Principles of Adaptive Optics, Third Edition

by Tyson; Robert K.

• ISBN13: 9781439808580
• ISBN10: 1439808589
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-09-14
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Since the publication of the second edition of Principles of Adaptive Optics , the developments and applications in this area have increased tremendously. Observatories are now producing outstanding science through adaptive optics technology; components, such as micromachined deformable mirrors and very low noise detectors, are revolutionizing the field; and the industrial and medical arenas are harnessing the capabilities of adaptive optics tools in free-space laser communications, laser-induced fusion, and retinal imaging.Although the complexity of these applications has intensified, the principles essentially remain the same. Principles of Adaptive Optics, Third Edition offers a comprehensive guide to the systems, components, and processes of adaptive optics. It covers the principles used to extract information from beams of light and improve the performance of optical systems by correcting distortions and aberrations.Condensing the vast array of literature into one accessible source, this edition incorporates recent developments and adds many new references. It discusses how the principles are applied to astronomical imaging systems, retinal imaging, and beam propagation systems. The book logically progresses from determining the sources of aberrations to designing and analyzing systems to describing major subsystems, such as wavefront sensors, correction devices, wavefront reconstruction, and real-time controls.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Author	p. xv
History and Background	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
History	p. 3
Physical Optics	p. 4
Propagation with Aberrations	p. 5
Imaging with Aberrations	p. 8
Representing the Wavefront	p. 12
Power-Series Representation	p. 13
Zernike Series	p. 13
Zernike Annular Polynomials	p. 15
Lowest Aberration Modes	p. 15
Interference	p. 16
Terms in Adaptive Optics	p. 18
Sources of Aberrations	p. 23
Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 23
Descriptions of Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 24
Refractive-Index Structure Constant	p. 27
Turbulence Effects	p. 29
Fried's Coherence Length	p. 29
Scintillation	p. 31
Beam Wander or Tilt	p. 33
Higher-Order Phase Variation	p. 35
Turbulence Modulation Transfer Function	p. 39
Multiple Layers of Turbulence	p. 40
Thermal Blooming	p. 40
Blooming Strength and Critical Power	p. 41
Turbulence, Jitter, and Thermal Blooming	p. 45
Nonatmospheric Sources	p. 46
Optical Misalignments and Jitter	p. 46
Large Optics: Segmenting and Phasing	p. 47
Thermally Induced Distortions of Optics	p. 49
Manufacturing and Microerrors	p. 51
Other Sources of Aberrations	p. 53
Aberrations due to Aircraft Boundary Layer Turbulence	p. 53
Aberrations in Laser Resonators and Lasing Media	p. 54
Adaptive Optics Compensation	p. 55
Phase Conjugation	p. 55
Limitations of Phase Conjugation	p. 60
Turbulence Tilt or Jitter Error	p. 60
Turbulence Higher-Order Spatial Error	p. 61
Modal Analysis	p. 61
Zonal Analysis: Corrector Fitting Error	p. 62
Turbulence Temporal Error	p. 63
Sensor Noise Limitations	p. 65
Thermal Blooming Compensation	p. 66
Anisoplanatism	p. 66
Postprocessing	p. 69
Artificial Guide Stars	p. 70
Rayleigh Guide Star	p. 72
Sodium Guide Stars	p. 76
Lasers for Guide Stars	p. 78
Combining the Limitations	p. 78
Linear Analysis	p. 79
Random Wavefronts	p. 79
Deterministic Wavefronts	p. 81
Partial Phase Conjugation	p. 83
Adaptive Optics Systems	p. 85
Adaptive Optics Imaging Systems	p. 85
Astronomical Imaging Systems	p. 85
Retinal Imaging	p. 87
Beam Propagation Systems	p. 88
Local-Loop Beam Cleanup Systems	p. 90
Alternative Concepts	p. 91
Pros and Cons of Various Approaches	p. 94
Free-Space Laser Communications Systems	p. 94
Unconventional Adaptive Optics	p. 95
Nonlinear Optics	p. 95
Elastic Photon Scattering: Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing	p. 96
Inelastic Photon Scattering	p. 98
Raman and Brillouin Scattering	p. 98
System Engineering	p. 103
System Performance Requirements	p. 107
Compensated Beam Properties	p. 107
Wavefront Reference Beam Properties	p. 108
Optical System Integration	p. 108
Wavefront Sensing	p. 111
Directly Measuring Phase	p. 112
Nonuniqueness of the Diffraction Pattern	p. 112
Determining Phase Information from Intensity	p. 113
Modal and Zonal Sensing	p. 116
Dynamic Range of Tilt and Wavefront Measurement	p. 118
Direct Wavefront Sensing-Modal	p. 119
Importance of Wavefront Tilt	p. 119
Measurement of Tilt	p. 122
Focus Sensing	p. 126
Modal Sensing of Higher-Order Aberrations	p. 128
Zonal Direct Wavefront Sensing	p. 129
Interferometric Wavefront Sensing	p. 129
Methods of Interference	p. 130
Principle of a Shearing Interferometer	p. 138
Practical Operation of a Shearing Interferometer	p. 140
Lateral Shearing Interferometers	p. 140
Rotation and Radial Shear Interferometers	p. 145
Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensors	p. 147
Curvature Sensing	p. 150
Pyramid Wavefront Sensor	p. 151
Selecting a Method	p. 152
Correlation Tracker	p. 152
Indirect Wavefront Sensing Methods	p. 153
Multidither Adaptive Optics	p. 154
Image Sharpening	p. 159
Wavefront Sampling	p. 161
Beam Splitters	p. 161
Hole Gratings	p. 163
Temporal Duplexing	p. 163
Reflective Wedges	p. 165
Diffraction Gratings	p. 166
Hybrids	p. 167
Sensitivities of Sampler Concepts	p. 170
Detectors and Noise	p. 172
Wavefront Correction	p. 177
Modal-Tilt Correction	p. 179
Modal Higher-Order Correction	p. 180
Segmented Mirrors	p. 181
Deformable Mirrors	p. 183
Actuation Techniques	p. 184
Actuator Influence Functions	p. 185
Bimorph Corrector Mirrors	p. 189
Membranes and Micromachined Mirrors	p. 191
Edge-Actuated Mirrors	p. 193
Large Correcting Optics	p. 194
Special Correction Devices	p. 194
Liquid-Crystal Phase Modulators	p. 195
Spatial Light Modulators	p. 195
Ferrofluid Deformable Mirrors	p. 196
Reconstruction and Controls	p. 197
Introduction	p. 197
Single-Channel Linear Control	p. 199
Fundamental Control Tools	p. 200
Transfer Functions	p. 201
Proportional Control	p. 206
First- and Second-Order Lag	p. 207
Feedback	p. 208
Frequency Response of Control Systems	p. 209
Digital Controls	p. 216
Multivariate Adaptive Optics Controls	p. 218
Solution of Linear Equations	p. 218
Direct Wavefront Reconstruction	p. 222
Phase from Wavefront Slopes	p. 222
Modes from Wavefront Slopes	p. 228
Phase from Wavefront Modes	p. 230
Modes from Wavefront Modes	p. 231
Zonal Corrector from Continuous Phase	p. 231
Modal Corrector from Continuous Phase	p. 232
Zonal Corrector from Modal Phase	p. 233
Modal Corrector from Modal Phase	p. 233
Indirect Reconstructions	p. 234
Modal Corrector from Wavefront Modes	p. 234
Zonal Corrector from Wavefront Slopes	p. 235
Beyond Linear Control	p. 236
Summary of Important Equations	p. 239
Atmospheric Turbulence Wavefront Expressions	p. 239
Atmospheric Turbulence Amplitude Expressions	p. 242
Adaptive Optics Compensation Expressions	p. 242
Laser Guide Star Expressions	p. 245
Bibliography	p. 247
Index	p. 293
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