Progress in Botany

by Esser, Karl; Luttge, Ulrich; Beyschlag, W.; Hellwig, F.

• ISBN13: 9783540368304
• ISBN10: 3540368302
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-03
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

With one volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of the plant sciences. The present volume includes reviews on genetics, cell biology, physiology, comparative morphology, systematics, ecology, and vegetation science.

Table of Contents

Review	p. 1
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: Now and Then	p. 3
A pathway to CAM via oxalate and malate in Atriplex	p. 4
Sorting the phases of CAM	p. 7
Biochemistry and diffusion as determinants of the [delta superscript 13]C value in CAM plants; improved understanding of water use efficiency in C[subscript 3] plants	p. 10
Regulation of CAM PEPCase in the dark and light; its role in the diurnal rhythms of CAM and in C[subscript 4] plants	p. 12
Malic acid compartmentation in CAM	p. 14
Light use efficiency and photoinhibition in CAM plants; the role of C0[superscript 2] supply in the avoidance of photoinactivation	p. 15
Recycling of respiratory C0[subscript 2] in CAM and diel variation in the engagement of cyanide insensitive respiration	p. 17
Field CAMpaigns	p. 18
Origins of CAM and its future prospects in a high CO[subscript 2] world	p. 21
A view from over the hill	p. 22
Acknowledgements	p. 25
References	p. 26
Genetics	p. 33
Function of Genetic Material: Progressive Insight into Antimicrobial Peptides and their Transcriptional Regulation	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
What are antimicrobial peptides?	p. 35
Function	p. 36
Mechanism of action	p. 38
Classification	p. 39
Structure and gene regulation of antimicrobial peptides	p. 39
Plants	p. 40
Antimicrobial peptides	p. 40
Structure	p. 41
Regulation	p. 43
Insects	p. 46
Mammals	p. 48
Application of antimicrobial peptides	p. 49
Crop protection	p. 50
Food preservation	p. 51
Medical application	p. 51
What more is to come?	p. 52
Conclusions	p. 52
References	p. 53
Function of Genetic Material: Assembly Factors of the Photosynthetic Machinery in Cyanobacteria	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Assembly/stability of thylakoid membrane complexes	p. 59
Assembly/stability of photosystem I	p. 60
Assembly/stability of photosystem II	p. 64
Repair of photosystem II	p. 68
Subcompartementalization of thylakoid membrane biogenesis	p. 69
Conclusions and perspectives	p. 72
References	p. 74
Extranuclear Inheritance: Genetics and Biogenesis of Mitochondria	p. 80
Introduction	p. 80
Mitochondrial genomes and proteomes	p. 81
Mitochondrial genomes	p. 81
Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA	p. 82
Mitochondrial proteomes	p. 83
RNA import and stability	p. 84
tRNA import	p. 84
RNA stability	p. 86
Protein import into plant mitochondria	p. 88
Import receptor and import sequences	p. 88
Dual targeting to mitochondria and plastids	p. 89
Autophagic degradation of mitochondria	p. 90
Summary and perspectives	p. 92
Acknowledgements	p. 92
References	p. 92
Extranuclear Inheritance: Virus-Like DNA-Elements in Yeast	p. 98
Abstract	p. 98
Introduction	p. 98
Occurrence	p. 99
Autonomous elements	p. 100
Nucleus-independent replication	p. 104
Nucleus-independent transcription	p. 106
Analysis of linear plasmid derived transcripts	p. 107
Cytoplasmic transcription machinery	p. 108
The linear plasmid encoded helicase	p. 109
The capping enzyme and RNA capping	p. 110
Non-autonomous elements	p. 112
Elements associated with killer phenotypes	p. 113
Killer plasmids encoding type I toxins	p. 114
Killer plasmids encoding type II toxins	p. 116
Type I and type II toxin uptake machinery	p. 117
Cryptic elements	p. 120
Outlook	p. 121
Acknowledgements	p. 122
References	p. 122
Population Genetics: Evolutionary Features of Asexual Species	p. 130
Introduction	p. 130
Modes and origin of asexuality	p. 131
Origin of polyploidy	p. 134
Population genetics	p. 135
Clonal diversity	p. 135
Geographic parthenogenesis/apomixis	p. 136
Models	p. 139
Statistics	p. 142
Measures of genetic diversity	p. 144
Clonal diversity	p. 144
Allelic and genotypic diversity	p. 144
Population structures	p. 144
Differences between species	p. 145
Conclusions	p. 145
Acknowledgements	p. 146
References	p. 146
Plant Breeding: Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants and its Exploitation in Breeding	p. 151
Introduction	p. 151
Assessment of genetic diversity	p. 151
Genetic markers	p. 152
Measures of genetic association	p. 153
Methods to order and display genetic variation	p. 155
Diversity of crop plants as determined by evolution, domestication and breeding	p. 156
Barley (Hordeum vulgare)	p. 157
Evolution and history of barley	p. 157
Genetic diversity in wild and cultivated barley	p. 159
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus)	p. 161
Evolution and history of brassicas	p. 161
Rapeseed cultivation, oil quality and applications	p. 162
Brassica species, wide hybridization and cytological status	p. 163
Exploitation of novel genetic variation for rapeseed breeding	p. 167
Conclusions	p. 170
References	p. 171
Plant Breeding: Antisense ODN Inhibition in in vitro spike cultures as a powerful Diagnostic Tool in Studies on Cereal Grain Development	p. 179
Introduction	p. 179
Antisense ODN inhibition	p. 180
Antisense ODN inhibition as a technology for gene silencing	p. 181
Construction of antisense ODNs	p. 181
Delivery and intracellular trafficking of antisense ODNs	p. 183
Antisense ODN inhibition in in vitro spike cultures as a powerful strategy in studies on cereal grain development	p. 183
Conclusions and perspectives	p. 188
Acknowledgements	p. 188
References	p. 188
Physiology	p. 191
Characean Algae: Still a Valid Model System to Examine Fundamental Principles in Plants	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Chara as a model for pattern formation	p. 194
Rhizoids and protonemata of the green alga Chara as unicellular model systems for gravity sensing and polarized growth	p. 195
Cytoskeleton dynamics and polarized growth	p. 198
Cytoskeletal basis of the gravity-sensing apparatus	p. 200
Critical role of actomyosin in gravity susception	p. 202
How statoliths activate gravireceptors	p. 203
Calcium, cytoskeleton and gravitropic responses	p. 204
Photosynthesis-dependent interactions of cortical organelles	p. 206
Wound-induced cell polarization	p. 207
Chara as model for Ca[superscript 2+]-mediated signal-response coupling	p. 208
The genus Chara as a model for sex differentiation	p. 212
Outlook	p. 214
Acknowledgements	p. 215
References	p. 215
Receptors for the Five Classical Plant Hormones	p. 221
35 years of hunting receptors: we never got what we expected	p. 221
Intracellular hormone receptors acting at the level of gene expression	p. 222
Intracellular auxin perception by TIR1 and other F-box proteins	p. 222
ABP1 or TIR1?	p. 223
GID1, an intracellular receptor for the gibberellins	p. 224
Membrane-bound receptors	p. 225
Two-component receptors in ethylene signalling	p. 225
ETR1 as a prototype ethylene receptor	p. 226
ETR1 is reminiscent to bacterial two component signalling systems	p. 227
A further two component ethylene receptors have been identified	p. 229
How do two-component receptors transduce the ethylene signal?	p. 229
Cytokinins are also perceived by two-component type receptors	p. 230
More two-component cytokinin receptors for Arabidopsis and the rest of the plant world	p. 233
How do two-component receptors transduce the cytokinin signal?	p. 234
Candidates for the ABA receptor	p. 235
A receptor-like kinase as a possible ABA receptor	p. 235
At last: A plant G protein coupled receptor may be involved in ABA signalling	p. 236
Perspective	p. 237
References	p. 237
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Distributed Computation-A Formal Link between C0[subscript 2] Signalling, Diffusion and Stomatal Regulation	p. 242
Inorganic carbon themes and perspectives for signalling	p. 242
Ci signalling to stomatal guard cells	p. 243
Lateral C0[subscript 2]-diffusion in leaves	p. 245
The heterobaric/homobaric leaf concept	p. 245
Stomatal patchiness	p. 246
Lateral gas diffusion over large distances within leaves	p. 246
Lateral diffusion and Ci signalling for synchronization/desynchronization of photosynthetic activity within leaves	p. 247
Heterogeneity and the role of photorespiration in leaves performing C[subscript 3] photosynthesis	p. 247
Heterogeneity in leaves performing CAM	p. 248
Heterogeneity during endogenous circadian rhythmicity of photosynthesis	p. 249
Interpreting spatiotemporal patterns beyond explicit models	p. 250
Ci signalling network	p. 253
References	p. 256
Plant Hemoglobins, Nitrate and Nitric Oxide: Old Players, New Games	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Properties of nsHbs	p. 263
Gene and protein expression	p. 263
Cellular and subcellular localization of Hbs	p. 264
Oxygen affinity	p. 265
Structural aspects	p. 265
Reaction of nsHbs with NO	p. 266
NsHb and NO in nitrate assimilation	p. 267
Nitrate assimilation as a source for NO	p. 267
A matter of speculation: Effects of NO on nitrate assimilation and related processes	p. 268
Role of nsHbs in nitrate assimilation	p. 270
NsHb and NO in anoxia tolerance	p. 272
NO production under anoxia	p. 272
Role of nsHbs in anoxia tolerance	p. 273
NsHb and NO in plant-microbe interactions	p. 277
Conclusions	p. 280
Acknowledgements	p. 281
References	p. 281
Living in Day-Night-Cycles-Specific Diel Leaf Growth Patterns and the Circadian Control of Photomorphogenesis	p. 288
Introduction	p. 288
Endogenous patterns of leaf growth	p. 290
Diel growth patterns in different species and light environments	p. 291
Circadian clock, gene expression and diel metabolic activities	p. 295
Gating of cell cycle and diel growth processes	p. 297
Linking light environment with diel growth dynamics	p. 299
Shade avoidance, signalling networks and the role of the circadian clock	p. 299
Light signalling pathways	p. 300
Cross-talk with circadian clock	p. 302
Circadian gating of shade avoidance	p. 303
Leaf growth dynamics in dicot plants and mechanisms of shade avoidance	p. 304
Perspective	p. 307
Acknowledgements	p. 307
References	p. 307
Ecology	p. 315
Competitive Networks, Indirect Interactions, and Allelopathy: A Microbial Viewpoint on Plant Communities	p. 317
Introduction	p. 317
Do hierarchies or networks characterize competitive interactions in plant communities?	p. 320
Do indirect interactions occur among competing plants?	p. 323
Allelopathy and indirect interactions among plants	p. 325
Do hierarchies in allelopathic tolerance exist?	p. 327
What can we learn from microbes?	p. 329
Conclusions	p. 330
Acknowledgements	p. 331
References	p. 331
Quaternary Palaeoecology: Isotopes as Valuable Aids in Palaeoecological Research	p. 336
Use of various isotope species as indicators of food consumed in the past	p. 336
General difficulties in choosing appropriate samples for obtaining reliable [superscript 14]C age-data	p. 338
Problems in dating palaeopedological processes	p. 341
Regional patterns of [superscript 14]C-reservoir ages in oceans, lakes and rivers	p. 342
Problem of constructing a generally accepted calibration curve for translating [superscript 14]C age-data into those of calendar years	p. 347
Conclusion	p. 348
References	p. 349
Competition for Resources in Trees: Physiologigal Versus Morphological Plasticity	p. 356
Abstract	p. 356
Introduction	p. 357
Size-asymmetric versus size-symmetric competition	p. 357
Hypotheses	p. 358
Background	p. 359
Above-ground competition in response to resource limitation	p. 359
Above-ground morphological plasticity	p. 360
Above-ground physiological plasticity	p. 361
Below-ground competition in response to resource limitation	p. 363
Below-ground morphological plasticity	p. 364
Below-ground physiological plasticity	p. 365
Evidence for size-asymmetric competition below ground	p. 367
Competition at high versus low resource availability	p. 368
Synthesis	p. 370
Morphological versus physiological responses	p. 370
The whole-tree perspective: above-ground/below-ground interactions in resource competition	p. 372
Conclusions	p. 373
Acknowledgements	p. 375
References	p. 375
Explaining Variation in Fine Root Life Span	p. 382
Introduction	p. 382
Fine root estimation methodology	p. 383
Indirect estimation	p. 383
Direct estimation	p. 383
Direct and indirect comparison	p. 384
Predicting fine root life span	p. 385
Environment	p. 390
Life history/growth form	p. 392
Interactions between life form and environment	p. 393
Conclusions	p. 394
Acknowledgements	p. 395
References	p. 395
Subject Index	p. 399
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