Progress in Botany

by Esser, Karl; Luttge, Ulrich; Kadereit, J. W.; Beyschlag, W.

• ISBN13: 9783540675518
• ISBN10: 3540675515
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

With one volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of the plant sciences. The present volume includes reviews on genetics, cell biology, and vegetation science.

Table of Contents

Review
50 Years of Translocation in the Phloem of Plants, With Reference to Trees	3	(12)
Walter Eschrich
Genetics
Introns, Splicing and Mobility	15	(19)
Ralf Sagebarth
Ulf Stahl
Introduction	15	(1)
Intron Structure and Splicing Pathway	15	(3)
Intron Distribution	18	(2)
Protein-Assisted Splicing	20	(2)
Intron Mobility	22	(6)
Protein-Assisted Homing	22	(3)
Transposition to Ectopic Sites	25	(3)
Future Prospects	28	(6)
References	29	(5)
Barley Mutagenesis	34	(17)
Anders Falk
Alan H. Schulman
Soren K. Rasmussen
Christer Jansson
Introduction	34	(1)
Construction and Utilization of Barley Mutant Libraries	34	(5)
Barley Mutants Induced by Radiation or Chemicals	34	(1)
Molecular Analysis of Barley Mutants Induced by Radiation or Chemicals	35	(1)
Fast Forward Genetics; Chromosome Landing Refined	36	(2)
Barley Reverse Genetics	38	(1)
Extending the Mutant Banks of Barley: Contribution from Arabidopsis	39	(1)
Transposable Elements As Major Contributors and Tools in Genomic Mutagenesis	39	(4)
The Mutagenic Impact and Application of DNA Transposons	39	(2)
The Nature of Retro-Transposons	41	(1)
The Mutagenic Impact and Application of Retro-Transposons	42	(1)
Mutational Breeding in Barley: an Example. Improving Nutritional Qualities	43	(8)
References	46	(5)
Extranuclear Inheritance: Cytoplasmic Linear Double-Stranded DNA Killer Elements of the Dairy Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis	51	(20)
Friedhelm Meinhardt
Raffael Schaffrath
Introduction	51	(1)
Genetic Organization of the Killer Plasmids	52	(1)
Zymocin Toxin	53	(6)
Structure	53	(1)
Biogenesis, Assembly and Secretion	54	(1)
Immunity	55	(1)
Mode of Action	56	(1)
Resistance	57	(2)
Replication	59	(2)
Gene Expression	61	(2)
Transcription	61	(2)
Translation	63	(1)
Phylogeny	63	(2)
Conclusions and Outlook	65	(6)
References	65	(6)
Extranuclear Inheritance: Genetics and Biogenesis of Mitochondria	71	(27)
Karlheinz Esser
Thomas Lisowsky
Georg Michaelis
Elke Pratje
Introduction	71	(1)
Mitochondrial Genomes	71	(1)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	71	(1)
Petite-Positive and Petite-Negative Yeasts	72	(1)
Linear Mitochondrial Genomes	72	(1)
Evolution of the Mitochondrial Genomes	72	(2)
Origin of Mitochondria	72	(1)
Transfer of Mitochondrial Genes to the Nucleus	73	(1)
Gene Transfer to Mitochondria	74	(1)
Cross-Talk Between Mitochondria, Cytosol and the Nucleus	74	(6)
Retrograde Regulation	76	(2)
Proteins with Dual Function and/or Dual Localization	78	(1)
New Aspects	79	(1)
Mitochondrial Protein Transport in Higher Plants	80	(18)
Pre-Sequences	81	(1)
The Translocases of the Mitochondrial Outer and Inner Membranes	82	(2)
Processing Peptidases	84	(1)
Chaperones	85	(1)
Developmentally Regulated Protein Import	85	(1)
Differences Between Plants and Yeast	86	(1)
Protein Export	87	(2)
References	89	(9)
Genetics of Phytopathogenic Bacteria	98	(16)
Jutta Ahlemeyer
Rudolf Eichenlaub
Introduction	98	(1)
The hrp Genes of Phytopathogenic Bacteria	99	(1)
The Type III Secretion System	99	(3)
Regulation of hrp Genes	102	(1)
Harpins and Avr Proteins	103	(2)
Plant Defense	105	(3)
Recognition of the Pathogen	105	(1)
Signal Transduction	105	(1)
Hypersensitive Cell Death and Other Locally Induced Defense Reactions	106	(2)
Outlook	108	(6)
References	108	(6)
Plant Biotechnology: Transgenic Crops for the Third Millennium	114	(26)
Frank Kempken
Introduction	114	(2)
Methods for Gene Transfer and Expression of Foreign DNA in Higher Plants	116	(5)
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation	117	(1)
Transformation of Protoplasts	117	(1)
Biolistic Transformation	117	(1)
Regeneration, Selection and Verification of Transformed Plants	118	(1)
Targeted Gene Expression	119	(1)
Silencing of Transformed Genes	120	(1)
Removal of Marker Genes	120	(1)
Improvements in Agriculture	121	(6)
Enhancing Plant Resistance	121	(1)
Herbicide Resistance	122	(1)
Insect Resistance	122	(1)
Resistance to Viral Pathogens	123	(1)
Resistance Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens	123	(1)
Artificially Introduced Male Sterility to Produce Hybrid Seeds	124	(1)
Improving Plant Micronutrients	125	(1)
Modified Carbohydrates in Transgenic Crops	125	(1)
Biodegradable Plastics from Transgenic Plants	126	(1)
Production of Vaccines	126	(1)
Current Use of Genetically Engineered Plants and Future Prospects	127	(2)
Recent Controversies Regarding the Safety of GM Plants	129	(11)
References	131	(9)
Modification of Oilseed Quality by Genetic Transformation	140	(37)
Steffen Weber
Karim Zarhloul
Wolfgang Friedt
Introduction	140	(1)
Biosynthesis and Composition of Vegetable Oil	141	(3)
Regeneration Capacity of Oilseed Plants	144	(5)
Oilseed Rape	144	(3)
B. napus L.
Sunflower	147	(2)
H. annuus
Tools for Genetic Transformation of Oil Plants	149	(7)
Biolistic Approach	150	(1)
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation	151	(1)
Oilseed Rape	151	(3)
Sunflower	154	(2)
State of the Art	156	(8)
Transgenic Oilseed Plants with Novel Traits	157	(4)
Release of Transgenic Oilseeds into the Field	161	(3)
Future Trends and Perspectives	164	(13)
References	166	(11)
Physiology
Significance of Phloem-Translocated Organic Sulfur Compounds for the Regulation of Sulfur Nutrition	177	(17)
Cornelia Herschbach
Heinz Rennenberg
Introduction	177	(2)
Phloem-Translocated Organic Sulfur Compounds	179	(2)
Consequences of Phloem Transport of Sulfur for the Organic Sulfur Content of the Roots	181	(2)
Regulation of Sulfate Uptake	183	(3)
Consequences of Phloem Translocation for the Regulation of Sulfate Uptake	186	(2)
Conclusions	188	(6)
References	189	(5)
Mutualistic Relationships Between Algae and Fungi (Excluding Lichens)	194	(21)
Hartmut Gimmler
Introduction	194	(1)
General Aspects	195	(1)
Mutualistic Relationships Between Algae and Fungi in Acidic Habitats	196	(11)
Stimulation of Growth	196	(3)
Benefit of Algae Association with Fungi	199	(1)
Vitamins	199	(4)
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon	203	(1)
Abscisic Acid	204	(1)
Amino Acids	204	(1)
Benefit of Fungi or Yeasts in Associations with Algae	204	(1)
Carbon Source	204	(2)
Oxygen	206	(1)
Mutualistic Relationships Between Algae and Bacteria	207	(3)
The Geosiphon Association	210	(5)
References	212	(3)
The Extracellular Matrix of the Plant Cell: Location of Signal Perception, Transduction and Response	215	(23)
Karl-Josef Dietz
The Extracellular Matrix is a Dynamic Component of the Plant Cell	215	(7)
The Cell-Wall Structure and the Proteins of the ECM	216	(2)
The Chemical Composition of the Apoplast	218	(1)
Remodeling of the ECM During Development	219	(1)
Responses to Environmental Stimuli	220	(1)
Pathogenesis-Related Deconstruction or Adaptation of the Cell Wall	221	(1)
Signal Perception in the Extracellular Space	222	(6)
Receptor Kinases	222	(3)
Seven-Transmembrane-Domain Receptors	225	(1)
Evidence for the Existence and Involvement of Integrin-Like Proteins	225	(2)
Arabinogalactan Proteins	227	(1)
Ion Channels	227	(1)
Signal Transduction	228	(1)
ECM Formation and Remodelin	228	(4)
Enzymatic Activities in the Apoplast	228	(1)
Proteases	229	(2)
Expansins	231	(1)
Perspectives	232	(6)
References	232	(6)
Photosynthesis: Carbon Metabolism from DNA to Deoxyribose	238	(28)
Grahame J. Kelly
Introduction	238	(1)
The Chloroplast	239	(5)
Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase	239	(2)
Other Calvin-Cycle Enzymes	241	(2)
Transitory Starch Metabolism	243	(1)
The Photosynthetic Cell	244	(9)
Uptake of Inorganic Carbon	244	(2)
Sucrose Biosynthesis	246	(1)
The Enigma of Glucose and DNA	246	(2)
Mitochondrial Respiration and the Oxidative Pentose-P Pathway	248	(1)
Photorespiration	249	(1)
C4 Photosynthesis	250	(1)
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism	251	(2)
The Whole Plant	253	(13)
Translocation	253	(1)
CO2 Fixation by Stressed Plants	254	(1)
CO2 Fixation when CO2 Supply is Abundant	255	(1)
References	256	(10)
The Metabolic Diversity of Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures	266	(41)
Otto Grather
Bernd Schneider
Introduction and Objectives	266	(1)
Metabolic Diversity of Higher Plants and Their In Vitro Cultures	267	(2)
Novel Natural Products from Cell and Tissue Cultures of Higher Plants	269	(24)
Strategies to Induce the Formation of Natural Products in Plant-Cell and Tissue Cultures	293	(2)
Conclusions	295	(12)
References	296	(11)
Systematics
Molecular Systematics: 1997-1999	307	(33)
Kenneth J. Sytsma
William J. Hahn
Introduction	307	(1)
Progress from 1997 to 1999	308	(2)
Advances in Methodology	310	(3)
DNA Extraction	310	(1)
New Genes for Phylogenetics	310	(1)
DNA Fingerprinting	311	(1)
Data Analysis	311	(2)
Systematic Progress in Non-Angiosperms	313	(1)
Systematic Progress in Angiosperms	314	(7)
Basal Angiosperms (Excluding Monocots)	315	(1)
Basal Angiosperms: Monocots	315	(1)
Basal Eudicots	316	(1)
Caryophyllids	317	(1)
Rosids	318	(1)
Asterids	319	(2)
Hybridization and Introgression	321	(1)
Polyploid Origins	322	(1)
Biogeography and Phylogeography	322	(2)
Interfacing Ecology and Systematics	324	(1)
Interfacing Development and Systematics	325	(1)
Future Prospects and Problems	326	(14)
References	327	(13)
Systematics and Evolution of the Algae. I. Genomics Meets Phylogeny	340	(43)
Michael Melkonian
Introduction	340	(1)
Genomics Meets Phylogeny	341	(6)
Bonsai Genomics: the Phylogeny of Mitochondria, Plastids and Nucleomorphs	347	(36)
Mitochondria/Hydrogenosomes	347	(7)
Plastids and Nucleomorphs	354	(16)
References	370	(13)
Systematics of Bryophytes	383	(16)
Patricia Geissler
General Aspects	383	(1)
Jubilee (Festschrift) and Special Volumes	383	(1)
Phylogeny	384	(3)
Speciation, Population Biology	387	(1)
Taxonomy, Revisions	388	(2)
Flora Checklists	390	(1)
Conservation	391	(8)
References	392	(7)
Ecology
The Search for Generality in Studies of Disturbance and Ecosystem Dynamics	399	(52)
Peter S. White
Anke Jentsch
Introduction	399	(1)
Why Study Disturbances? Why Seek Generality?	399	(5)
Patchiness and Heterogeneity	400	(1)
Biodiversity, Adaptation and Ecosystem Response	400	(1)
Human Effects on Natural Disturbance Regimes	401	(1)
Novel Human Disturbances	401	(1)
Habitat Fragmentation	402	(1)
Traditional Land Uses as Disturbance Regimes	402	(1)
Climate Change	403	(1)
Exotic-Species Invasions	404	(1)
Why Seek Generality?	404	(1)
Disturbances and Disturbance Regimes	404	(10)
Problems with the Relative Definition	406	(1)
The Absolute Definition	407	(2)
Diffuse and Discrete Disturbances	409	(1)
Site Potential and Class-I and Class-II Disturbances	409	(2)
Other Definition Issues	411	(1)
Heterogeneity, Homogeneity and Scale	412	(1)
From Disturbance Event to Disturbance Regime with Spatio-Temporal Dimensions	412	(2)
What Hinders the Development of Generality in Disturbance Ecology?	414	(11)
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Disturbance Events	414	(1)
Disturbances Interact with a Unique Topography Template	415	(1)
Disturbances Vary with Climate	416	(1)
Disturbances Vary with Soil Development	416	(1)
Disturbances Vary with Feedback and Interactions	416	(2)
Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Effects of Disturbance and Ecosystem Responses to Disturbance	418	(1)
Disturbances Vary in the Heterogeneity They Create	418	(1)
Disturbances Vary in Patch Size	419	(1)
Disturbances Differ in Intensity and Severity and, Hence, in Ecosystem Legacy	420	(1)
Rates of Response and Species Adaptations Vary Among Ecosystems	421	(1)
Methods of Sampling and Analysis	422	(1)
The Scale of Observation Affects Conclusions Because Disturbances Are Episodic and Patchy	423	(1)
Surrogate Variables Are Often the Only Ones Measured	424	(1)
Disturbances Vary Both Stochastically and Deterministically	424	(1)
Approaches to Generality in Disturbance Ecology	425	(14)
Approaches to Generality at the Patch Scale	426	(1)
Absolute Ecosystem Characteristics and Disturbance Effects	426	(2)
Legacies Produced Disturbance	428	(1)
Relativizing Patch Conditions to Ecosystem Charateristics	428	(1)
Comparing Disturbances with Historic Precedents	429	(1)
Disturbance Effects on Site Quality and Ecosystem Trajectory	429	(1)
Approaches to Generality at the Multiple-Patch Scale	430	(1)
Patch Dynamics and Dynamic Equilibrium	430	(3)
Disturbance Architecture	433	(1)
Classifying Disturbance Regimes	434	(1)
Approaches to Generality Through the Classification of Species Roles	434	(1)
Successional Roles and the Intermediate-Disturbance Hypothesis	434	(4)
Response of Functional Groups to Disturbance	438	(1)
Resilience to Disturbance	439	(1)
Dominant Growth Forms	439	(1)
Conclusions	439	(12)
Choosing a Focus of Interest, Level of Resolution and Degree of Abstraction	440	(1)
Establishing the Spatial and Temporal Frame of Reference	440	(1)
Describing Disturbance	441	(1)
Determining Patterns in Disturbance Regimes-Correlation of Spatial and Temporal Parameters	442	(1)
References	443	(8)
Heterogeneous Soil-Resource Distribution and Plant Responses--from Individual-Plant Growth to Ecosystem Functioning	451	(26)
Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald
Robert B. Jackson
Introduction	451	(1)
Background	452	(1)
Abiotic Causes of Soil-Resource Heterogeneity	453	(1)
Biotic Causes of Soil-Resource Heterogeneity	454	(2)
Patterns of Heterogeneity	456	(1)
Response Variables at Different Levels of Organization	457	(9)
Plant Responses	458	(3)
Plant-Fungus Interaction	461	(1)
Plant-Plant Interactions Within and Between Populations of Different Species	462	(2)
Plant Community/Ecosystem Responses	464	(2)
Conclusions and Future Directions	466	(11)
References	467	(10)
The Existence of Bark and Stem Photosynthesis in Woody Plants and Its Significance for the Overall Carbon Gain. An Eco-Physiological and Ecological Approach	477	(34)
Hardy Pfanz
Guido Aschan
Introduction	477	(4)
Anatomy and Morphology of the Bark and Rhytidome	481	(3)
The Hidden Chlorenchyma: Nomenclature Problems	481	(2)
Location and Anatomy	483	(1)
The Sub-Corticular Chlorenchyma	483	(1)
The Lenticels	483	(1)
The Chlorophyll Content of Stems: as Green as Leaves?	484	(2)
How Much Chlorophyll Is It?	485	(1)
Microclimatic Considerations	486	(4)
The Micro--and Nano-Climates of Rhytidome and Bark	486	(1)
Bark Temperatures	487	(1)
How Much Light Reaches the Chlorenchyme?	487	(1)
Peridermal and Rhytidomal Light Transmission	488	(1)
Light Penetration Through Lenticels	488	(1)
Light Penetration: Spectral Discrimination	488	(2)
The Source of CO2: Stem-Internal or--External CO2?	490	(4)
How Much CO2 Is Inside the Stem?	490	(2)
CO2 Flux in Stems: from Inside to Outside or Vice Versa?	492	(1)
Diffusion of CO2 Out of the Stem	492	(1)
Aqueous Transport of CO2	493	(1)
CO2 Consumption Via Bark Photosynthesis	494	(1)
Measurements of Bark Photosynthesis	494	(4)
Corticular Photosynthesis and Diffusion Problems	494	(2)
Light Response of Bark Photosynthesis	496	(1)
Can Extremely High CO2 Partial Pressure Negatively Affect Corticular Photosynthesis?	496	(1)
Wood Photosynthesis: Evidence of a Fairy Tale	497	(1)
Ecological Considerations	498	(5)
Corticular Photosynthesis and Stress	498	(1)
Interactions with Epiphytes	498	(1)
Air Pollution	499	(2)
Corticular Photosynthesis at the Whole-Plant Level	501	(1)
Contributions of Corticular Photosynthesis to the Carbon Balance	501	(2)
Open Questions and Aims for Further Studies	503	(8)
References	504	(7)
Ecological Aspects of Clonal Growth in Plants	511	(20)
Hansjorg Dietz
Thomas Steinlein
Introduction	511	(1)
Sexual Versus Clonal Propagation	512	(4)
Allocation Plasticity and Costs	512	(1)
Dispersal and Population Development	513	(2)
Genetic Diversity	515	(1)
Implications of Herbivory and Disease for Clonal Growth	516	(1)
Processes Within Clones (Clonal Fragments)	517	(4)
Physiological Integration	517	(2)
Division of Labor	519	(1)
Foraging	520	(1)
Processes Between Clones (Clonal Fragments)	521	(3)
Competition	521	(2)
Patterns in the Development of Clonal Plant Populations at the Community Level	523	(1)
Conclusions	524	(7)
References	525	(6)
Subject Index	531