Primate Sexuality Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans

by Dixson, Alan F.

• ISBN13: 9780199544646
• ISBN10: 0199544646
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-03-24
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Primate Sexuality provides an authoritative and comprehensive synthesis of current research on the evolution and physiological control of sexual behaviour in the primates - prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings. This new edition has been fully updated and greatly expanded throughout to incorporate a decade of new research findings. It maintains the depth and scientific rigour of the first edition, and includes a new chapter on human sexuality, written from a comparative perspective. It contains 2600 references, almost 400 figures and photographs, and 73 tables.

Table of Contents

Darwin and Friends	p. 1
Primate classification and evolutionc	p. 7
Evolutionary relationships and time-scales	p. 25
Mating systems	p. 28
Primate social organization	p. 28
The concept of 'sexual segregation	p. 31
Primate mating systems	p. 32
Monogamy in primates	p. 34
Polyandry in primates	p. 38
Polygyny in primates	p. 39
Multimale-multifemale mating systems	p. 48
Evidence that females mate with multiple partners	p. 49
Examples of multimale-multifemale societies	p. 51
Ring-tailed lemur	p. 51
Rhesus monkey	p. 52
Chimpanzees and bonobos	p. 55
Factors determining numbers of males in multimale-multifemale primate groups	p. 58
Dispersed mating systems	p. 59
The mating system of the orang-utan	p. 64
Mating tactics and reproductive success	p. 68
Dominance, mating success, and reproductive success	p. 70
Coalitions, alliances, and male mating success	p. 76
Consortship, mate-guarding, and possessiveness	p. 77
Alternative mating tacticsùa lifespan view	p. 83
Coercive matings	p. 88
Infanticide: the sexual selection hypothesis	p. 90
Some critical comments regarding the sexual selection hypothesis of male infanticide	p. 95
Harassment and interruption of copulation	p. 98
Genetic assessment of male reproductive success	p. 101
Female dominance, mating success, and reproductive success	p. 109
Female mate'choice'	p. 115
Sexual preferences: favouritism and friendship	p. 117
Incestuous matings and incest avoidance	p. 120
The major histocompatibility complex and mate choice	p. 122
The problem of skewed birth sex ratios	p. 125
Sexual behaviour and sexual response	p. 128
Female sexuality: concepts and definitions	p. 128
The question of oestrus	p. 128
Proceptivity	p. 130
Sexual receptivity	p. 140
Sexual attractiveness	p. 141
Male sexuality: concepts and definitions	p. 142
Pre-copulatory behaviour in male primates	p. 144
Copulatory behaviour in male primates	p. 149
The evolution of copulatory postures	p. 149
The evolution of intromission and ejaculatory patterns	p. 158
Classifying primate copulatory patterns	p. 159
Communication during copulation	p. 170
Facial communication during copulation	p. 170
Vocal communication during copulation	p. 172
Tactile stimulation and the problem of orgasm	p. 175
Post-copulatory genital grooming in primates	p. 184
Some conceptual issues in human sexuality	p. 184
Gender identity and gender role	p. 184
Auto-erotism, including masturbation	p. 187
Abnormal sexual preferences: the human paraphilias	p. 193
Socio-Sexual, Bisexual, and Homosexual Behaviour	p. 200
Socio-sexual patterns	p. 200
Does socio-sexual behaviour reflect dominance rank?	p. 201
Penile erection and socio-sexual communication	p. 204
Erection in response to the sight or proximity of a female	p. 205
Erection during sleep	p. 205
Erection during play, grooming, or when seeking 'reassurance'	p. 205
Erections during aggression and ritualized penile displays	p. 205
Socio-sexual presentation in New World primates	p. 207
The development of socio-sexual behaviour	p. 208
Social stimuli and socio-sexual development	p. 210
Does socio-sexual behaviour occur during human development?	p. 214
Isosexual mounts and presentations in primates: phylogenetic considerations	p. 216
Hedonic aspects of isosexual behaviour	p. 218
Heterosexuality, bisexuality, and homosexuality	p. 220
Frequencies of homosexuality: cross-cultural perspectives	p. 224
Homosexual patterns and relationships	p. 226
The biological basis of homosexuality	p. 227
Genetic contributions to homosexual development	p. 227
Homosexuality and birth order	p. 229
Experiential contributions to homosexual development	p. 230
Sexual Selection and Sexually Dimorphic Traits	p. 232
Sexual dimorphism in body weight	p. 233
Sexual dimorphism in canine tooth size	p. 237
Sexual dimorphism in vocal anatomy and display	p. 239
Sexual dimorphism in cutaneous glands and scent-marking displays	p. 249
Sexual skin and other secondary sexual traits in adult males	p. 257
Blue and red sexual skin	p. 257
Capes of hair and facial adornments	p. 264
The problem of fluctuating asymmetry	p. 269
Secondary sexual characters in the adult female	p. 272
The problem of female sexual skin	p. 272
1. The graded signal hypothesis	p. 280
2. The reliable indicator hypothesis	p. 282
Conclusions concerning sexual selection and the evolution of female sexual skin	p. 283
The evolution of sexual skin morphology in various catarrhine lineages	p. 284
Sexual selection and human sexual dimorphism	p. 291
Body composition and shape	p. 291
Facial traits	p. 296
Sperm Competition	p. 298
Relative testes size and mating systems in primates	p. 298
Relative testis size and mating systems in non-primates	p. 303
Testis size, sperm production, and ejaculate quality	p. 304
The compartments of the testis	p. 304
Rates of sperm production and storage	p. 305
Problems of ejaculate quality	p. 306
Does sexual selection influence sperm morphology?	p. 306
Sperm pleiomorphism in humans and the great apes	p. 311
The male accessory reproductive organs and sperm competition	p. 312
Structure and functions of the vasa deferentia	p. 313
The seminal vesicles and prostate gland	p. 316
The structure and functions of primate copulatory plugs	p. 322
Possible effects of repeated ejaculations	p. 325
Does mating order influence male reproductive success?	p. 329
Do social or sexual stimuli affect sperm counts?	p. 333
Sexual Selection and Genitalic Evolution	p. 334
Sexual selection and the evolution of male genitalia	p. 334
The lock-and-key hypothesis	p. 334
The genitalic recognition hypothesis	p. 337
The pleiotropism hypothesis	p. 337
Mechanical conflict of interest hypothesis	p. 338
Eberhard's hypothesis: sexual selection by cryptic female choice	p. 339
Penile morphology and mating systems in primates	p. 340
Descriptions of penile morphologies in dispersed and multimale-multifemale species	p. 342
Descriptions of penile morphologies in monogamous and polygynous forms	p. 343
The evolution of the baculum	p. 344
The evolution of penile spines	p. 355
The evolution of distal penile complexity	p. 358
The striated penile muscles and morphological changes in the glans penis during copulation	p. 359
Sexual selection and the evolution of female genitalia	p. 363
Some observations on evolution of the clitoris	p. 363
The vagina	p. 366
The cervix	p. 370
The uterus	p. 371
The uterotubal junction and Fallopian tubes	p. 374
The Development of Sexually Dimorphic Behaviour	p. 379
The organization hypothesis	p. 379
Sexual differentiation at the genital level	p. 381
The organization hypothesis and primate behavioural development	p. 383
The organization hypothesis and human psychosexual differentiation	p. 388
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia	p. 389
Androgen-insensitivity in males: the testicular feminization syndrome	p. 391
5cc-reductase deficiency and male pseudohermaphroditism	p. 392
Prenatal exposure to exogenous progestagens and oestrogens	p. 396
The postnatal testosterone surge and psychosexual differentiation	p. 397
Hormones and homosexuality	p. 402
The neuroanatomical basis of sexually dimorphic behaviour	p. 407
Sex differences in vocal control systems in the brain	p. 407
Spinal motor neurons innervating penile muscles	p. 412
Sex differences in the primate brain, in comparative perspective	p. 413
Sex differences in the corpus callosum	p. 413
Sex differences in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus	p. 415
Sex differences in other hypothalamic nuclei	p. 421
Conclusions: sexual differentiation of the brain and behaviour	p. 422
Neuroendocrine and behavioural changes during puberty	p. 425
Development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at puberty	p. 426
Behavioural effects of hormones during puberty: organization and activation	p. 427
The Ovarian Cycle and Sexual Behaviour	p. 430
Ovarian cycles: proceptivity, receptivity, and attractiveness	p. 430
The ovarian cycle and sexual behaviour in prosimians	p. 431
Conclusions: the ovarian cycle and sexual behaviour in prosimians	p. 436
The ovarian cycle and sexual behaviour in New World monkeys	p. 437
Conclusions: the ovarian cycle and sexual behaviour in New World monkeys	p. 450
The menstrual cycle and sexual behaviour in catarrhine primates	p. 451
The rhesus monkey	p. 451
The menstrual cycle and sexual behaviour in other Old World monkeys	p. 457
The menstrual cycle and sexual behaviour in the Hominoidea	p. 464
The gibbons	p. 464
The great apes	p. 465
Sexual behaviour during the human menstrual cycle	p. 472
Some final remarks concerning 'concealed ovularion' and 'oestrus'	p. 477
The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Sexual Behavioir In the Adult Female	p. 480
Peripheral effects of hormones upon female sexuality	p. 480
Possible effects upon visual and tactile cues	p. 480
Possible effects upon olfactory cues	p. 481
Central effects of hormones upon female sexuality	p. 484
Some comments on methods of behavioural observation and measurement	p. 484
Central effects of oestrogens upon sexual behaviour	p. 485
Central effects of progestagens upon sexual behaviour	p. 490
Central effects of androgens upon sexual behaviour	p. 491
The adrenal glands and sexual behaviour in female primates	p. 492
The hypothalamic basis of sexual receptivity and proceptivity	p. 495
A neural model of proceptivity in female primates	p. 506
Neurotransmitters and sexual behaviour	p. 512
Monoaminergic neurotransmitters	p. 512
Neuroactive peptides	p. 516
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)	p. 517
Oxytocin	p. 519
Opioid peptides	p. 521
Hormones and Sexual Behaviour in the Adult Male	p. 524
Seasonal changes in hormones and sexual behaviour	p. 524
Effects of castration and testosterone replacement	p. 529
Antiandrogens and sexual behaviour	p. 533
Behavioural effects of metabolites of testosterone	p. 537
Sources of individual variability in sexual behaviour	p. 541
Individual differences in circulating androgen levels	p. 541
Adrenal androgens	p. 543
The role of previous sexual experience	p. 543
The role of the female partner	p. 545
Genetic variability between males	p. 546
Effects of age	p. 547
Peripheral versus central effects of androgens upon male sexuality	p. 551
Androgens and penile morphology	p. 552
The accessory sexual organs	p. 556
Secondary sexual adornments	p. 556
Central effects of androgens upon male sexuality	p. 557
The preoptic area and hypothalamus	p. 561
Influences that impinge upon hypothalamic mechanisms	p. 567
Amygdala and stria terminalis	p. 567
The septum	p. 568
The midbrain	p. 569
Insights gained from brain imaging studies	p. 570
The neural control of pelvic thrusting	p. 570
The neural control of erection and ejaculation	p. 575
The innervation of the penis	p. 575
Neurotransmitters, erection, and derumescence	p. 579
Erectile dysfunction	p. 581
Neurotransmitters and sexual behaviour	p. 584
Neuroactive peptides	p. 585
ß-endorphin	p. 585
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone	p. 587
Oxytocin	p. 587
Prolactin	p. 587
Other pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides	p. 588
Other peptides	p. 589
Monoaminergic neurotransmitters	p. 589
Dopamine	p. 589
Noradrenaline	p. 591
Serotonin (5-HT)	p. 592
Socioendocrinology and Sexual Behaviour	p. 593
Social rank and neuroendocrine function in adult male primates	p. 593
Wingfield's 'challenge hypothesis	p. 594
Sapolsky's studies of neuroendocrine function in male baboons	p. 596
Social rank and secondary sexual traits in male primates	p. 597
Fatted and non-fatted male mandrills	p. 598
Flanged and non-flanged male orang-utans	p. 599
Female social rank, the ovarian cycle, and fertility	p. 602
Social environment and reproductive synchrony	p. 607
Synchrony between the sexes	p. 607
Synchrony between members of the same sex: the ovarian cycle	p. 613
Does ovarian synchrony or asynchrony occur in primates?	p. 615
Effects of social stimuli upon pubertal development	p. 616
Short-term effects of copulatory stimuli upon gonadal function	p. 620
Male primates	p. 620
Female primates	p. 622
Human Sexuality in Primatological Perspective	p. 624
Sexual selection and human evolution	p. 624
The evolution of human copulatory patterns	p. 631
The development of human sexual behaviour	p. 633
Homosexuality and bisexuality	p. 637
The menstrual cycle and sexual behaviour	p. 638
Epilogue: the shape of things to come	p. 641
References	p. 643
Index	p. 739
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