1)
Human Anatomy	664	(8)
Directional Terms	665	(1)
Body Cavities	666	(2)
Dorsal Cavity	666	(1)
Ventral Cavity	667	(1)
Quadrants	668	(1)
The Skeletal System	669	(1)
The Heart	669	(3)
References	672	(1)
Selected Reading	672	(3)
19 The News Media in Homicide Investigations	675	(16)
Establishing a News Media Policy	676	(5)
Building a Relationship with the News Media	679	(2)
Homicide News Release Policy	681	(3)
Offering Rewards	684	(1)
Handling the News Media at the Scene	685	(2)
Preparing the News Release	687	(3)
Handling Questions During News Conferences	689	(1)
Conclusion	690	(1)
Selected Reading	690	(1)
20 Identification of Suspects	691	(78)
Bite-Mark Identification	691	(11)
The Bite Mark	692	(3)
Collection of Bite-Mark Evidence at the Scene	695	(4)
Photographs of the Bite-Mark Wound	698	(1)
Saliva Washings	699	(1)
Interpretation of the Bite-Mark Evidence	699	(1)
Examination of the Bite Mark	700	(1)
Summary	701	(1)
Hypnosis	702	(2)
What Is Hypnosis?	702	(1)
Psychodynamics	702	(1)
Value to the Investigator	703	(1)
Shortcomings of Hypnosis	703	(1)
Summary	704	(1)
Latent Prints on Human Skin	704	(7)
General Considerations	705	(2)
Procedures	705	(2)
Fingerprint from Human Skin Using the Magna-Brush Technique	707	(4)
Polygraph Examinations	711	(3)
The Examination	712	(2)
Possible Subjects for Polygraph Examinations	712	(1)
Subjects That Cannot Be Tested	713	(1)
Investigator's Duties prior to the Examination	713	(1)
Polygraph Procedures	713	(1)
Summary	714	(1)
Psycholinguistics	714	(4)
What Is Psycholinguistic Analysis?	714	(1)
Methodology	715	(1)
Psycholinguistics as an Investigative Tool	716	(1)
Utilizing Psycholinguistic Analysis	717	(1)
Summary	717	(1)
Psychics	718	(1)
What Is a Psychic?	718	(1)
Police and Psychics	718	(1)
Summary	719	(1)
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy	719	(11)
Introduction	719	(1)
Munchausen Syndrome History and Application	720	(1)
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy — History and Application	721	(2)
The Investigative Response	723	(2)
Team Approach	723	(1)
Collection of Evidence	724	(1)
Interviewing the Munchausen Syndrome–Related Offender	725	(5)
Summary	730	(1)
Homicides Involving Theft of a Fetus	730	(17)
Introduction	730	(1)
Infant Abductions — Infant Cut from Mother's Womb	731	(7)
Case 1	732	(1)
Case 2	733	(2)
Case 3	735	(1)
Case 4	736	(1)
Case 5	736	(1)
Case 6	737	(1)
Case 7	738	(1)
Attempted Theft of Fetus Offender Killed by Victim Mother	738	(1)
Case 8	738	(1)
Attempt Theft of Fetus — Offender Arrested	739	(5)
Case 9	739	(5)
Investigative Assessment and Analysis	744	(2)
The Offender Profiles	744	(1)
Offender Motive	745	(1)
Abduction Investigative Strategies	746	(1)
Police Response	746	(1)
Detective Response	746	(1)
Additional Information	746	(1)
Summary	747	(1)
Stalkers	747	(12)
Introduction	747	(1)
Stalkers	747	(1)
Orders of Protection	748	(1)
Anti-Stalker Legislation	748	(3)
Types of Stalkers	751	(5)
The Psychopathic Personality Stalker	751	(3)
The Psychotic Personality Stalker	754	(2)
Erotomania Involving Obsessed Fans and Stalkers	756	(1)
Law Enforcement Response to Stalker Incidents	757	(1)
Summary	758	(1)
VICAP, Statewide and Regional Information Systems	759	(3)
The Violent Criminal Apprehension Program — VICAP	760	(1)
Profiling and Consultation Program	760	(1)
The Regional Organized Crime Information Center	761	(9)
Submission of Cases	762	(1)
The Homicide Investigation and Tracking System	762	(2)
Acknowledgments	764	(1)
References	765	(1)
Selected Reading	766	(1)
Bite Mark Identification	766	(1)
Hypnosis	766	(1)
Latent Prints on Human Skin	766	(1)
Psycholinguistics	766	(1)
Psychics	766	(1)
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy	766	(1)
Stalkers	767	(1)
VICAP, State-Wide and Regional Information Systems	768	(1)
21 Investigative Assessment: Criminal Personality Profiling	769	(84)
Introduction	769	(1)
History of Profiling	770	(14)
Application of Abnormal Psychology	771	(2)
Criminal Personality Profile	773	(7)
The Purpose of the Profile	774	(1)
When Profiling Can Be Productive	774	(6)
Factors That Can Be Determined by a Criminal Personality Profile	780	(1)
The Investigative Approach to Profiling	781	(2)
Investigative Assessment - The Profiling Process	783	(1)
Clinical Considerations and Descriptions of Behavior	784	(6)
The Psychopathic Personality	784	(1)
Psychotic Personality (The Psychosis)	785	(1)
Sexual Sadism (302.84 DSM-IV)	786	(3)
Psychopathic Sexual Sadists	789	(1)
Crime Scene and Profile: Characteristics of Organized and Disorganized Murderers	790	(16)
The Organized Offender	792	(5)
General Behavior Characteristics	793	(4)
Ted Bundy: Serial Killer — Offender Profile	797	(3)
Offender Profile Program	798	(1)
Background	799	(1)
Investigative Analysis	800	(1)
Postcrime Behavior	801	(1)
Conclusion	802	(1)
Additional Information on Ted Bundy	802	(3)
Investigative Considerations	805	(1)
John Robinson Serial Murder Case	805
Overland Park Police Information	800	(6)
Missing Persons' Cases	806	(1)
Lenexa Police Investigation	806	(1)
Tactics	806	(1)
Background Information	806	(1)
Investigative Information	807	(1)
Internet Information	807	(1)
Additional Information	808	(1)
Robinson, the "Slave Master"	808	(1)
Vickie	809	(1)
Jeanna	809	(1)
Investigative Break	809	(1)
Second Investigative Break	810	(1)
Investigative Status in May 2001	810	(1)
Tactical Decision	811	(1)
The Arrest and Execution of Search Warrants	811	(1)
Search of the Kansas Storage Locker	811	(2)
The Linn County Search	813	(1)
Raymore, Missouri, Storage Unit	813	(2)
Sheila and Debbie	813	(2)
Beverly	815	(1)
Task Force Investigation Revelations	815	(1)
Bizarre Twist in the Case	815	(1)
Disposition	815	(1)
Acknowledgments	816	(1)
The Disorganized Offender	816	(4)
General Behavior Characteristics	817	(3)
Criminal Personality Profiling — The Signature Aspect in Criminal Investigation	820	(13)
Clinical Perspective	820	(2)
Investigative Perspective	822	(1)
Linkage Blindness	823	(1)
Investigative Application of the "Signature" Aspect	823	(7)
Signature Aspect	826	(2)
Signature Aspect	828	(1)
Signature Aspect	829	(1)
The Suspect	830	(1)
Evidence	831	(2)
Signature Aspect of the Crimes	831	(1)
Practical Examples of Signature Activity21	831	(2)
Conclusion	833	(1)
Geographic Profiling	833	(12)
Investigative Elements to Consider in Geographic Profiling	834	(1)
Investigative Elements in the Criminal Case Assessment Process	835	(1)
Types of Crime Locations	835	(7)
Investigative Considerations	842	(1)
The Police Investigation	842	(3)
A Psychology of Evil	845	(3)
A Model for a Psychology of Evil	845	(3)
Conclusion	848	(1)
References	849	(1)
Selected Reading	850	(3)
22 Equivocal Death Investigation	853	(34)
Equivocal Death Investigations	853	(1)
Initiating the Investigation	853	(1)
Case Number 1: An Equivocal Death and Staged Crime Scene — Making a Homicide Appear to Be a Suicide	854	(10)
Introduction	854	(1)
The Crime Scene	854	(1)
The Police Investigation	855	(2)
The Autopsy	857	(1)
Consultative Analysis	857	(1)
Investigative Considerations	857	(1)
Victimology	858	(1)
Investigative Issues	858	(2)
Critique of Police Investigation	860	(1)
Forensic Pathologist Report	861	(1)
Evaluation of the Weapon and the Wound Structure	862	(1)
Response to Insurance Company Medical Expert	862	(2)
Opinion	864	(1)
Case Number 2: An Equivocal Death Investigation with Staged Crime Scene Death Classified as Undetermined Manner	864	(7)
Introduction	864	(1)
The Initial Police Investigation	864	(2)
Initial Detective Investigation	866	(1)
Initial Medical Examiner Investigation	867	(1)
Autopsy Findings	867	(1)
The Follow-Up Medical Examiner Investigation	867	(1)
The Follow-Up Police Investigation	868	(1)
Investigative Assessment and Analysis	868	(1)
Initial Response	868	(1)
Review of the Police and Medical Examiner Investigators' Reports	869	(1)
The Ligature	869	(1)
Victimology	870	(1)
Conclusion	870	(1)
Case Number 3: An Equivocal Death Homicide or Suicide?	871	(10)
Introduction	871	(1)
Case Facts	872	(1)
U.S. Army Autopsy Report Case# ME98-006	872	(2)
USACID Position	874	(1)
Second Medicolegal Examination Requested by Family	874	(1)
Investigative Assessment and Analysis	874	(2)
NYS Medicolegal Analysis Conducted for the National Guard	876	(1)
Preliminary Consultative Reports	876	(1)
USACID Follow-Up	876	(1)
Medical Significance of the Wound Structures	877	(2)
Review of Medicolegal Findings	879	(1)
Final Report	880	(1)
Conclusion	880	(1)
Opinion	880	(1)
Case Number 4: Staged Crime Scene — Homicide or Suicide?	881	(4)
Conclusion	884	(1)
References	885	(1)
Selected Reading	885	(2)
23 Narcotics-Related Homicides	887	(16)
Introduction	887	(1)
The Drug-Related Murder: The Investigative Dilemma	888	(1)
The Drug-Related Murder and the Investigative Reality	889	(2)
The Three-Phase Strategy	891	(10)
Phase 1 — The Homicide Crime Scene	891	(2)
Phase 2 — The Application of Drug Intelligence	893	(6)
Phase 3 — Crime Clearance Procedures	899	(2)
Conclusion	901	(1)
Reference	901	(2)
24 Practical Homicide Investigation: Supervision and Management of the Homicide Investigation	903	(44)
Management Policy	903	(8)
Police Department Policy	904	(1)
Criminal Investigation Management	904	(1)
Specialization, Generalization, or Rotation	905	(4)
Major Pitfalls to Practical Homicide Case Management	909	(2)
Procedures for Effective Management and Supervision of Homicide Investigation	911	(1)
Supervisor's Homicide Checklist	911	(11)
Supervising the Preliminary Investigation at the Scene	911	(2)
Directing Specific Investigative Duties	913	(1)
Supervising Homicide Crime Scene Search	914	(2)
Providing for the Effective Documentation of Events	916	(5)
Case Management	916	(1)
Documentation	917	(4)
First Day of Investigation	921	(1)
Indexing the Homicide Investigation	922	(7)
Conducting the Investigative Conference	925	(4)
Investigation of Police-Related Shootings (OIS/Use of Deadly Force Incidents)	929	(9)
Protocol	930	(8)
I. Introduction	930	(1)
II. Assigning Investigative Responsibility	931	(1)
III. Investigation of OIS/Use of Deadly Force Incident	932	(1)
IV. Interview of Employees Involved	933	(1)
V. Taped Interview of Employees Involved	934	(1)
VI. Follow-Up Investigation	934	(1)
VII. Background Investigation	935	(1)
VIII. Preparation of Investigative Report	935	(1)
IX. Conclusion	936	(1)
Checklist	936	(2)
Apprehension of Homicide Fugitives	938	(2)
Use of Wanted Posters	939	(1)
Distribution of Photographs and Information Flyers to Patrol	939	(1)
Cell Phones	939	(1)
Pagers	940	(1)
Planning the Apprehension	940	(2)
Assessment of Physical Hazards	940	(1)
The Tactical Plan	941	(1)
The Tactical Operation	941	(2)
Notification to Central Communications by Land Line	941	(1)
Hospital	941	(1)
Personnel	941	(1)
Briefing	941	(1)
Equipment	942	(1)
Cold Case Investigations	942	(1)
Conclusion	943	(2)
Epilogue	944	(1)
References	945	(2)
Glossary	947	(30)
Index	977