Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, 6th Edition

by Arie J. Zuckerman (Royal Free Hospital); Editor: Jangu E. Banatvala; Editor: Paul Griffiths (Royal Free & University College Medical School); Editor: Barry Schoub (National Institute for Communicable Diseases); Editor: Philip Mortimer (Health Pro

• ISBN13: 9780470741399
• ISBN10: 0470741392
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2009-03-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology is the bible for all working in the field of clinical virology - from the trainee to the expert because there's always something new to learn! As before, the book provides a detailed account of the diagnosis and treatment of virus infections, with a stronger emphasis on clinical expertise and management. Each chapter deals with a single virus or group or viruses and is written by leading international experts in the field.What's new in this edition ... Showcases the wealth of new knowledge acquired on virus infections and reflects the discovery of newly recognized emerging infections, the improvement or development of new vaccines, and an increasing repertoire of antiviral agents for treatment All chapters have been thoroughly revised and there are a number of new contributors, joining the cadre of internationally-recognized experts Includes a new chapter on vaccinology covering the principles relating to the development and use of vaccines generally, which complements the specific vaccines described in the other chapters The two chapters on nosocomial infections have been enlarged and will be particularly useful for those having to advise on the management of hospital-acquired infections Emphasizes the rapid accumulation of new information in such fields as retroviruses, particularly HIV, SARS, hepatitis C and influenza, including avian influenza

Table of Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Past, Present and Future of Clinical Virology: An Overview

Diagnostic Approaches

Introduction

Electron Microscopy

Histology/Cytology

Virus Isolation

Serology

Molecular Amplification Techniques

Recommended Diagnostic Investigations

Future Trends

Viral Transmission: Infection Acquired by the Blood-borne Route

Introduction

Prevention of Exposure through Infection Control

Prevention of Infection through Specific Pre- and Post-exposure Policies

Patient-to-patient Transmission

Patient-to-HCW Transmission

HCW-to-patient Transmission

Viral Transmission: Infection Acquired by All Other Routes (Respiratory, Eye-Nose-Mouth, Inoculation and Faeco-orally)

Introduction

Measles, Mumps and Rubella

Cytomegalovirus

Varicella Zoster Virus

Herpes Simplex Virus

Noroviruses

Rotavirus

Parvovirus B19

Respiratory Viruses

Emerging Virus Infections

Introduction

Factors Contributing to Emergence

Future Directions

Vaccinology

Introduction

Burden of Viral Diseases and their Reproductive Rates

The Immune System and its Role in Natural and Artificially-induced Immunity

Discovery of Protective Antigens in Pathogens

Presentation of Protective Antigens through Vaccines and Types of Vaccine

Research and Development on Vaccines and their Commercial Introduction

Social Marketing of Introduced Vaccines

Planning and Implementation of Vaccination Programmes

Surveillance of Disease Incidence and Adverse Events Before and After Implementation of Vaccination

Rectification of Publicized Falsehoods and Maintenance of Vaccination Coverage

Viral Vaccines on the Horizon and the Roadblocks to Future Vaccine Development

Closing Comments

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2

Morphology

Replication

Epidemiology

Viral Diagnosis

Antiviral Chemotherapy

Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Management

Concluding Remarks

Varicella Zoster

Introduction

The Virus

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Diagnosis of VZV Infection

Treatment

Prevention

Cytomegalovirus

Introduction

The Virus

Epidemiology

Routes of Infection

Pathogenesis

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Management

Prevention

Treatment

Epstein-Barr Virus

Introduction

The Virus

Epidemiology

EBV-associated Diseases

EBV Infection in the Immunocompromized Host

Vaccine Development

Roseoloviruses: Human Herpesviruses 6A, 6B and 7

Introduction

Biology of the Viruses

Epidemiology and Pathogenesis

Disease Associations

Laboratory Diagnosis

Antiviral Therapy

Concluding Remarks

Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8)

Introduction

Origin and Evolution of KSHV

Worldwide Distribution of KSHV in the General Population

Transmission

Clinical Manifestations

Pathogenesis

Diagnostic Assays

Antiviral Therapy

Hepatitis Viruses

Introduction

GB Virus C (GBV-C) and Torque Teno Virus (TTV)

Introduction

GB Virus C (GBV-C)

Torque Teno Virus (TTV)

Rotaviruses

Introduction

Rotavirus Structure, Genome and Gene-Protein Assignment

Classification

Replication

Pathogenesis

Immune Responses and Correlates of Protection

Illness, Diagnosis and Treatment

Epidemiology

Vaccine Development

Viruses other than Rotaviruses Associated with Acute Diarrhoeal Disease

Introduction

Enteric Adenoviruses

Noroviruses and Sapoviruses

Astroviruses

Gastrointestinal Viruses Not Regularly Associated with Acute Diarrhoeal Disease

Influenza

Introduction

Viral Variation

Virus Classification

Pathogenesis

Clinical Features

Diagnosis of Infection

Treatment and Prevention

Parainfluenza Viruses

Introduction

Taxonomy

Structure and Physical Properties

Receptors, Virus Entry and Host Range

Replication

Viral Transmission, Incubation and Shedding

Pathogenesis

Antigenicity and Immunity

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Prevention

Treatment

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Introduction

The Virus

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Immunity

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Management

Prevention

Adenoviruses

Introduction

Description and Characteristics of the Virus

Pathogenesis

Immune Response

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Respiratory Infections

Ocular Infections

Gastrointestinal Infections

Haemorrhagic Cystitis

Adenoviruses Infections in Immunocompromized Patients

Other Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

Future Prospects

Rhinoviruses

Introduction

Taxonomy

Physical Properties

Incubation and Transmission

Host Range

Pathogenesis

Immunity

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Prevention and Treatment

Coronaviruses and Toroviruses

Introduction

The Viruses

Initiation of Infection and Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

RT-PCR

Prophylaxis: Active and Passive Immunization

Therapy

Acknowledgements

Measles Virus

Introduction

The Virus

Virus Morphology

Genome Structure

MV Protein Functions

The Replication Cycle

Biological Properties of the Measles Virus

Epidemiology and Relatedness of Different Virus Isolates

Clinical Manifestations

The Pathogenesis of Measles and its Complications

Diagnosis

Management

Prevention

Rubella

Historical Introduction

The Virus

Postnatally Acquired Infection

Congenitally Acquired Infection

Laboratory Techniques and Diagnosis

Prevention-Rubella Vaccination

Mumps

Introduction

The Virus

Pathogenesis

Clinical Picture

Laboratory Diagnosis

Epidemiology and Control

Enteroviruses

Introduction

The Viruses

Pathobiological and Clinical Aspects of Human Enteroviruses

Laboratory Diagnosis of Enterovirus Infections

Prevention and Treatment of Enterovirus Infections

Future Prospects

Poxviruses

Introduction

Virus Characteristics

Clinical Aspects of Orthopoxvirus Infections

Diagnosis

Medical Management

Other Poxviruses Infecting Humans

Diagnosis

Alphaviruses

Introduction

The Virus

Spectrum of Diseases Caused by Alphaviruses

Diagnosis of Alphavirus Infections

Management and Prevention

Alphaviruses Associated with Fevers and Polyarthritis

Alphaviruses Associated with Encephalitis

Other Alphaviruses

Flaviviruses

Introduction

Properties of the Virus

Yellow Fever

Other Members of the 'Unassigned' Subgroup of Flaviviruses

Dengue

Zika

Japanese Encephalitis

St Louis Encephalitis

West Nile Virus

Murray Valley Encephalitis

Tick-borne Encephalitis

Omsk Haemorrhagic Fever

Kyasanur Forest Disease

Powassan Virus

Bunyaviridae

Introduction

The Virus

Laboratory Diagnosis

Genus Orthobunyavirus

Genus Phlebovirus

Genus Nairovirus

Genus Hantavirus

Bunyaviruses Unassigned to Genus

Arenaviruses

Introduction

Ultrastructure of Arenaviruses and Infected Cells

Chemical Composition

Replication

Diagnosis of Human Arenavirus Infections

Antigenic Relationships

Clinical and Pathological Aspects

Persistent Infection

Pathology of Arenavirus Infections: General Features

Other Arenavirus Infections

Summary

Filoviruses

Introduction

Epidemiology

Ecology

Transmission and Risk Factors

Clinical Spectrum

Laboratory Diagnosis

Patient Management

Past Infection and Persistence

Virology

Animal Models

Serological Studies

Pathogenesis and Immunology

Control

Perspective

Rabies and Other Lyssavirus Infections

Introduction

History

Classification

Virus Structure

Replication

Inactivation of Virus and Stability of Vaccine Antigen

Epizootiology and Epidemiology

Incidence of Human Rabies

Pathogenesis

Immunology

Routes of Infection

Clinical Features of Rabies in Animals

Clinical Features in Humans

Diagnosis

Management of Human Rabies

Pathology

Human Rabies Prophylaxis

Control of Animal Rabies

Papillomaviruses

Introduction

Classification

Physical and Chemical Properties

Serology

Viral Replication

Natural History of HPV Infections

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Vaccination

The Human Polyomaviruses

Classification and Detection

Virion Structure and Composition

Virus Life Cycle

State of Human Polyomavirus Infection

Diagnostic Evaluation of Polyomavirus-associated Disease

Polyomavirus-specific Immune Response

Treatment of Polyomavirus-associated Diseases

Acknowledgements

Human Parvoviruses

Introduction

Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V)

Pathogenesis

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention

Human Retroviruses

Introduction

Retrovirus Replication and Genomes

Taxonomy

Human and Zoonotic Retrovirus Infections

Retroviral Vectors

The Human T-lymphotropic Viruses

Introduction

History

The Virus

Diagnosis

Viral Variation

Epidemiology

Transmission

HTLV-associated Disease

Pathogenesis

Treatment

Prevention of Disease

HIV and HTLV Co-infection

Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

Introduction and Classification

Epidemiology

Replication

Host Genetic Determinants for HIV/AIDS

Viral Dynamics and Pathogenesis

Immune Responses

The Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV Infection

The Natural History of HIV Infection and Its Clinical Manifestations

Antiretroviral Therapy-A Historical Perspective

Monitoring of Antiretroviral Therapy and Resistance

Antiretroviral Drug Classes

Transmission of Drug Resistance

Prevention

Vaccines

Human Prion Diseases

Introduction to Prions and Historical Perspective

Structural Biology of Prions

Normal Cellular Function of PrP

Prion Strains

Neuronal Cell Death in Prion Disease

The 'Species Barrier'

Pathogenesis

Animal Prion Diseases

Aetiology and Epidemiology of Human Prion Disease

Clinical Features and Diagnosis

Molecular Diagnosis of Prion Disease

Pre-symptomatic and Antenatal Testing

Prevention and Public Health Management

Prognosis and Treatment

Concluding Remarks

Useful Websites

Index

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