Progress in Botany

by Esser, Karl; Luttge, Ulrich; Beyschlag, W.; Hellwig, F.

• ISBN13: 9783540436201
• ISBN10: 3540436200
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-12-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

With one volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of the plant sciences. The present volume includes reviews on genetics, cell biology, physiology, comparative morphology, systematics, ecology, and vegetation science.

Table of Contents

Review
Chromatophore Displacements in Marine Macroalgae: Physiology and Ecological Relevance	3	(24)
Wilhelm Nultsch
Introduction	3	(1)
Measurement of Transmittance Changes	4	(3)
Occurrence of Light-Induced Transmittance Changes in Marine Algae	7	(3)
Action Spectrum and Photoreceptor Problems	10	(2)
Circadian Rhythms in Chromatophore Movements	12	(1)
Field Experiments	13	(2)
Ecological Role of Chromatophore Displacement in Algae	15	(4)
Concluding Remarks	19	(8)
References	21	(6)
Genetics
Alternative Respiration in Plants and Fungi: Some Aspects of Its Biological Role	27	(15)
Heike Rohr
Ulf Stahl
Introduction	27	(2)
Alternative Respiration	29	(5)
Alternative NADH Dehydrogenases	29	(1)
Alternative NADH Dehydrogenases in Yeast	30	(1)
The Alternative Oxidase (AOX)	31	(1)
Structure and Diversity	31	(1)
Regulation	32	(2)
The Putative Role of Alternative Respiration in Plants and Fungi	34	(2)
Uncoupling Proteins (UCPs)	36	(1)
Conclusions	37	(5)
References	38	(4)
Mutants and Transgenics -- a Comparison of Barley Resources in Crop Breeding	42	(11)
Christer Jansson
Hilde-Gunn Opsahl Ferstad
Introduction	42	(1)
Barley Mutagenesis	43	(4)
Radiation Mutagenesis	44	(1)
Chemical Mutagenesis	45	(1)
Transposon Mutagenesis	46	(1)
Transgenic Barley	47	(2)
Biolistic Transformation	47	(1)
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation	48	(1)
Transformation of Barley	48	(1)
Future Prospects	49	(4)
References	49	(4)
Molecular Genetics of Chloroplast Biogenesis	53	(21)
Jorg Nickelsen
Introduction	53	(1)
Genetic Model Systems and Molecular Tools	54	(1)
Plastid Development	55	(2)
Nuclear Control of Chloroplast Gene Expression	57	(9)
Transcription	57	(1)
RNA Metabolism	58	(1)
Intron Splicing	58	(2)
RNA Stabilization and Processing	60	(3)
RNA Editing	63	(1)
Translation and Assembly of Complexes	63	(1)
Translation Initiation	64	(1)
Translation Elongation and Post-translational Steps	65	(1)
Subcompartmentalization of Chloroplast Gene Expression Steps	66	(2)
Conclusions and Perspectives	68	(6)
References	69	(5)
Extranuclear Inheritance: Genetics and Biogenesis of Mitochondria	74	(24)
Thomas Lisowsky
Karlheinz Esser
Martin Ingenhoven
Elke Pratje
Georg Michaelis
Introduction	74	(1)
Mitochondrial Genomes	74	(4)
Higher Plants	74	(1)
Algae	75	(3)
Apoptosis in Plants	78	(6)
Examples of Programmed Cell Death in Plants	79	(1)
Differences in PCD in Mammalian and Plant Cells	79	(1)
Conserved Mechanisms in Mammals and Plants	80	(2)
A Key Role of Mitochondria is Common in PCD of Animal and Plant Cells	82	(1)
The Role of ROS as Signal for PCD	83	(1)
Conclusions	84	(1)
Genetic Basis of Disulfide Bridge Formation in Mitochondria and Plastids	84	(7)
Summary and New Aspects	91	(7)
References	91	(7)
Genetics of Phytopathogenic Bacteria	98	(17)
Annette Burger
Rudolf Eichenlaub
Introduction	98	(1)
Phytopathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria	98	(1)
Clavibacter michiganensis	99	(4)
Leifsonia xyli	103	(1)
Streptomyces scabies	104	(2)
Rhodococcus fascians	106	(3)
Outlook	109	(6)
References	110	(5)
Population Genetics: Aspects of Biodiversity	115	(23)
Rob O'Neill
Rod Snowdon
Wolfgang Kohler
Introduction	115	(1)
Genetic Diversity vs. Biodiversity	115	(2)
Detection of Genetic Diversity	117	(9)
Morphological vs. Molecular Markers	118	(1)
Allozyme Markers	118	(1)
DNA Markers	119	(7)
Measures of Genetic Diversity	126	(3)
Fixation Indices	126	(1)
Discrete and Continuous Data	127	(1)
Calculation of Genetic Distances	128	(1)
Role of Molecular Markers in Biodiversity Studies	129	(3)
Summary	132	(6)
References	132	(6)
Strategies of Breeding for Durable Disease Resistance in Cereals	138	(33)
Wolfgang Friedt
Kay Werner
Bettina Pellio
Claudia Weiskorn
Marco Kramer
Frank Ordon
Introduction	138	(1)
Resistance Gene Accumulation -- Gene Pyramiding	139	(4)
Polygenic Resistance -- QTL Mapping	143	(4)
Induced Resistance	147	(3)
Genetic Engineering: Transformation of Cereals	150	(6)
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation	150	(3)
Particle Bombardment and Other Transformation Methods	153	(1)
Genetically Engineered Resistance to Pathogens	154	(2)
Summary and Future Prospects	156	(15)
References	156	(15)
Physiology
Coordination of V-ATPase and V-PPase at the Vacuolar Membrane of Plant Cells	171	(46)
Martina Drobny
Elke Fischer-Schliebs
Ulrich Luttge
Rafael Ratajczak
Introduction	171	(1)
V-ATPase	172	(14)
Holoenzyme Structure and Subunit Composition	172	(6)
Enzyme Activity	178	(1)
Regulation of the V-ATPase	179	(5)
Role of Subunit Isoforms	184	(2)
V-PPase	186	(6)
Molecular Characteristics	186	(1)
Physiological Role of the V-PPase	187	(2)
Enzyme Activity and Regulation of the V-PPase	189	(2)
Role of V-PPase Isoforms	191	(1)
Cellular Localisation of V-ATPase and V-PPase	192	(1)
Responses of V-ATPase and V-PPase to Environmental Factors	193	(3)
Regulation by Phytohormones	196	(1)
Responses of V-ATPase and V-PPase in Growth and Development	197	(1)
Coordination of V-ATPase and V-PPase	198	(19)
References	201	(16)
Ca2+ Mobilization from Internal Stores in Electrical Membrane Excitation in Chara	217	(17)
Gerhard Thiel
Michael Wacke
Ilse Foissner
Introduction	217	(1)
Ca2+cyt and the Action Potential	218	(1)
Where Does the Ca2+ Come From?	218	(2)
Ca2+ Is Mobilized in an All-or-None Fashion	220	(1)
A Second Messenger Must Be Involved in Linking Electrical Stimulation and Ca2+ Mobilization	221	(2)
Inositol-1,4,5-Trisphosphate (InsP3) Is the Most Likely Candidate for the Second Messenger in Question	223	(2)
A Quantitative Model for Ca2+cyt Changes in Electrical Excitation	225	(2)
Identification of Ca2+ Stores	227	(1)
Activity of Ca2+-Sensitive Cl-- Channels as an Assay of Intracellular Ca2+ Release	228	(2)
Loose Ends and Hypothesis	230	(4)
References	230	(4)
Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: Quantification and Manipulation	234	(24)
Grahame J. Kelly
Introduction	234	(1)
Carbon Metabolism Common to All Photosynthetic Cells	235	(8)
The Ribulose Bisphosphate (RuBP) Carboxylation System	235	(1)
Other Enzymes of Chloroplast Carbon Metabolism	236	(1)
The Three Respirations of Photosynthetic Cells: Mitochondrial Respiration, Chlororespiration, and Photorespiration	237	(3)
Starch	240	(2)
Sucrose	242	(1)
C4 Photosynthesis and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)	243	(2)
C4 Photosynthesis	243	(1)
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism	244	(1)
Brief Notes on Carbon and Kyoto	245	(1)
Genetic Manipulation of Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism	246	(12)
References	249	(9)
Light Sensory Responses in Lower Plants: Photomovement Versus Photoadaptation	258	(19)
Christoph Forreiter
Gottfried Wagner
Introduction	258	(1)
Photomovement	258	(8)
Bacteriochlorophyll	260	(1)
Archaean Rhodopsins	261	(1)
Photoactive Yellow Protein	261	(1)
Algal Rhodopsins	262	(2)
Flavins and Pterins	264	(1)
Cryptophyte Phycobiliproteins and Diatom Unknown Pigments	265	(1)
Stentorin and Blepharismin	265	(1)
Photoadaptation	266	(6)
Resume and Outlook	272	(5)
References	272	(5)
Circadian Rhythmicity: Is the ``Biological Clock'' Hardware or Software?	277	(46)
Ulrich Luttge
Historical Reminiscence and Current Questions	277	(1)
One ``Central Clock'' or Individual Oscillators	278	(4)
The Morphological and Anatomical Level	278	(1)
The Cellular Level	279	(1)
The Gene Level	280	(2)
The Output of Overt Rhythms	282	(11)
The Molecular and Enzyme Level	282	(5)
Membranes and Transport	287	(1)
Metabolism	288	(1)
C3- and C4-Photosynthesis and Stomata	288	(1)
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)	289	(2)
Non-photosynthetic Energy Turnover Including Circadian Rhythmicity of Respiration	291	(1)
Organs	291	(1)
Pulvini	291	(1)
Roots, Shoots and Flowers	292	(1)
External Control Parameters, Receptors and Internal Signalling Systems	293	(4)
Synchronisation/Desynchronisation	297	(3)
The Software: Theory and Simulation Models	300	(2)
Biological Sense and Adaptive Value	302	(1)
Conclusions and Outlook: Hardware, Software and Multidisciplinary Approaches	303	(20)
References	304	(19)
Systematics
Systematics of the Pteridophytes	323	(26)
Stefan Schneckenburger
Systematics	323	(6)
Bibliography, Collections, Nomenclature	329	(1)
Floristics	329	(4)
Asia, Australia, Pacific	329	(1)
Africa, Macaronesia	330	(1)
Europe	331	(1)
America	332	(1)
Geography, Ecology, and Conservation	333	(3)
Conservation	335	(1)
Morphology and Anatomy	336	(2)
Ethnobotany, Uses, Techniques	338	(11)
References	340	(9)
Ecology
Impact of Ozone on Trees: an Ecophysiological Perspective	349	(56)
Rainer Matyssek
Heinrich Sandermann, Jr
Ozone as a Pollutant and Potential Risk Factor in Trees	349	(6)
The Process of O3 Formation	350	(1)
Trends in O3 Regimes	350	(2)
How to Determine Constraints by Ozone on Trees	352	(2)
The Kind of Knowledge Available on the O3 Sensitivity of Trees	354	(1)
Mechanisms of O3 Impact in Trees	355	(22)
O3 Responses at the Different Levels of Tree Functioning	355	(1)
Cellular Level	355	(4)
Leaf Level	359	(2)
Whole-Tree Level	361	(2)
Scaling of O3 Effects Within the Tree	363	(2)
Does O3 Stress Accelerate Senescence?	365	(1)
Modifications of O3 Response Through Factorial Interactions	366	(1)
O3/Light	366	(1)
O3/Temperature	367	(1)
O3/Moisture	368	(1)
O3/Nutrition	369	(1)
O3/CO2	370	(1)
O3/Biotic Factors	371	(1)
Can Ozone Predispose to Further Stress?	372	(1)
Can O3 Responses Be Scaled to Adult Forest Trees?	373	(1)
Tree Dimension	374	(1)
O3 Gradients Within Forest Canopies	374	(1)
Light Regimes in Canopies and O3 Sensitivity	375	(1)
O3 Sensitivity and Tree Ontogeny	376	(1)
Analysis of O3 Impact on Forest Trees Under Site Conditions	377	(5)
Evidence of O3 Impact on Trees at Field Sites	378	(2)
Experimentation on Adult Trees in the Field	380	(1)
Hypotheses on the Action of Ozone in Adult Forest Trees	381	(1)
Conclusions	382	(23)
References	385	(20)
Fine Root Biomass of Temperate Forests in Relation to Soil Acidity and Fertility, Climate, Age and Species	405	(34)
Christoph Leuschner
Dietrich Hertel
Introduction	405	(1)
The Database	406	(12)
Fine Root Biomass in Relation to Environmental Factors	418	(15)
Fine Root Biomass in Broad-Leaved and Coniferous Forests	418	(2)
Fine Root Biomass of Different Tree Species and Genera	420	(1)
Fine Root Biomass and Climatic Factors	421	(5)
Fine Root Biomass and Soil Chemical Factors	426	(6)
Fine Root Biomass and Stand Age	432	(1)
Conclusions	433	(6)
References	433	(6)
Light Heterogeneity and Plants: from Ecophysiology to Species Coexistence and Biodiversity	439	(33)
Fernando Valladares
Introduction	439	(3)
Light Capture and Photosynthesis: Scaling Up to the Plant	442	(6)
Crown Architecture, a Compromise of Multiple Functions	442	(1)
Plant Movements Influenced by Light	443	(1)
Morphological and Structural Photoprotection	444	(1)
Geometry of the Crown, Curiosity or Function?	445	(1)
Photosynthetic Stems	446	(1)
Leaf Phenology and Light Capture	446	(1)
Advantages and Limits of Computer Models	447	(1)
Acclimation to Light, Tolerance of the Extremes and Phenotypic Plasticity	448	(4)
Photomorphogenesis and Whole-Plant Response to Light	448	(1)
Phenotypic Plasticity	449	(1)
Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity	450	(1)
To Respond or Not to Respond? Costs of Plasticity	451	(1)
Population Plasticity by the Coexistence of Genotypes	452	(1)
Species Replacement Along Light Gradients: the Tropical and Temperate Models	453	(1)
Competition and Succession: Negative Correlations Between Adaptations to Sun and Adaptations to Shade	453	(1)
Tolerance or Avoidance: Two Alternatives to the Shade?	453	(1)
Species Replacement: Particularities and Uncertainties in Dry Environments	454	(2)
Competition and Succession in Light Gradients with Water Constraints	454	(1)
Facilitation and Positive Plant Interactions	455	(1)
Species Coexistence and Biodiversity	456	(3)
Unveiling Patterns and Integrating Processes	456	(2)
Management of Forests for the Conservation of Biodiversity	458	(1)
Concluding Remarks: the Challenge of Scaling and Integrating Processes	459	(13)
References	461	(11)
Applications of Stable Isotopes in Plant Ecology	472	(34)
Cristina Maguas
Howard Griffiths
Introduction	472	(1)
Background to Isotope Effects	473	(3)
Fractionation of Carbon	475	(1)
Oxygen Isotope Effects	476	(1)
Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Organic Material	476	(7)
C3, C4 and CAM	476	(3)
Poikilohydric Plants	479	(2)
Refixation and Respiration	481	(2)
Carbon Isotope Discrimination as an Ecological Concept	483	(2)
``Water Use Efficiency'' and Discrimination	483	(1)
Relevance of WUE for Natural Vegetation	484	(1)
Carbon Isotopes: Productivity Versus Survival in Natural Ecosystems	485	(5)
Control over in Natural Vegetation	485	(2)
Leaf Function and Physiological Characteristics	487	(1)
Environmental Gradients	487	(2)
Phenotypic and Genotypic Effects Within and Between Populations	489	(1)
δ18O in Organic Material and CO2	490	(1)
Tracing Water Sources Within Ecosystems	491	(2)
Nitrogen	493	(1)
Use of Combined 13C and 18O To Integrate Performance of Functional Groups	494	(1)
Conclusions	495	(11)
References	496	(10)
Trends in Plant Diversity Research	506	(17)
Stefan Porembski
Introduction	506	(1)
Global Change: Measuring and Predicting the Consequences for Plant Diversity	507	(3)
Plant Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning	510	(1)
Effects of Habitat Fragmentation	511	(4)
Patterns of Species Richness	515	(2)
Future Research Perspectives	517	(6)
References	518	(5)
Subject Index	523