Principles of Environmental Chemistry

by Harrison, Roy M.

• ISBN13: 9780854043712
• ISBN10: 0854043713
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-03-30
• Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry

Summary

This is ''an authoritative text that should deservedly feature on office and library shelves wherever there are chemists with interests in the environment''. Mathew Heal Environmental chemistry is becoming increasingly important and is crucial in the understanding of a range of issues, ranging from climate change to local pollution problems. Principles of Environmental Chemistry draws upon sections of the authors' previous text (Understanding our Environment) and reflects the growing trend of a more sophisticated approach to teaching environmental science at university. This new, revised text book focuses on the chemistry involved in environmental problems. Written by leading experts in the field, the book provides an in depth introduction to the chemical processes influencing the atmosphere, freshwaters, salt waters and soils. Subsequent sections discuss the behaviour of organic chemicals in the environment and environmental transfer between compartments such as air, soil and water. Also included is a section on biogeochemical cycling, which is crucial in the understanding of the behaviour of chemicals in the environment. Complete with worked examples, the book is aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate chemistry students studying environmental chemistry.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
The Environmental Sciences	p. 1
Environmental Chemical Processes	p. 3
Environmental Chemicals	p. 3
Units of Concentration	p. 5
Atmospheric Chemistry	p. 5
Soils and Waters	p. 6
The Environment as a Whole	p. 7
References	p. 7
Chemistry of the Atmosphere	p. 8
Introduction	p. 8
Sources of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere	p. 10
Initiation of Photochemistry by Light	p. 11
Tropospheric Chemistry	p. 17
Tropospheric Oxidation Chemistry	p. 20
Nitrogen Oxides and the Photostationary State	p. 26
Production and Destruction of Ozone	p. 28
Role of Hydrocarbons	p. 35
Urban Chemistry	p. 37
Night-Time Oxidation Chemistry	p. 40
Ozone-Alkene Chemistry	p. 46
Sulfur Chemistry	p. 46
Halogen Chemistry	p. 51
Tropospheric Halogens and Catalytic Destruction of Ozone	p. 56
Stratospheric Chemistry	p. 58
The Antarctic Ozone Hole	p. 63
Summary	p. 72
Questions	p. 72
References	p. 76
Chemistry of Freshwaters	p. 80
Introduction	p. 80
Fundamentals of Aquatic Chemistry	p. 82
Introduction	p. 82
Dissolution/Precipitation Reactions	p. 91
Complexation Reactions in Freshwaters	p. 94
Species Distribution in Freshwaters	p. 97
Modelling Aquatic Systems	p. 121
Case Studies	p. 122
Acidification	p. 122
Metals and Metalloids in Water	p. 130
Historical Pollution Records and Perturbatory Processes in Lakes	p. 139
Nutrients in Water and Sediments	p. 145
Organic Matter and Organic Chemicals in Water	p. 150
Questions and Problems	p. 157
Further Reading	p. 159
References	p. 159
Chemistry of the Oceans	p. 170
Introduction	p. 170
The Ocean as a Biogeochemical Environment	p. 170
Properties of Water and Seawater	p. 173
Salinity Concepts	p. 177
Oceanic Circulation	p. 179
Seawater Composition and Chemistry	p. 182
Major Constituents	p. 182
Dissolved Gases	p. 184
Nutrients	p. 199
Trace Elements	p. 201
Physico-Chemical Speciation	p. 204
Suspended Particles and Marine Sediments	p. 210
Description of Sediments and Sedimentary Components	p. 210
Surface Chemistry of Particles	p. 213
Diagenesis	p. 218
Physical and Chemical Processes in Estuaries	p. 219
Marine Contamination and Pollution	p. 223
Oil Slicks	p. 223
Plastic Debris	p. 226
Tributyltin	p. 228
Questions	p. 230
References	p. 231
The Chemistry of the Solid Earth	p. 234
Introduction	p. 234
Mineral Components of Soil	p. 238
Inputs	p. 238
Primary Minerals	p. 238
Secondary Minerals	p. 240
Weathering Processes (See also Chapter 3)	p. 246
Organic Components of Soil	p. 248
Soil pH And Redox Potential	p. 254
pH and Buffering	p. 254
Soil Acidity	p. 255
Soil Alkalinity	p. 257
Influence of pH on Soils	p. 258
Redox Potential	p. 260
Reduction Processes in Soil	p. 261
Chemical Reactions in Soil	p. 263
Reactions in Soil Solution	p. 263
Ion Exchange (Physisorption)	p. 267
Ligand Exchange (Chemisorption)	p. 271
Complexation/Chelation	p. 273
Precipitation/Dissolution	p. 273
Soil Processes	p. 275
Questions	p. 275
References	p. 278
Environmental Organic Chemistry	p. 279
Introduction	p. 279
The Diversity of Organic Compounds	p. 280
Identifying Sources of Hydrocarbons	p. 282
The Fate of Organic Contaminants	p. 284
Chemical Partitioning	p. 284
Important Partitioning Coefficients	p. 286
Temperature Dependence	p. 292
Partition Maps	p. 295
Chemical Transformation and Degradation	p. 299
Chemical Transformation through Photochemistry	p. 301
Light Absorption and the Beer-Lambert Law	p. 302
Photolysis in Aqueous Systems	p. 303
Photochemistry of Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)	p. 305
Conclusions	p. 309
Questions	p. 310
References	p. 310
Biogeochemical Cycling of Chemicals	p. 314
Introduction: Biogeochemical Cycling	p. 314
Environmental Reservoirs	p. 316
Lifetimes	p. 317
Rates of Transfer between Environmental Compartments	p. 321
Air-Land Exchange	p. 321
Air-Sea Exchange	p. 324
Transfer in Aquatic Systems	p. 330
Biogeochemical Cycles	p. 333
Case Study 1: The Biogeochemical Cycle of Nitrogen	p. 335
Case Study 2: Aspects of Biogeochemical Cycle of Lead	p. 335
Behaviour of Long-Lived Organic Chemicals in the Environment	p. 340
Questions	p. 344
References	p. 345
Glossary	p. 347
Subject Index	p. 354
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