Psychological Testing and Assessment : An Introduction to Tests and Measurement

by Cohen, Ronald Jay

• ISBN13: 9780072887679
• ISBN10: 0072887672
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-03
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART I An Overview
Psychological Testing and Assessment	1	(30)
Testing and Assessment	1	(15)
Psychological Testing and Assessment Defined	1	(4)
The Tools of Psychological Assessment	5	(11)
Who, What, Why, and Where?	16	(1)
Who Are the Parties?	16	(4)
In What Types of Settings Are Assessments Conducted, and Why?	20	(6)
Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources	26
Close-Up Types of Computer-Generated Psychological Reports	13	(6)
Everyday Psychometrics ``The Following Film Is Rated PG-13'' . . . But Whodunnit? How? And Why?	19	(11)
Self-Assessment	30	(1)
Web Watch	30	(1)
Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations	31	(31)
A Historical Perspective	31	(6)
Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century	31	(1)
The Nineteenth Century	32	(3)
The Twentieth Century	35	(2)
Culture and Assessment	37	(8)
Evolving Interest in Culture-Related Issues	38	(2)
Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment	40	(3)
Tests and Group Membership	43	(2)
Legal and Ethical Considerations	45	(5)
The Concerns of the Public	45	(4)
The Concerns of the Profession	49	(8)
The Rights of Testtakers	57
Close-Up Assessment, Admissions, and Affirmative Action: Grutter v. Bollinger et al. (2003)	50	(5)
Everyday Psychometrics Life-or-Death Psychological Assessment	55	(5)
Self-Assessment	60	(1)
Web Watch	61	(1)
PART II The Science of Psychological Measurement
A Statistics Refresher	62	(30)
Scales of Measurement	63	(5)
Nominal Scales	64	(1)
Ordinal Scales	65	(1)
Interval Scales	66	(1)
Ratio Scales	66	(1)
Measurement Scales in Psychology	66	(2)
Describing Data	68	(15)
Frequency Distributions	69	(5)
Measures of Central Tendency	74	(3)
Measures of Variability	77	(4)
Skewness	81	(1)
Kurtosis	82	(1)
The Normal Curve	83	(3)
The Area Under the Normal Curve	83	(3)
Standard Scores	86	(1)
z Scores	87	(1)
T Scores	87	(1)
Other Standard Scores	88
Everyday Psychometrics Consumer (of Graphed Data), Beware!	73	(11)
Close-Up The Normal Curve and Psychological Tests	84	(6)
Self-Assessment	90	(1)
Web Watch	91	(1)
Of Tests and Testing	92	(37)
Some Assumptions About Psychological Testing and Assessment	92	(6)
Assumption 1: Psychological Traits and States Exist	92	(2)
Assumption 2: Psychological Traits and States Can Be Quantified and Measured	94	(1)
Assumption 3: Test-Related Behavior Predicts Non-Test-Related Behavior	95	(1)
Assumption 4: Tests and Other Measurement Techniques Have Strengths and Weaknesses	96	(1)
Assumption 5: Various Sources of Error Are Part of the Assessment Process	96	(1)
Assumption 6: Testing and Assessment Can Be Conducted in a Fair and Unbiased Manner	97	(1)
Assumption 7: Testing and Assessment Benefit Society	97	(1)
What's a ``Good Test''?	98	(1)
Reliability	98	(1)
Validity	98	(1)
Other Considerations	99	(1)
Norms	99	(15)
Standardization, Sampling, and Norming	103	(3)
Types of Norms	106	(3)
Fixed Reference Group Scoring Systems	109	(1)
Norm-Referenced Versus Criterion-Referenced Evaluation	110	(4)
Correlation and Inference	114	(11)
The Concept of Correlation	114	(1)
The Pearson r	115	(2)
The Spearman Rho	117	(1)
Graphic Representations of Correlation	118	(4)
Regression	122	(3)
Inference From Measurement	125	(1)
Meta-Analysis	125	(1)
Culture and Inference	125
Everyday Psychometrics Putting Tests to the Test	100	(11)
Close-Up Good Ol' Norms and the GRE	111	(16)
Self-Assessment	127	(1)
Web Watch	128	(1)
Reliability	129	(27)
The Concept of Reliability	129	(3)
Sources of Error Variance	130	(2)
Reliability Estimates	132	(9)
Test-Retest Reliability Estimates	132	(1)
Parallel-Forms and Alternate-Forms Reliability Estimates	133	(2)
Split-Half Reliability Estimates	135	(2)
Other Methods of Estimating Internal Consistency	137	(3)
Measures of Inter-Scorer Reliability	140	(1)
Using and Interpreting a Coefficient of Reliability	141	(8)
The Purpose of the Reliability Coefficient	141	(1)
The Nature of the Test	142	(4)
Alternatives to the True Score Model	146	(3)
Reliability and Individual Scores	149	(1)
The Standard Error of Measurement	149	(3)
The Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Scores	152
Close-Up The Reliability of the Bayley-II	143	(4)
Everyday Psychometrics The Reliability Defense and the Breathalyzer Test	147	(8)
Self-Assessment	155	(1)
Web Watch	155	(1)
Validity	156	(34)
The Concept of Validity	156	(3)
Face Validity	158	(1)
Content Validity	159	(4)
The Quantification of Content Validity	159	(2)
Culture and the Relativity of Content Validity	161	(2)
Criterion-Related Validity	163	(12)
What Is a Criterion?	163	(1)
Concurrent Validity	164	(1)
Predictive Validity	164	(11)
Construct Validity	175	(6)
Evidence of Construct Validity	176	(5)
Validity, Bias, and Fairness	181	(1)
Test Bias	181	(3)
Test Fairness	184
Close-Up Base Rates and Predictive Validity	172	(14)
Everyday Psychometrics Adjustment of Test Scores by Group Membership: Fairness in Testing or Foul Play?	186	(2)
Self-Assessment	188	(1)
Web Watch	189	(1)
Test Development	190	(42)
Test Conceptualization	190	(4)
Some Preliminary Questions	191	(2)
Pilot Work	193	(1)
Test Construction	194	(17)
Scaling	194	(7)
Writing Items	201	(9)
Scoring Items	210	(1)
Test Tryout	211	(1)
What Is a Good Item?	212	(1)
Item Analysis	212	(13)
The Item-Difficulty Index	212	(2)
The Item-Reliability Index	214	(1)
The Item-Validity Index	214	(1)
The Item-Discrimination Index	215	(2)
Item-Characteristic Curves	217	(3)
Other Considerations in Item Analysis	220	(2)
Qualitative Item Analysis	222	(3)
Test Revision	225	(1)
Test Revision as a Stage in New Test Development	225	(1)
Test Revision in the Life Cycle of an Existing Test	226
Everyday Psychometrics Psychometrics in the Classroom	195	(12)
Close-Up Designing an Item Bank	207	(24)
Self-Assessment	231	(1)
Web Watch	231	(1)
PART III The Assessment of Intelligence
Intelligence and Its Measurement	232	(32)
What Is Intelligence?	232	(11)
Intelligence Defined: Views of the Lay Public	233	(1)
Intelligence Defined: Views of Scholars and Test Professionals	234	(2)
Factor-Analytic Theories of Intelligence	236	(5)
The Information-Processing View	241	(2)
Measuring Intelligence	243	(3)
Types of Tasks Used in Intelligence Tests	243	(1)
Theory in Intelligence Test Development and Interpretation	244	(2)
Intelligence: Some Issues	246	(15)
Nature Versus Nurture	246	(4)
The Stability of Intelligence	250	(1)
Other Issues	251	(10)
A Perspective	261
Everyday Psychometrics Being Gifted	252	(6)
Close-Up Culture Fair/Culture Loaded	258	(4)
Self-Assessment	262	(1)
Web Watch	263	(1)
Tests of Intelligence	264	(36)
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales	265	(8)
The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: Fifth Edition	268	(5)
The Wechsler Tests	273	(13)
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III)	275	(4)
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)	279	(3)
The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Third Edition (WPPSI-III)	282	(2)
Wechsler, Binet, and the Short Form	284	(2)
The Wechsler Tests in Perspective	286	(1)
Other Measures of Intelligence	286	(1)
Tests Designed for Individual Administration	286	(5)
Tests Designed for Group Administration	291	(5)
Measures of Specific Intellectual Abilities	296
Close-Up Factor Analysis	287	(6)
Everyday Psychometrics The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB): A Test You Can Take	293	(5)
Self-Assessment	298	(1)
Web Watch	298	(2)
Preschool and Educational Assessment	300	(35)
Preschool Assessment	300	(5)
Tools of Preschool Assessment	301	(4)
Achievement Tests	305	(6)
Measures of General Achievement	306	(1)
Measures of Achievement in Specific Subject Areas	307	(4)
Aptitude Tests	311	(7)
The Elementary School Level	313	(1)
The Secondary School Level	314	(2)
The College Level and Beyond	316	(2)
Diagnostic Tests	318	(3)
Reading Tests	319	(1)
Math Tests	320	(1)
Other Diagnostic Tests	321	(1)
Psychoeducational Test Batteries	321	(8)
The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC)	322	(2)
The Differential Ability Scales (DAS)	324	(3)
The Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ III)	327	(2)
Other Tools of Assessment in Educational Settings	329	(1)
Performance, Portfolio, and Authentic Assessment	329	(2)
Peer Appraisal Techniques	331	(1)
Measuring Study Habits, Interests, and Attitudes	332
Everyday Psychometrics First Impressions	302	(7)
Close-Up Tests of Minimum Competency	309	(24)
Self-Assessment	333	(1)
Web Watch	333	(2)
PART IV The Assessment of Personality
Personality Assessment: An Overview	335	(41)
Personality and Personality Assessment Defined	335	(5)
Personality	335	(1)
Personality Assessment	336	(1)
Traits, Types, and States	336	(4)
Personality Assessment: Some Basic Questions	340	(15)
Who?	341	(4)
What?	345	(2)
Where?	347	(1)
How?	347	(8)
Developing Instruments to Assess Personality	355	(15)
Logic and Reason	356	(1)
Theory	356	(1)
Data Reduction Methods	357	(2)
Criterion Groups	359	(11)
Personality Assessment and Culture	370	(1)
Acculturation and Related Considerations	370
Everyday Psychometrics Some Common Item Formats	350	(22)
Close-Up Assessing Acculturation and Related Variables	372	(2)
Self-Assessment	374	(1)
Web Watch	375	(1)
Personality Assessment Methods	376	(43)
Objective Methods	376	(2)
Projective Methods	378	(24)
Inkblots as Projective Stimuli	379	(5)
Pictures as Projective Stimuli	384	(7)
Words as Projective Stimuli	391	(3)
Sounds as Projective Stimuli	394	(1)
The Production of Figure Drawings	395	(4)
Projective Methods in Perspective	399	(3)
Behavioral Assessment Methods	402	(15)
The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How of It	404	(3)
Approaches to Behavioral Assessment	407	(7)
Issues in Behavioral Assessment	414	(3)
A Perspective	417
Everyday Psychometrics Confessions of a Behavior Rater	408	(7)
Close-Up Personality, Life Outcomes, and College Yearbook Photos	415	(3)
Self-Assessment	418	(1)
Web Watch	418	(1)
PART V Testing and Assessment in Action
Clinical and Counseling Assessment	419	(39)
An Overview	419	(4)
Clinical Assessment and Managed Care	421	(1)
The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders	421	(2)
The Interview	423	(11)
Types of Interviews	424	(4)
Psychometric Aspects of the Interview	428	(1)
Cultural Aspects of the Interview	429	(5)
Case History Data	434	(1)
Psychological Tests	435	(1)
The Psychological Test Battery	435	(1)
Special Applications of Clinical Measures	436	(16)
The Assessment of Addiction and Substance Abuse	436	(2)
Forensic Psychological Assessment	438	(8)
Custody Evaluations	446	(2)
Child Abuse and Neglect	448	(4)
The Psychological Report	452	(1)
The Barnum Effect	452	(3)
Clinical Versus Mechanical Prediction	455
Close-Up Assessment of Dangerousness and the Secret Service	440	(13)
Everyday Psychometrics Elements of a Typical Report of Psychological Assessment	453	(4)
Self-Assessment	457	(1)
Web Watch	457	(1)
Neuropsychological Assessment	458	(32)
The Nervous System and Behavior	458	(4)
Neurological Damage and the Concept of Organicity	459	(3)
The Neuropsychological Examination	462	(21)
History Taking, the Case History, and Case Studies	464	(2)
The Interview	466	(1)
The Physical Examination	467	(2)
Neuropsychological Tests	469	(13)
Neuropsychological Test Batteries	482	(3)
Other Tools of Neuropsychological Assessment	485
Close-Up Fixed Versus Flexible Neuropsychological Test Batteries and the Law	483	(3)
Everyday Psychometrics Medical Diagnostic Aids and Neuropsychological Assessment	486	(2)
Self-Assessment	488	(1)
Web Watch	488	(2)
The Assessment of People With Disabilities	490	(30)
An Overview	490	(14)
Disability Defined	491	(6)
Assessment and Accommodation	497	(3)
Disability, Assessment, and the Workplace	500	(4)
Assessment and Specific Disabilities	504	(1)
Visual Disabilities	504	(3)
Hearing Disabilities	507	(3)
Visual/Hearing Disabilities	510	(1)
Motor Disabilities	511	(1)
Cognitive Disabilities	512	(4)
Biopsychosocial Assessment	516	(1)
Disability as a Diversity Issue	517
Everyday Psychometrics Public Law 105-17 and Everyday Practice	493	(9)
Close-Up Expert Testimony	502	(16)
Self-Assessment	518	(1)
Web Watch	519	(1)
Assessment, Careers, and Business	520	(1)
Career Choice and Career Transition	520	(16)
Measures of Interest	521	(3)
Measures of Ability and Aptitude	524	(7)
Measures of Personality	531	(3)
Other Measures	534	(2)
Screening, Selection, Classification, and Placement	536	(8)
The Resume and the Letter of Application	537	(1)
The Application Form	537	(1)
Letters of Recommendation	538	(1)
Interviews	538	(1)
Portfolio Assessment	539	(1)
Performance Tests	539	(2)
Physical Tests	541	(3)
Productivity, Motivation, Attitude, and Organizational Culture	544	(9)
Measures of Cognitive Ability	544	(1)
Productivity	545	(2)
Motivation	547	(4)
Attitude	551	(1)
Organizational Culture	552	(1)
Other Applications of Tools of Assessment	553	(1)
Consumer Psychology	554	(2)
The Measurement of Attitudes	556	(3)
Motivation Research Methods	559
Close-Up Validity Generalization and the GATB	527	(27)
Everyday Psychometrics Assessment of Corporate and Organizational Culture	554	(10)
Self-Assessment	564	(1)
Web Watch	564
References	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(1)
Glossary/Index	1