Preparing for the Biology AP Exam : With Biology, Seventh Edition

by Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.

• ISBN13: 9780805371871
• ISBN10: 0805371877
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-02-16
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL SCHOOL GROUP

Table of Contents

Part I: Introduction to the AP Biology Examination	1	(28)
The Advanced Placement Program	3	(4)
Why Take an AP Course?	3	(1)
Taking an AP Examination	4	(1)
AP Biology: Course Goals	5	(2)
Understanding the AP Biology Examination	7	(6)
Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions	7	(4)
Section II: Free-Response Questions	11	(2)
Grading Procedures for the AP Biology Examination	13	(2)
Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions	13	(1)
Section II: Free-Response Questions	13	(2)
Test-Taking Strategies for the AP Biology Examination	15	(7)
AP Review: Lab Essays	15	(1)
Graphing Data	16	(1)
Sample Tests	16	(1)
The Day of the Exam	17	(1)
Section I: Strategies for Multiple-Choice Questions	18	(1)
Section II: Strategies for Free-Response Questions	19	(3)
AP Topic Correlation to Campbell and Reece Biology, Seventh Edition	22	(1)
AP Biology Thematic Study Grid	23	(6)
Part II: Topical Review with Sample Questions and Answers and Explanations	29	(192)
The Chemistry of Life	31	(12)
Concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds	31	(1)
Concept 2.2 An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms	31	(1)
Concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms	31	(1)
Concept 3.1 The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding	32	(1)
Concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's fitness for life	32	(1)
Concept 3.3 Dissociation of water molecules leads to acidic and basic conditions that affect living organisms	33	(1)
Concept 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms	33	(1)
Concept 5.1 Most macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers	33	(1)
Concept 5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material	34	(1)
Concept 5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules	34	(1)
Concept 5.4 Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions	35	(1)
Concept 5.5 Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information	36	(7)
For Additional Review	37	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	37	(1)
Free-Response Question	38	(1)
Answers and Explanations	39	(4)
The Cell	43	(32)
Concept 6.1 To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry	43	(1)
Concept 6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions	43	(4)
Concept 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins	47	(1)
Concept 7.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment	48	(1)
Concept 7.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients	48	(1)
Concept 7.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis	49	(1)
Concept 8.1 An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics	49	(1)
Concept 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneously	49	(1)
Concept 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions	50	(1)
Concept 8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers	50	(1)
Concept 9.1 Catabolic pathways release energy by oxidizing organic fuels	51	(1)
Concept 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate	51	(1)
Concept 9.3 The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules	52	(1)
Concept 9.4 During oxidative phosphorlyation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis	53	(1)
Concept 9.5 Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen	54	(1)
Concept 9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways	54	(1)
Concept 10.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food	54	(1)
Concept 10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH	55	(1)
Concept 10.3 The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar	56	(2)
Concept 10.4 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates	58	(1)
Concept 11.1 External signals are converted into responses within the cell	58	(1)
Concept 11.2 Reception: A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape	59	(1)
Concept 11.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell	59	(1)
Concept 11.4 Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of cytoplasmic activities or transcription	59	(1)
Concept 12.1 Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells	59	(1)
Concept 12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle	60	(1)
Concept 12.3 The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system	61	(14)
For Additional Review	62	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	62	(5)
Free-Response Question	67	(1)
Answers and Explanations	67	(8)
Genetics	75	(36)
Concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes	75	(1)
Concept 13.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles	75	(1)
Concept 13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid	76	(1)
Concept 13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution	77	(1)
Concept 14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance	78	(2)
Concept 14.2 The laws of probability govern Mendelian inheritance	80	(1)
Concept 14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics	81	(1)
Concept 14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance	81	(1)
Concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes	82	(1)
Concept 15.2 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome	82	(1)
Concept 15.3 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance	83	(1)
Concept 15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders	83	(1)
Concept 16.1 DNA is the genetic material	84	(1)
Concept 16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair	85	(2)
Concept 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation	87	(1)
Concept 17.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA	87	(1)
Concept 17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription	88	(1)
Concept 17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide	88	(2)
Concept 17.6 Comparing gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes reveals key differences	90	(1)
Concept 17.7 Point mutations can affect protein structure and function	91	(1)
Concept 18.1 A virus has a genome but can reproduce only within a host cell	91	(1)
Concept 18.2 Viruses, viroids, and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants	91	(1)
Concept 18.3 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination contribute to the genetic diversity of bacteria	92	(1)
Concept 18.4 Individual bacteria respond to environmental change by regulating their gene expression	92	(1)
Concept 19.1 Chromatin structure is based on successive levels of DNA packing	92	(1)
Concept 19.2 Gene expression can be regulated at any stage, but the key step is transcription	92	(1)
Concept 19.3 Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control	93	(1)
Concept 19.4 Eukaryotic genomes can have many noncoding DNA sequences in addition to genes	93	(1)
Concept 20.1 DNA cloning permits production of multiple copies of a specific gene or other DNA segment	93	(1)
Concept 20.2 Restriction fragment analysis detects DNA differences that affect restriction sites	94	(1)
Concept 20.3 Entire genomes can be mapped at the DNA level	94	(1)
Concept 20.4 Genome sequences provide clues to important biological questions	94	(1)
Concept 20.5 The practical applications of DNA technology affect our lives in many ways	94	(17)
For Additional Review	95	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	95	(8)
Free-Response Question	103	(1)
Answers and Explanations	103	(8)
Mechanisms of Evolution	111	(18)
Concept 22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species	111	(1)
Concept 22.2 In The Origin of Species, Darwin proposed that species change through natural selection	111	(1)
Concept 22.3 Darwin's theory explains a wide range of observations	112	(1)
Concept 23.1 Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution	113	(1)
Concept 23.2 Mutation and sexual recombination produce the variation that makes evolution possible	114	(1)
Concept 23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter a population's genetic composition	114	(1)
Concept 23.4 Natural selection is the primary mechanism of adaptive evolution	115	(1)
Concept 24.1 The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation	115	(1)
Concept 24.2 Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation	116	(1)
Concept 24.3 Macroevolutionary changes can accumulate through many speciation events	117	(1)
Concept 25.1 Phylogenies are based on common ancestries inferred from fossil, morphological, and molecular evidence	118	(1)
Concept 25.2 Phylogenetic systematics connects classification with evolutionary history	118	(1)
Concept 25.3 Phylogenetic systematics informs the construction of phylogenetic trees based on shared characters	119	(1)
Concept 25.5 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time	120	(9)
For Additional Review	120	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	121	(2)
Free-Response Question	123	(1)
Answers and Explanations	123	(6)
The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity	129	(26)
Concept 26.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible	129	(1)
Concept 26.2 The fossil record chronicles life on Earth	129	(2)
Concept 26.6 New information has revised our understanding of the tree of life	131	(1)
Concept 27.1 Structural, functional, and genetic adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success	131	(1)
Concept 27.2 A great diversity of nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes	132	(1)
Concept 27.3 Molecular systematics is illuminating prokaryotic phylogeny	132	(1)
Concept 27.4 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere	133	(1)
Concept 28.1 Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes	133	(1)
Concept 29.1 Land plants evolved from green algae	134	(1)
Concept 29.2 Land plants possess a set of derived terrestrial adaptations	135	(1)
Concept 29.3 The life cycles of mosses and other bryophytes are dominated by the gametophyte stage	135	(1)
Concept 29.4 Ferns and other seedless vascular plants formed the first forests	135	(1)
Concept 30.1 The reduced gametophytes of seed plants are protected in ovules and pollen grains	136	(1)
Concept 30.2 Gymnosperms bear ``naked'' seeds, typically on cones	136	(1)
Concept 30.3 The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits	136	(2)
Concept 31.1 Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption	138	(1)
Concept 31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages	138	(1)
Concept 31.5 Fungi have a powerful impact on ecosystems and human welfare	138	(1)
Concept 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers	139	(1)
Concept 32.2 The history of animals may span more than a billion years	139	(1)
Concept 32.3 Animals can be characterized by ``body plans''	139	(1)
Overview: Life Without a Backbone	139	(3)
Concept 34.1 Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord	142	(1)
Concept 34.2 Craniates are chordates that have a head	143	(1)
Concept 34.3 Vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone	143	(1)
Concept 34.4 Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws	144	(1)
Concept 34.5 Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs and feet	144	(1)
Concept 34.6 Amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg	144	(1)
Concept 34.7 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk	145	(10)
For Additional Review	145	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	146	(3)
Free-Response Question	149	(1)
Answers and Explanations	150	(5)
Plant Form and Function	155	(18)
Concept 35.1 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells	155	(1)
Concept 35.2 Meristems generate cells for new organs	156	(1)
Concept 35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots	156	(1)
Concept 35.4 Secondary growth adds girth to stems and roots in woody plants	156	(1)
Concept 35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation produce the plant body	157	(1)
Concept 36.1 Physical processes drive the transport of materials in plants over a range of distances	157	(1)
Concept 36.2 Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil	158	(1)
Concept 36.3 Water and minerals ascend from roots to shoots through the xylem	158	(1)
Concept 36.4 Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration	159	(1)
Concept 36.5 Organic nutrients are translocated through the phloem	159	(1)
Concept 37.1 Plants require certain chemical elements to complete their life cycle	159	(1)
Concept 37.2 Soil quality is a major determinant of plant distribution and growth	159	(1)
Concept 37.3 Nitrogen is often the mineral that has the greatest effect on plant growth	160	(1)
Concept 37.4 Plant nutritional adaptations often involve relationships with other organisms	160	(1)
Concept 38.1 Pollination enables gametes to come together within a flower	161	(2)
Concept 38.2 After fertilization, ovules develop into seeds and ovaries into fruits	163	(1)
Concept 38.3 Many flowering plants clone themselves by asexual reproduction	163	(1)
Concept 38.4 Plant biotechnology is transforming agriculture	163	(1)
Concept 39.2 Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli	163	(1)
Concept 39.3 Responses to light are critical for plant success	164	(1)
Concept 39.4 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light	165	(1)
Concept 39.5 Plants defend themselves against herbivores and pathogens	165	(8)
For Additional Review	165	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	166	(2)
Free-Response Question	168	(1)
Answers and Explanations	168	(5)
Animal Form and Function	173	(34)
Concept 40.1 Physical laws and the environment constrain animal size and shape	173	(1)
Concept 40.2 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization	173	(1)
Concept 40.3 Animals use the chemical energy in food to sustain form and function	174	(1)
Concept 40.4 Many animals regulate their internal environment within relatively narrow limits	174	(1)
Concept 40.5 Thermoregulation contributes to homeostasis and involves anatomy, physiology and behavior	174	(1)
Concept 41.1 Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal's energy budget	175	(1)
Concept 41.2 An animal's diet must supply carbon skeletons and essential nutrients	175	(1)
Concept 41.3 The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination	176	(1)
Concept 41.4 Each organ of the mammalian digestive system has specialized food-processing functions	176	(2)
Concept 41.5 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems are often associated with diet	178	(1)
Concept 42.1 Circulatory systems reflect phylogeny	178	(1)
Concept 42.2 Double circulation in mammals depends on the anatomy and pumping cycle of the heart	179	(2)
Concept 42.3 Physical principles govern blood circulation	181	(1)
Concept 42.4 Blood is a connective tissue with cells suspended in plasma	181	(1)
Concept 42.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces	181	(1)
Concept 42.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs	181	(1)
Concept 42.7 Respiratory pigments bind and transport gases	182	(1)
Concept 43.1 Innate immunity provides broad defenses against infection	182	(1)
Concept 43.2 In acquired immunity, lymphocytes provide specific defenses against infection	182	(1)
Concept 43.3 Humoral and cell-mediated immunity defend against different types of threats	183	(1)
Concept 43.4 The immune system's ability to distinguish self from nonself limits tissue transplantation	183	(1)
Concept 43.5 Exaggerated, self-directed, or diminished immune responses can cause disease	183	(1)
Concept 44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss of water and solutes	183	(1)
Concept 44.2 An animal's nitrogenous wastes reflect its phylogeny and habitat	183	(1)
Concept 44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme	184	(1)
Concept 44.4 Nephrons and associated blood vessels are the functional units of the mammalian kidney	184	(1)
Concept 44.5 The mammalian kidney's ability to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation	185	(1)
Concept 45.1 The endocrine system and the nervous system act individually and together in regulating an animal's physiology	186	(1)
Concept 45.2 Hormones and other chemical signals bind to target cell receptors, initiating pathways that culminate in specific cell responses	186	(1)
Concept 45.3 The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system	186	(2)
Concept 45.4 Nonpituitary hormones help regulate metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior	188	(1)
Concept 46.1 Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom	188	(1)
Concept 46.2 Fertilization depends on mechanisms that help sperm meet eggs of the same species	188	(1)
Concept 46.3 Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes: focus on humans	189	(1)
Concept 46.4 In humans and other mammals, a complex interplay of hormones regulates gametogenesis	189	(1)
Concept 46.5 In humans and other placental mammals, an embryo grows into a newborn in the mother's uterus	190	(1)
Concept 47.1 After fertilization, embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis	190	(1)
Concept 48.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells	191	(1)
Concept 48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels maintain the resting potential of a neuron	191	(1)
Concept 48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons	192	(1)
Concept 48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells-at synapses	192	(1)
Concept 48.5 The vertebrate nervous system is regionally specialized	192	(1)
Concept 48.6 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions	193	(1)
Concept 49.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system	193	(1)
Concept 49.2 The mechanoreceptors involved with hearing and equilibrium detect settling particles or moving fluid	193	(1)
Concept 49.3 The senses of taste and smell are closely related in most animals	194	(1)
Concept 49.4 Similar mechanisms underlie vision throughout the animal kingdom	194	(1)
Concept 49.5 Animal skeletons function in support, protection, and movement	194	(13)
For Additional Review	195	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	195	(5)
Free-Response Question	200	(1)
Answers and Explanations	200	(7)
Ecology	207	(14)
Concept 50.2 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species	207	(1)
Concept 50.3 Abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomes	207	(1)
Concept 50.4 Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes	208	(1)
Concept 51.1 Behavioral ecologists distinguish between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior	209	(1)
Concept 51.2 Many behaviors have a strong genetic component	209	(1)
Concept 51.3 Environment, interacting with an animal's genetic makeup, influences the development of behavior	210	(1)
Concept 51.5 Natural selection favors behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success	210	(1)
Concept 51.6 The concept of inclusive fitness can account for most altruistic social behavior	210	(1)
Concept 52.3 The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment	210	(1)
Concept 52.5 Populations are regulated by a complex interaction of biotic and abiotic influences	211	(1)
Concept 53.1 A community's interactions include competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and disease	211	(1)
Concept 53.2 Dominant and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure	211	(1)
Concept 53.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and composition	212	(1)
Concept 53.4 Biogeographic factors affect community biodiversity	212	(1)
Concept 54.1 Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling	212	(1)
Concept 54.4 Biological and geochemical processes move nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of the ecosystem	212	(1)
Concept 54.5 The human population is disrupting chemical cycles through the biosphere	213	(8)
For Additional Review	213	(1)
Multiple-Choice Questions	213	(3)
Free-Response Question	216	(1)
Answers and Explanations	216	(5)
Part III: Sample Tests with Answers and Explanations	221	(2)
Practice Test One	223	(30)
Practice Test Two	253