Private Funds, Public Purpose

by Anheier, Helmut K.; Toepler, Stefan

• ISBN13: 9780306459474
• ISBN10: 0306459477
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Plenum Pub Corp

Summary

Comparative information detailing the cultural, legal and historical environments of foundations in international settings has been scarce - until now. Written by scholars from six countries, this text covers philanthropic foundations in the world's busiest commercial centers - the U.S. and Eastern and Western Europe. It reports on the structures and mindsets that shape foundations' gift giving, and discusses different aspects of foundation management. Case studies of the French and Italian foundation communities and a comparative legal chapter are especially notable.

Table of Contents

Introduction
Philanthropic Foundations: An International Perspective	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
An American Phenomenon?	p. 6
Size	p. 9
Definitions and Prevailing Types	p. 11
The Function and Operation of Foundations	p. 14
Foundations and the State	p. 17
Overview of the Book	p. 19
Notes	p. 20
References	p. 21
Comparative Studies
The History of Foundations in the United Kingdom and the United States: Philanthropic Foundations in Industrial Society	p. 27
The Relevance of History	p. 27
The Concept of the Foundation and Its Legal Status	p. 29
The Philanthropic Foundation as the Institutionalization of Knowledge-Based Social Engineering: A Gradual Evolution	p. 30
Philanthropic Foundations	p. 36
Power and Responsibility	p. 40
Conclusion: The Institutionalization of Knowledge-Based Social Engineering by Peculiar Institutions?	p. 46
References	p. 50
A Comparative Legal Analysis of Foundations: Aspects of Supervision and Transparency	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Common Law versus Civil Law	p. 57
Establishment and Supervision of Foundations	p. 59
Public Disclosure	p. 69
Sanctions against Foundations on Request of Interested Parties	p. 70
Discussion and Conclusion	p. 71
Notes	p. 74
References	p. 77
Foundations in Germany and the United States: A Comparative Analysis	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
A Comparative Analysis	p. 85
Concluding Remarks	p. 112
Notes	p. 116
References	p. 117
Management and Organization
British Foundations: The Organization and Management of Grantmaking	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Traditional Roles and Practices of Grantmaking Foundations	p. 123
The Organization and Management of Grantmaking	p. 126
Grantmaking Cultures	p. 126
The Business of Grantmaking	p. 129
Conclusion	p. 136
References	p. 138
The Behavior of Grantmaking Foundations: Toward a New Theoretical Frame	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
The Three Models Described	p. 142
The Models Illustrated	p. 146
Evaluating the Models	p. 150
The External Environment	p. 150
Conclusion	p. 150
References	p. 153
Toward an Entrepreneurial Approach to Foundation management	p. 155
Background	p. 155
Entrepreneurial Foundation Management	p. 157
Defining Foundation Goals	p. 158
Strategic Foundation Management	p. 158
Operative Management and Project Management	p. 159
Conclusion	p. 161
References	p. 161
Operating in a Grantmaking World: Reassessing the Role of Operating Foundations	p. 163
Introduction	p. 163
Why Operating Foundations?	p. 166
Operating Foundations in the United States: An Empirical Sketch	p. 167
Legal Definitions and Regulation	p. 174
The Exclusionary Nature of the U.S. Tax Classification	p. 176
Conclusion	p. 178
Notes	p. 180
References	p. 180
Country Studies
Foundations in France	p. 185
Historical Development	p. 187
The Legal Position	p. 189
Foundations in France: A Profile	p. 191
Recent Trends	p. 194
Notes	p. 197
References	p. 197
Foundations in Italy	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
Foundations in Italy: Legal Definition and Fiscal Treatment	p. 200
Italian Foundations: The Nonspecialized World	p. 205
The New "Banking Foundations"	p. 209
Conclusion	p. 216
Notes	p. 217
References	p. 217
Foundations in Germany and Their Revival in East Germany after 1989	p. 219
The Specific Position of East Germany	p. 219
The German Tradition of Foundations	p. 221
Foundations in East Germany between 1949 and 1989	p. 223
The Role of the Church	p. 224
Foundations as Instruments for Solving Complex Legal Situations	p. 225
East Germany after 1989	p. 227
Regular Foundation Activities Introduced in East Germany	p. 229
The Situation Today	p. 231
References	p. 232
Rebuilding Civil Society in Eastern and Central Europe: The Role Played by Foundations	p. 235
Strengthening Civil Society through the NGO Sector	p. 236
The Role of Foundations	p. 238
Foundation Programs	p. 240
Lessons Learned	p. 245
Conclusion	p. 248
Notes	p. 249
References	p. 251
Conclusion
Why Study Foundations?	p. 255
References	p. 258
Index	p. 261
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