Principles of Toxicology : Environmental and Industrial Applications

by Williams, Phillip L.; James, Robert C.; Roberts, Stephen M.

• ISBN13: 9780471293217
• ISBN10: 0471293210
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-03-31
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A fully updated and expanded edition of the bestselling guide on toxicology and its practical application The field of toxicology has grown enormously since Industrial Toxicology: Safety and Health Applications in the Workplace was first published in 1985. And while the original edition was hugely popular among occupational health professionals, the time is ripe to address toxic agents not only in the industrial setting but also in the environment at large. Renamed Principles of Toxicology: Environmental and Industrial Applications, this new edition provides health protection professionals as well as environmental scientists with precise, up-to-date, practical information on how to apply the science of toxicology in both the occupational and environmental setting. Through contributions from leading experts in diverse fields, Principles of Toxicology, Second Edition features: * Clear explanations of the fundamentals necessary for an understanding of the effects of chemical hazards on human health and ecosystems * Coverage of occupational medicine and epidemiological issues * The manifestation of toxic agents such as metals, pesticides, organic solvents, and natural toxins * Special emphasis on the evaluation and control of toxic hazards * Specific case histories on applying risk assessment methods in the modern workplace * Ample figures, references, and a comprehensive glossary of toxicological terms

Author Biography

<B>PHILLIP L. WILLIAMS, PhD,</B> is Associate Professor of Environmental Health Science at the University of Georgia, Athens. <B><P>ROBERT C. JAMES, PhD,</B> is President of TERRA, Inc., Tallahassee, Florida, and Associate Scientist at the Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology at the University of Florida, Gainesville.</P> <B><P>STEPHEN M. ROBERTS, PhD,</B> is Professor and Program Director of the Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology at the University of Florida, Gainesville.</P>

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
I CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS	1	(206)
General Principles of Toxicology	3	(32)
Robert C. James
Stephen M. Roberts
Phillip L. Williams
Basic Definitions and Terminology	3	(2)
What Toxicologists Study	5	(2)
The Importance of Dose and the Dose--Response Relationship	7	(10)
How Dose--Response Data Can Be Used	17	(2)
Avoiding Incorrect Conclusions from Dose--Response Data	19	(2)
Factors Influencing Dose--Response Curves	21	(5)
Descriptive Toxicology: Testing Adverse Effects of Chemicals and Generating Dose--Response Data	26	(2)
Extrapolation of Animal Test Data to Human Exposure	28	(4)
Summary	32	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	32	(3)
Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Toxic Agents	35	(22)
Ellen J. O'Flaherty
Toxicology and the Safety and Health Professions	35	(2)
Transfer across Membrane Barriers	37	(4)
Absorption	41	(4)
Disposition: Distribution and Elimination	45	(8)
Summary	53	(4)
References and Suggested Reading	54	(3)
Biotransformation: A Balance between Bioactivation and Detoxification	57	(30)
Michael R. Franklin
Garold S. Yost
Sites of Biotransformation	62	(3)
Biotransformation Reactions	65	(20)
Summary	85	(2)
Suggested Reading	86	(1)
Hematotoxicity: Chemically Induced Toxicity of the Blood	87	(24)
Robert A. Budinsky Jr.
Hematotoxicity: Basic Concepts and Background	87	(1)
Basic Hematopoiesis: The Formation of Blood Cells and their Differentiation	88	(3)
The Myeloid Series: Erythrocytes, Platelets, Granulocytes (Neutrophils), Macrophages, Eosinophils, and Basophils	91	(3)
The Lymphoid Series: Lymphocytes (B and T Cells)	94	(1)
Direct Toxicological Effects on the RBC: Impairment of Oxygen Transport and Destruction of the Red Blood Cell	95	(2)
Chemicals that Impair Oxygen Transport	97	(2)
Inorganic Nitrates/Nitrites and Chlorate Salts	99	(1)
Methemoglobin Leading to Hemolytic Anemia: Aromatic Amines and Aromatic Nitro Compounds	100	(1)
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia	101	(1)
Bone Marrow Suppression and Leukemias and Lymphomas	102	(2)
Chemical Leukemogenesis	104	(1)
Toxicities that Indirectly Invove the Red Blood Cell	105	(1)
Cyanide (CN) Poisoning	105	(1)
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Poisoning	105	(2)
Antidotes for Hydrogen Sulfide and Cyanide Poisoning	107	(1)
Miscellaneous Toxicities Expressed in the Blood	108	(1)
Summary	108	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	108	(3)
Hepatotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Liver	111	(18)
Stephen M. Roberts
Robert C. James
Michael R. Franklin
The Physiologic and Morphologic Bases of Liver Injury	111	(5)
Types of Liver Injury	116	(8)
Evaluation of Liver Injury	124	(5)
References and Suggested Reading	127	(2)
Nephrotoxicity: Toxic Responses of the Kidney	129	(16)
Paul J. Middendorf
Phillip L. williams
Basic Kidney Structures and Functions	129	(6)
Functional Measurements to Evaluate Kidney Injury	135	(2)
Adverse Effects of Chemicals on the Kidney	137	(5)
Summary	142	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	143	(2)
Neurotoxicity: Toxic Responses of the Nervous System	145	(12)
Steven G. Donkin
Phillip L. Williams
Mechanisms of Neuronal Transmission	146	(3)
Agents that Act on the Neuron	149	(2)
Agents that Act on the Synapse	151	(1)
Interactions of Industrial Chemical with Other Substances	151	(1)
General Population Exposure to Environmental Neurotoxicants	152	(1)
Evaluation of Injury to the Nervous System	152	(2)
Summary	154	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	155	(2)
Dermal and Ocular Toxicology: Toxic Effects of the Skin and Eyes	157	(12)
William R. Salminen
Stephen M. Roberts
Skin Histology	157	(1)
Functions	158	(2)
Contact Dermatitis	160	(7)
Summary	167	(2)
References and Suggested Reading	168	(1)
Pulmonotoxicity: Toxic Effects in the Lung	169	(20)
Cham E. Dallas
Lung Anatomy and Physiology	169	(12)
Mechanisms of Industrially Related Pulmonary Diseases	181	(4)
Summary	185	(4)
References and Suggested Reading	186	(3)
Immunotoxicity: Toxic Effects on the Immune System	189	(18)
Stephen M. Roberts
Louis Adams
Overview of Immunotoxicity	189	(1)
Biology of the Immune Response	189	(5)
Types of Immune Reactions and Disorders	194	(1)
Clinical Tests for Detecting Immunotoxicity	195	(2)
Tests for Detecting Immunotoxicity in Animal Models	197	(2)
Specific Chemicals that Adversely Affect the Immune System	199	(4)
Multiple-Chemical Sensitivity	203	(2)
Summary	205	(2)
References and Suggested Reading	205	(2)
II SPECIFIC AREAS OF CONCERN	207	(228)
Reproductive Toxicology	209	(30)
Robert P. DeMott
Christopher J. Borgert
Male Reproductive Toxicology	210	(8)
Female Reproductive Toxicology	218	(6)
Developmental Toxicology	224	(8)
Current Research Concerns	232	(4)
Summary	236	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	236	(3)
Mutagenesis and Genetic Toxicology	239	(26)
Christopher M. Teaf
Paul J. Middendorf
Induction and Potential Consequences of Genetic Change	239	(2)
Genetic Fundamentals and Evaluation of Genetic Change	241	(10)
Nonmammalian Mutagenicity Tests	251	(2)
Mammalian Mutagenicity Tests	253	(4)
Occupational Significance of Mutagens	257	(4)
Summary	261	(4)
References and Suggested Reading	263	(2)
Chemical Carcinogenesis	265	(60)
Robert C. James
Christopher J. Saranko
The Terminology of Cancer	266	(2)
Carcinogenesis by Chemicals	268	(12)
Molecular Aspects of Carcinogenesis	280	(9)
Testing Chemicals for Carcinogenic Activity	289	(3)
Interpretation Issues Raised by Conditions of the Test Procedure	292	(7)
Empirical Measures of Reliability of the Extrapolation	299	(2)
Occupational Carcinogens	301	(3)
Cancer and Our Environment: Factors that Modulate Our Risks to Occupational Hazards	304	(15)
Cancer Trends and Their Impact on Evaluation of Cancer Causation	319	(2)
Summary	321	(4)
References and Suggested Reading	323	(2)
Properties and Effects of Metals	325	(20)
Steven G. Donkin
Danny L. Ohlson
Christopher M. Teaf
Classification of Metals	325	(2)
Speciation of Metals	327	(1)
Pharmacokinetics of Metals	328	(3)
Toxicity of Metals	331	(3)
Sources of Metal Exposure	334	(2)
Toxicology of Selected Metals	336	(7)
Summary	343	(2)
References and Suggested Reading	343	(2)
Properties and Effects of Pesticides	345	(22)
Janice K. Britt
Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides	346	(6)
Organochlorine Insecticides	352	(1)
Insecticides of Biological Origin	353	(3)
Herbicides	356	(2)
Fungicides	358	(2)
Rodenticides	360	(1)
Fumigants	361	(1)
Summary	362	(5)
References and Suggested Reading	363	(4)
Properties and Effects of Organic Solvents	367	(42)
Christopher M. Teaf
Exposure Potential	367	(1)
Basic Principles	368	(9)
Toxic Properties of Representative Aliphatic Organic Solvents	377	(1)
Toxic Properties of Representative Alicyclic Solvents	378	(1)
Toxic Properties of Representative Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvents	379	(3)
Toxic Properties of Representative Alcohols	382	(2)
Toxic Properties of Representative Phenols	384	(1)
Toxic Properties of Representative Aldehydes	385	(3)
Toxic Properties of Representative Ketones	388	(1)
Toxic Properties of Representative Carboxylic Acids	389	(1)
Toxic Properties of Representative Esters	390	(1)
Toxic Properties of Representative Ethers	390	(1)
Toxic Properties of Representative Halogenated Alkanes	391	(7)
Toxic Properties of Representative Nitrogen-Substituted Solvents	398	(4)
Toxic Properties of Representative Aliphatic and Aromatic Nitro Compounds	402	(2)
Toxic Properties of Representative Nitriles (Alkyl Cyanides)	404	(1)
Toxic Properties of the Pyridine Series	405	(1)
Sulfur-Substituted Solvents	405	(2)
Summary	407	(2)
References and Suggested Reading	407	(2)
Properties and Effects of Natural Toxins and Venoms	409	(26)
William R. Kem
Poisons, Toxins, and Venoms	409	(1)
Molecular and Functional Diversity of Natural Toxins and Venoms	410	(1)
Natural Roles of Toxins and Venoms	411	(1)
Major Sites and Mechanisms of Toxic Action	411	(4)
Toxins in Unicellular Organisms	415	(2)
Toxins of Higher Plants	417	(6)
Animal Venoms and Toxins	423	(7)
Toxin and Venom Therapy	430	(2)
Summary	432	(3)
Acknowledgments	432	(1)
References and Suggested Reading	432	(3)
III APPLICATIONS	435	(120)
Risk Assessment	437	(42)
Robert C. James
D. Alan Warren
Christine Halmes
Stephen M. Roberts
Risk Assessment Basics	437	(8)
Exposure Assessment: Exposure Pathways and Resulting Dosages	445	(4)
Dose--Response Assessment	449	(11)
Risk Characterization	460	(2)
Probabilistic Versus Deterministic Risk Assessments	462	(2)
Evaluating Risk from Chemical Mixtures	464	(4)
Comparative Risk Analysis	468	(4)
Risk Communication	472	(2)
Summary	474	(5)
References and Suggested Reading	475	(4)
Example of Risk Assessment Applications	479	(20)
Alan C. Nye
Glenn C. Millner
Jay Gandy
Phillip T. Goad
Tiered Approach to Risk Assessment	479	(1)
Risk Assessment Examples	480	(1)
Lead Exposure and Women of Child-bearing Age	481	(2)
Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Assessing Exposure and Risk to Mixtures	483	(3)
Risk Assessment for Arsenic	486	(4)
Reevaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks of Inhaled Antimony Trioxide	490	(6)
Summary	496	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	497	(2)
Occupational and Environmental Health	499	(12)
Fredric Gerr
Edward Galaid
Howard Frumkin
Definition and Scope of the Problem	499	(3)
Characteristics of Occupational Illness	502	(1)
Goals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine	502	(1)
Human Resources Important to Occupational Health Practice	503	(1)
Activities of the Occupational Health Provider	503	(4)
Ethical Considerations	507	(1)
Summary and Conclusion	508	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	509	(2)
Epidemiologic Issues in Occupational and Environmental Health	511	(12)
Lora E. Fleming
Judy A. Bean
A Brief History of Epidemiology	511	(1)
Epidemiologic Causation	512	(1)
Types of Epidemiologic Studies: Advantages and Disadvantages	513	(1)
Exposure Issues	514	(1)
Disease and Human Health Effects Issues	515	(1)
Population Issues	516	(1)
Measurement of Disease or Exposure Frequency	516	(1)
Measurement of Association Or Risk	517	(2)
Bias	519	(1)
Other Issues	520	(1)
Summary	520	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	520	(3)
Controlling Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards	523	(32)
Paul J. Middendorf
David E. Jacobs
Background and Historical Perspective	523	(1)
Exposure Limits	524	(6)
Program Management	530	(11)
Case Studies	541	(11)
Summary	552	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	553	(2)
Glossary	555	(20)
Index	575