The Practice Of Macro Social Work

by Brueggemann, William G

• ISBN13: 9780534575854
• ISBN10: 0534575854
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-29
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

This comprehensive text explores the theory and methods in nine arenas of macro social work at the community, organizational, societal, and global levels of practice. Intended for undergraduate and graduate social work students who want to make a difference in today's modern society, this text challenges readers to use their concern, their values and their critical thinking skills to assist those who have been left out and kept out of making decisions that affect their lives, empowering them to reclaim a wholesome, healthy social environment for themselves and their children. The book's generalist orientation provides an organizational framework as well as generous amounts of history, biographical material on leading macro social workers, illustrative contemporary examples, and factual data that offers real life detail for students. Most important, however, is the depth and wealth of practical information that assists students in understanding how to help people engage in solving social problems and making social change to bring about a more just society and humane global civilization.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Overview of the Practice of Macro Social Work	1	(18)
Death Comes to Francisco	2	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	3	(1)
The Place of Macro Practice in the Field of Social Work	3	(1)
People's Social Welfare	3	(1)
Social Work Services	3	(1)
Undergraduate and Graduate Social Work	4	(1)
A Brief History of Macro Social Work	4	(3)
Progressive Era (1885-1915)	4	(1)
Methodological Separation and Division (1915-1955)	5	(1)
Professionalization and Specialization (1955-1970)	6	(1)
Generalist and Specialist Social Work (1970-1990s)	7	(1)
Expansion and Integration (1990s to the Present)	7	(1)
What Is the Practice of Macro Social Work?	7	(6)
Help Individuals and Groups	7	(2)
Solve Social Problems and Make Social Change	9	(1)
The Spectrum of Macro Social Work	10	(3)
Resources	13	(1)
A Challenge to You	13	(1)
Conclusion	14	(1)
Key Concepts	14	(1)
Questions for Discussion	14	(1)
Additional Reading	15	(4)
PART I Solving Social Problems and Making Social Change	19	(92)
Social Problems: The Challenge of Macro Social Work	23	(33)
Our Modern Society	24	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	25	(1)
Defining Social Problems	25	(4)
Conventional Definitions	26	(1)
A Social Work Definition of Social Problems	27	(2)
Ethnic Intolerance: A Brief History of a Social Problem	29	(6)
Early Beginnings	29	(1)
Eastern, Midwestern, and Southern Native Americans	30	(1)
French, Irish, and German Americans	31	(1)
Mexican Americans	31	(1)
African Americans	32	(1)
Western Native Americans	33	(1)
Chinese Americans	33	(1)
Japanese Americans	34	(1)
Other Ethnic Groups	34	(1)
Assumptions About Social Problems	35	(11)
Organizational Deviance Model	35	(3)
Intergroup Conflict Model	38	(1)
Institutional Deviance Model	39	(1)
Systems Deviance Model	40	(3)
Social Cultural Premises Model	43	(1)
Globalization: The Developmental Model	44	(2)
Four Approaches to Solving Social Problems	46	(5)
Reactive Approach	46	(1)
Inactive Approach	47	(1)
Proactive Approach	48	(1)
Interactive Approach	49	(2)
Answers That Won't Work	51	(2)
Social Denial	51	(1)
Avoidance	51	(1)
Blaming	52	(1)
Moralizing	53	(1)
The Quick Fix	53	(1)
Conclusion	53	(1)
Key Concepts	53	(1)
Questions for Discussion	54	(1)
Additional Reading	54	(2)
Rational Problem Solving and Social Thinking	56	(22)
Thomas Hobbes and Modern Reason	58	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	58	(1)
What Is Modern Rational Problem Solving?	59	(1)
Maximize One's Interests	59	(1)
Practical	59	(1)
Unitary Decision Maker	59	(1)
Reason at Large	59	(1)
Rational Problem Solving and Social Work	60	(1)
A Brief History of RPS in Social Work	60	(1)
Prior to 1850	60	(1)
Reconstruction (1865-1880)	60	(1)
Progressive Era (1880-1915)	60	(1)
1930s and 1940s	61	(1)
Social Work Problem Solving in the 1950s and 1960s	61	(1)
Rational Problem Solving Today	61	(1)
How to Use Rational Problem Solving	61	(7)
Decide on a Goal or Target	61	(2)
Gather Information About the Problem	63	(2)
Generate Alternative Solutions	65	(1)
Assess and Compare Alternatives	65	(1)
Choose the Best Solution	66	(1)
Develop a Plan of Action	67	(1)
Implement the Solution	67	(1)
Evaluate the Results	68	(1)
Limitations of Rational Problem Solving	68	(1)
Values	68	(1)
Unidimensional	69	(1)
Components of Social Thinking	69	(3)
Change Oriented	69	(1)
Citizenship Approach	69	(1)
Civic Consciousness	69	(1)
Collective Effort	70	(1)
Interdependent	70	(1)
Borderless and Nonmanaged	70	(1)
Direct and Immediate	70	(1)
Empowering	70	(1)
Rooted in Practice	71	(1)
Multiple Ways of Knowing	71	(1)
A Brief History of Social Thinking	72	(2)
Classical Greeks	72	(1)
Pragmatism and Social Psychology	72	(1)
Murray Ross and Community Organization	72	(1)
Symbolic Interactionists	72	(1)
Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed	73	(1)
Liberation Theology	73	(1)
How to Engage the Social Thinking Process	74	(2)
Sensing/Experiencing: Cognitive Dissonance	74	(1)
Shared Interaction: Feelings and Values	74	(1)
Intuitive Reflection	75	(1)
Cognitive Thinking: Developing a Strategy	75	(1)
Moving to Action: Thinking as Doing	76	(1)
Conclusion	76	(1)
Key Concepts	76	(1)
Questions for Discussion	77	(1)
Additional Reading	77	(1)
Leadership: The Hallmark of Macro Social Work	78	(33)
Jane Addams (1860-1935), Social Leader	79	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	80	(1)
Social and Task Group Leadership	81	(3)
Social Leadership	81	(2)
Task Group Leadership	83	(1)
A Brief History of Social and Task Group Leadership	84	(9)
Social Leadership: The Early Years	84	(2)
Leadership in the 1920s	86	(1)
Social and Task Group Leadership in the 1930s	86	(1)
The 1940s and 1950s: Professionalizing Social Leadership	87	(1)
Task Group Leadership From 1945 to 1960	88	(1)
Social and Task Group Leadership in the 1960s	88	(4)
Social Leadership From 1970 to the Present	92	(1)
How to Help People Become Social Leaders	93	(5)
Feeling to Build Community	93	(2)
Thinking to Develop Strength	95	(1)
Intuition to Envision	96	(1)
Sensing to Move to Action	96	(2)
Closing the Circle	98	(1)
How to Help a Task Group Accomplish Its Purpose	98	(10)
Pregroup Planning	98	(1)
Leading the First Meeting	99	(3)
Leading the Group Through Its Life Cycle	102	(6)
Ending the Group	108	(1)
Conclusion	108	(1)
Key Concepts	108	(1)
Questions for Discussion	109	(1)
Additional Reading	110	(1)
PART II Social Work Practice With Communities	111	(132)
Community	114	(22)
The Miracle of Le Chambon	115	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	116	(1)
What Is Community?	116	(7)
Community as a Locality	117	(1)
Relational Community	118	(5)
A Brief History of Community and Its Theorists	123	(8)
Early Communal Society	123	(1)
The Enlightenment (1400-1700)	123	(1)
Community in Early America (1600-1800)	124	(1)
The Industrial Revolution (1800-1920)	125	(1)
Community Sociology (1887-1920)	125	(3)
Urbanization (1920-1990)	128	(1)
Community Theorists (1990-2000)	129	(2)
Macro Social Work and the Community	131	(1)
Community Planning Approach	131	(1)
Community Development Approach	131	(1)
Community Organization Approach	131	(1)
The Consensual Approach	132	(1)
Conclusion	132	(1)
Key Concepts	133	(1)
Questions for Discussion	133	(1)
Additional Reading	133	(3)
The Practice of Community Planning	136	(33)
Community Planning, Alive and Kicking	137	(2)
Planning Process	138	(1)
Methods	138	(1)
Participation	138	(1)
Goals	139	(1)
Implementation	139	(1)
Leadership	139	(1)
Official Status	139	(1)
Political Power	139	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	139	(1)
Why Plan?	140	(1)
What Is Social Work Planning?	140	(2)
Social Welfare Planning	140	(1)
Social Agency Planning	141	(1)
Neighborhood Planning	141	(1)
A Brief History of Social Planning in America	142	(9)
Founding the Nation	143	(1)
Progressives and Social Work Planning	143	(1)
Planning the Welfare State	143	(1)
Housing and Urban Planning	144	(2)
Planning for Mental Health	146	(1)
Planning for Older Americans	147	(1)
Community Planning	147	(4)
The Future of Social Welfare Planning	151	(1)
Foundations of Community Planning	151	(2)
Empowerment Oriented	151	(1)
Future Directed	152	(1)
Democratically Aimed	152	(1)
Advocacy Based	152	(1)
Practically Engaged	152	(1)
How to Practice Community Planning	153	(13)
Build a Network of Relationships	153	(1)
Develop a Planning Board	153	(1)
Define the Problem	154	(1)
Mobilize Guiding Values	154	(1)
Perform Assessments	154	(1)
Perform Research	155	(5)
Develop Alternative Solutions	160	(2)
Assess and Compare Alternatives	162	(1)
Provide Feedback	163	(1)
Present the Solution to the Community	163	(2)
Present the Solution to Decision Makers	165	(1)
Implement the Solution	166	(1)
Monitor and Evaluate	166	(1)
Conclusion	166	(1)
Key Concepts	167	(1)
Questions for Discussion	167	(1)
Additional Reading	168	(1)
The Practice of Community Development	169	(31)
Community Development Finds Itself	170	(2)
Cooperation	171	(1)
Leadership Development	171	(1)
Innovation	172	(1)
Consensual Community Organizing	172	(1)
Results	172	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	172	(1)
What Is Community Development?	173	(2)
Individual Growth and Skill Enhancement	173	(1)
The Importance of Task Groups	173	(1)
Constructing a Community Development Corporation	174	(1)
What Is a Community Development Corporation?	175	(4)
Citizen Participation	175	(1)
Community Based	175	(1)
Alternatives to Private Business	175	(1)
Size and Scope	175	(1)
Programs	176	(2)
Funding	178	(1)
Statewide, Regional, National, and International Organizations	179	(1)
Statewide Organizations	179	(1)
Regional Organizations	179	(1)
National Organizations	180	(1)
International Organizations	180	(1)
A Brief History of Community Development	180	(8)
Utopian Community Development	180	(1)
Modern Community Development in North America	181	(7)
How to Build a Community Development Corporation	188	(6)
Community Identification	188	(1)
Willingness and Motivation	188	(1)
Focused Interviews and Focus Groups	188	(1)
Develop an Action Group	189	(1)
Use a Resources and Assets Approach	189	(1)
Develop a Resources and Assets Inventory	190	(1)
Develop the Corporation	191	(1)
Decide on a Set of Actions	192	(1)
Develop a Project	192	(1)
Develop Relationships With Corporations, Government, and Intermediaries	193	(1)
End the Process	193	(1)
E-Community Development	194	(2)
Chittenden Community Television	194	(1)
Playing to Win	195	(1)
Institute for the Study of Civic Values	195	(1)
Government Cooperation	195	(1)
Community Technology Centers	195	(1)
Using the Internet	195	(1)
Conclusion	196	(1)
Key Concepts	196	(1)
Questions for Discussion	197	(1)
Additional Reading	197	(3)
The Practice of Community Organization	200	(43)
When You Have Trouble in San Antonio, Call the COPS	202	(2)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	204	(1)
What Is Community Organizing?	204	(4)
Individuals and Whole-Mind Thinking	204	(2)
Facilitate Task Groups	206	(1)
Working With Communities	207	(1)
Working With Society	207	(1)
What Are Community Organizations?	208	(2)
Scope and Size	208	(1)
Change Efforts	208	(2)
Community Organizing and Models of Social Deviance	210	(2)
Organizational Deviance Model	210	(1)
Intergroup Conflict Model of Social Deviance	211	(1)
A Brief History of Community Organizing in America	212	(9)
Labor Organizing	212	(1)
The Progressive Era (1880-1915)	212	(1)
School Community Centers (1900-1929)	213	(1)
Saul Alinsky and Grassroots Community Organizing (1935-1940)	214	(1)
Community Organizing in the 1940s	215	(1)
Community Organizing in the 1950s	215	(2)
The Turbulent 1960s	217	(2)
Community Organizing in the 1970s	219	(1)
Community Organizing in the 1980s	219	(1)
Community Organizing in the 1990s	220	(1)
The Impact of Community Organizing in the 2000s	221	(1)
How to Practice Community Organizing	221	(5)
Understand the People	221	(2)
Overcome Self-Oppression	223	(1)
Engage the Community	224	(1)
Define the Problem	224	(1)
Build an Organization	224	(1)
The Role of the Staff Organizer	225	(1)
Carry Out Strategies	226	(1)
Debrief	226	(1)
Termination	226	(1)
How to Use Four Models of Community Organizing	226	(8)
Chavez Organizational Linking Model	227	(1)
Ross House Meeting Model	228	(2)
Alinsky Coalition Model	230	(2)
Social Networks Model	232	(2)
Community Organizing for the 21st Century: Consensus Organizing	234	(3)
Triple-Pronged Approach	234	(1)
Four-Pronged Approach	234	(1)
How to Do Consensus Building Community Organizing	234	(2)
Strengths and Limitations of Consensus Organizing	236	(1)
Conclusion	237	(1)
Key Concepts	237	(1)
Questions for Discussion	238	(1)
Additional Reading	238	(5)
PART III The Practice of Social Work With Organizations	243	(126)
Social Organizations	245	(29)
The Success of Social Organizations	246	(2)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	248	(1)
Social Organizations	248	(7)
No Commonly Accepted Name	248	(1)
New Components	249	(2)
New Structure	251	(1)
New Social Purpose	252	(1)
New Means of Funding	253	(2)
New Configuration of Public Power	255	(1)
A Brief History of Social Organizations	255	(1)
The 1800s	255	(1)
Civil War and Reconstruction	255	(1)
New Deal and World War II	256	(1)
Growth From 1950 to 2000	256	(1)
Modern Complex Organizations	256	(2)
Ubiquitous	256	(1)
Wealthy	257	(1)
Size and Stability	258	(1)
Concentrated	258	(1)
Technologically Innovative	258	(1)
A Definition of Modern Complex Organizations	258	(2)
Artificial	258	(1)
Intentionally Contrived	259	(1)
Functional Tools	259	(1)
Accomplish Goals	259	(1)
Directed by Their Owners	259	(1)
A Brief History of Modern Complex Organizations	260	(8)
The First Corporations (1600-1750)	260	(1)
The Industrial Revolution and the Factory System (1750-1910)	260	(1)
Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management (1910-1920)	261	(1)
The Bureaucratic Machine Tool (1900-1930)	262	(1)
The Human Relations School (1927-1940)	263	(1)
Interregnum of World War II	263	(1)
Herbert Simon and the Decision-Making School (1945-1960)	264	(1)
The Contingency School (1970-1980)	265	(1)
Transnational Organizations in the Global Society (1990s-Present)	266	(2)
Macro Social Work and Perspectives of Change	268	(1)
Social Work and the Structural Functional Perspective	268	(1)
Social Work and the Organizational Deviance Perspective	269	(1)
Conclusion	269	(1)
Key Concepts	270	(1)
Questions for Discussion	271	(1)
Additional Reading	271	(3)
The Practice of Social Work Program Development	274	(37)
Clara Barton, Angel of the Battlefield	275	(2)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	277	(1)
Who Are Social Work Program Developers?	277	(1)
A Brief History of Program Development	277	(3)
Colonial Period and American Independence (1609-1800)	277	(1)
Period of Institutional Programs (1800-1860)	278	(1)
Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1885)	279	(1)
Progressive Era (1885-1910)	279	(1)
Program Development Today	280	(1)
How to Develop a Social Organization	280	(8)
Form a Program Development Group	281	(1)
Identify and Verify the Need	282	(2)
Establish the Legal Corporation	284	(4)
Working With the Board of Directors	288	(4)
Recruit Board Members	288	(1)
Train and Orient the Board	289	(2)
The First Board Meeting	291	(1)
Establish the Social Organization's Culture and Structure	292	(2)
Mission Statement	292	(1)
Vision Statement	292	(1)
Values Statement	292	(1)
Goal Statement	292	(1)
The Organizational Structure	292	(2)
Staff the Social Organization	294	(4)
The Administrator	294	(1)
Fair Employment Practices	294	(1)
Positions, Salary, and Benefits	295	(2)
Recruit and Select Candidates	297	(1)
Finance the Social Organization	298	(7)
The Budgeting Process	299	(1)
Bookkeeping System	299	(1)
Obtain Funding	300	(5)
Recruit Clients	305	(1)
Obtain Referrals	305	(1)
Networking	305	(1)
Sponsor an Open House	306	(1)
Conclusion	306	(1)
Key Concepts	306	(1)
Questions for Discussion	307	(1)
Additional Reading	307	(4)
The Practice of Social Work Administration	311	(27)
Harry Hopkins, Social Work Administrator	312	(2)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	314	(1)
Business Management and Social Administration	314	(2)
Business Management	314	(1)
Social Administration	315	(1)
A Brief History of Administrative Law	316	(2)
Equal Pay Act of 1963	316	(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1964	316	(1)
Age Discrimination Act of 1975	317	(1)
O'Conner v. Ortega, 1987: Employee Privacy	317	(1)
Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990	318	(1)
How to Practice Social Administration	318	(11)
Supervision	318	(2)
Administrative Decision Making	320	(4)
Administering Finances	324	(2)
Administering the Human Side of Social Organizations	326	(3)
The Role of the Chief Administrative Social Worker	329	(5)
Service	329	(1)
Planning	329	(1)
Relating to the Board of Directors	330	(1)
Evaluating the Social Organization	330	(4)
Conclusion	334	(1)
Key Concepts	334	(1)
Questions for Discussion	334	(1)
Additional Reading	335	(3)
The Practice of Organization Development	338	(31)
Jean Carlyle Takes a Stand	339	(2)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	341	(1)
What Is Organization Development?	341	(1)
Internal Organization Development	341	(1)
External Organization Development	341	(1)
Macro Social Work and Organization Development	342	(1)
A Brief History of Organization Development	342	(3)
The Origins of Organization Development: 1940s and 1950s	342	(1)
Organization Development in the 1960s and 1970s	343	(1)
Organization Development in the 1980s	344	(1)
Organization Development: 1990s to the Present	344	(1)
Conventional Organization Development	345	(1)
Conventional Organization Development and Change	345	(2)
Forces Impelling the Need for Change	345	(1)
Barriers to Change	346	(1)
Approaches to Conventional Organization Development	347	(1)
Systems Approach	347	(1)
Social Ecology Approach	347	(1)
Levels of Analysis Approach	347	(1)
Subsystems Approach	347	(1)
Contingency Approach	348	(1)
Therapeutic Approach	348	(1)
How to Practice Conventional Organization Development	348	(14)
Negotiate a Contract	348	(1)
Identify the Problem	348	(1)
Gather Information	349	(1)
Diagnose and Treat the Problem	350	(12)
Social Organization Development	362	(1)
How to Practice Social Organization Development	363	(4)
Engagement	363	(1)
Develop a Contract	363	(1)
Renegotiate Control and Responsibility	363	(2)
Offer an Invitation to Change	365	(1)
Create a Desired Future	365	(1)
Form Improvement Teams	365	(1)
Change Work Practices	366	(1)
Redesign the Organization	366	(1)
Offer Learning Opportunities	366	(1)
Trust the Social Workers	366	(1)
Conclusion	367	(1)
Key Concepts	367	(1)
Questions for Discussion	367	(1)
Additional Reading	368	(1)
PART IV Social Work Practice at the National and International Levels	369	(126)
The Practice of Social Work Policy Advocacy	372	(44)
Joan Claybrook: Social Policy Advocate	374	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	374	(1)
What Are Social Policies?	375	(1)
Federal Social Policies	375	(1)
State and Local Social Policies	375	(1)
Social Policy and Social Organizations	375	(1)
A Brief History of Policy Making and Advocacy	375	(12)
Individual Policy Activists of the 1800s	376	(1)
The Progressive Era: 1885-1915	376	(3)
Social Policies of the 1930s	379	(1)
Social Policies of the 1940s and 1950s	380	(2)
Social Policies of the 1960s	382	(2)
Public Policies in the 1970s and 1980s	384	(1)
Social Policies in the 1990s	385	(1)
Social Policies in the First Decade of 2000	386	(1)
Who Decides: Models of Policy Making	387	(5)
Elite Model	387	(1)
Institutional Model	388	(1)
Interest Group Model	388	(1)
Rational Model	389	(1)
Administrative Model	390	(1)
Bargaining and Negotiation	391	(1)
Systems Model	391	(1)
Garbage Can Model	392	(1)
A Critique of Conventional Policy-Making Models	392	(2)
Politics of Patriarchy	392	(1)
Politics of Disengagement	392	(1)
Politics of Powerlessness	393	(1)
Politics of Exclusion	393	(1)
Politics of Persuasion	394	(1)
Politics of Inequality	394	(1)
Normative Social Policy	394	(4)
Substantive Politics	394	(2)
Character Education	396	(1)
Value Education	396	(1)
Community Politics	397	(1)
Grassroots Democracy	397	(1)
Creating a Good Society	397	(1)
Kinds of Policy Analysis	398	(1)
Top-Down Policy Analysis	398	(1)
Community-Centered Policy Analysis	398	(1)
How to Do Community-Centered Policy Analysis	398	(11)
Develop a Policy-Making Group	398	(1)
Define the Problem	399	(2)
Define the ``Real'' Problem	401	(1)
Relabel the Problem	401	(1)
Gather Information	401	(2)
Develop Alternative Solutions	403	(1)
Choose Among Alternative Solutions	404	(2)
Decide on the Best Solution	406	(1)
Develop a Policy Proposal	406	(1)
Present the Proposal	406	(1)
Gain Acceptance by the Sponsoring Organization	407	(1)
Implement the Policy	407	(2)
Social Policy and the Internet	409	(2)
E-Democracy	409	(1)
E-Government	410	(1)
E-Journalism	410	(1)
E-Advocacy	410	(1)
Blending Approaches	411	(1)
Conclusion	411	(1)
Key Concepts	411	(1)
Questions for Discussion	412	(1)
Additional Reading	413	(3)
The Practice of Social Work With Social Movements	416	(40)
Martin Luther King Jr. and the War in Vietnam	417	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	418	(1)
Modern Social Movements	419	(1)
Postmodern Social Movements	419	(1)
Modern Social Action	419	(1)
Community Organization and Modern Social Movements	420	(1)
Community Organization	420	(1)
Social Movements	420	(1)
Models of Social Change	420	(1)
Organizational Deviance Model of Social Change	420	(1)
Institutional Deviance Model of Social Change	421	(1)
Systems Deviance Model of Social Change	421	(1)
A Brief History of Modern Social Movements	421	(14)
Labor Movement: 1636 to 2000	422	(5)
Abolitionist Movement: 1830 to 1865	427	(1)
Progressive Movement: 1885 to 1910	428	(3)
Period of Quiescence: 1920 to 1955	431	(1)
Period of Protest: 1955 to 1973	432	(3)
How to Engage in Modern Social Action	435	(11)
Unfreeze the System	435	(8)
Move to Action	443	(2)
Refreeze: Solidify Change	445	(1)
Limitations of Modern Social Action	446	(1)
Postmodern Social Movements	447	(1)
Social Cultural Model of Social Change	447	(1)
Women's Liberation Movement	447	(1)
Peace Movement	448	(1)
Environmental Movement	448	(1)
Characteristics of Postmodern Social Movements	448	(2)
New Structure	448	(1)
Rejection of Individualism	449	(1)
New Ways of Thinking	449	(1)
Community Based	449	(1)
Redefined Role of Government	450	(1)
Transformation of Public Life	450	(1)
Culture Building	450	(1)
The Postmodern Social Movement Process	450	(2)
Cognitive Dissonance	450	(1)
Shared Perceptions and Meanings	451	(1)
Envisioning a New Future	451	(1)
Collective Identity and Submerged Networks	451	(1)
Action	451	(1)
Conclusion	452	(1)
Key Concepts	452	(1)
Questions for Discussion	453	(1)
Additional Reading	453	(3)
The Practice of Social Work at the Global Level	456	(39)
Our Global Society in Perspective	457	(1)
What You Will Learn in This Chapter	458	(1)
What Is the Practice of Macro Social Work at the Global Level?	458	(1)
A Brief History of International Social Work	459	(7)
Origins of International Community Development and Relief: 1800-1899	459	(1)
Social Work Education and Community Development: 1900-1945	459	(1)
The Rise of the Global Market: 1945-1970	460	(3)
Increasing Growth of the Global Economy: 1980s	463	(1)
Increasing Influence of Nongovernmental Organizations: 1990s	464	(1)
Domination of the Free Global Market: 2000s	465	(1)
Brave New Millennium: Social Problems in Our Global Society	466	(8)
Poverty	466	(2)
Slavery	468	(3)
Manufacturing Violence and International Conflict	471	(1)
Refugees	472	(1)
Destruction of the Global Ecosystem	473	(1)
International Social Organizations	474	(6)
Broad-Based Grassroots Organizations	474	(2)
Single-Focus Grassroots Organizations	476	(1)
Nongovernmental Organizations	476	(1)
Nongovernmental Support Organizations	477	(1)
Transnational Nongovernmental Organizations	478	(1)
The United Nations	478	(1)
International Social Work Organizations	479	(1)
Arenas of International Social Work	480	(7)
International Relief and Refugee Social Work	480	(1)
Sustainable Human Development	481	(1)
Community Economic Development	481	(2)
International Social Activism: New Social Movements	483	(4)
How to Practice International Social Work	487	(2)
Find a Position	487	(1)
Orient Yourself	487	(1)
Engage People	487	(1)
Develop Trust	488	(1)
Develop Empowerment	488	(1)
Encourage Decision Making	488	(1)
Develop a Plan	488	(1)
Provide Training	489	(1)
Develop Leadership	489	(1)
Evaluate	489	(1)
Using the Internet in International Social Work	489	(1)
International E-Activism and E-Services	489	(1)
E-Empowerment	490	(1)
E-Development	490	(1)
Conclusion	490	(1)
Key Concepts	491	(1)
Questions for Discussion	492	(1)
Additional Reading	492	(3)
Epilogue Macro Social Work: A Profession of Heroes	495	(12)
Irena Sendler: Social Work Rescuer	496	(1)
Macro Social Workers and Heroes of Social Justice	497	(8)
Conclusion	505	(1)
Additional Reading	505	(2)
Notes	507	(24)
Name Index	531	(4)
Subject Index	535