Psychology

by Davis, Stephen F.

• ISBN13: 9780139325830
• ISBN10: 0139325832
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-07-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL

Summary

Designed for majors and non-majors alike, this engaging text offers a broad exploration of classic and contemporary research on current and emerging topics in the field, and encourages students to recognize, first hand, how psychological concepts have meaning in their own daily lives. Several interactive features ensure thorough understanding of the material, and the book's lively conversational tone enhances its interactive approach to both teaching and learning psychology.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xiii
Preface	xv
Psychology, Research, and You	3	(42)
Becoming a Psychological Detective	4	(9)
Arthur Conan Doyle's Belief in Fairies	5	(2)
Mentalism Revealed	7	(2)
Guidelines for the Psychological Detective	9	(4)
Research Methods in Psychology	13	(15)
The Case Study	14	(1)
Naturalistic Observation	14	(1)
Correlational Research	15	(2)
Survey Research	17	(2)
The Experimental Method	19	(3)
Statistics and Psychologists	22	(1)
Research Ethics	23	(5)
The Origins of Modern Psychology	28	(8)
Wundt and Structuralism	28	(1)
Functionalism	29	(1)
Gestalt Psychology	29	(1)
The Behavioral Perspective	30	(1)
Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective	31	(1)
The Humanistic Perspective	31	(1)
The Physiological Perspective	32	(1)
The Cognitive Perspective	33	(1)
The Cultural and Diversity Perspective	33	(3)
Present-Day Psychology	36	(1)
Psychological Specialties	37	(8)
Biological Foundations of Psychology	45	(42)
Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and the Evolutionary Perspective	46	(1)
Sensing, Processing, and Responding	47	(1)
The Nervous System	47	(16)
The Peripheral Nervous System	48	(2)
The Central Nervous System	50	(13)
Neurons: The Cells of the Nervous System	63	(13)
Components of the Neuron	64	(2)
The Synapse and Neurotransmitters	66	(6)
The Nature of the Neural Signal	72	(4)
The Split-Brain Operation and Neuropsychology	76	(4)
The Split-Brain Operation	76	(2)
Brain Asymmetries	78	(1)
Neuropsychology	79	(1)
The Endocrine System	80	(7)
Major Endocrine Glands	81	(6)
Sensation and Perception	87	(54)
Sensation, Perception, and Psychophysics	88	(3)
Sensation and Perception	88	(1)
Psychophysics	89	(1)
Thresholds	90	(1)
Sensory Systems	91	(28)
Vision	92	(12)
Audition (Hearing)	104	(6)
The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	110	(5)
Other Sensory Systems	115	(4)
Perception	119	(13)
Motivation and Attention	119	(2)
Basic Perceptual Abilities: Patterns and Constancies	121	(4)
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization	125	(2)
Perception of Movement	127	(1)
Perceptual Hypotheses and Illusions	128	(2)
Contemporary Issues and Findings in Perception Research	130	(2)
Paranormal Phenomena	132	(9)
Skeptical Scientists	133	(2)
A Believing Public	135	(6)
Motivation and Emotion	141	(48)
What is Motivation?	142	(1)
Theories of Motivation	142	(8)
Biological Theories	143	(3)
Cognitive Theories	146	(2)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	148	(2)
The Role of Learning	150	(1)
Dealing With Multiple Motives	150	(3)
Specific Motives	153	(7)
Hunger	153	(1)
Sex	154	(3)
Achievement	157	(2)
Affiliation	159	(1)
The What and the Why of Emotion	160	(2)
Relating Emotions and Behavior	161	(1)
The Physiological Components of Emotions	162	(10)
The First Theories	162	(2)
Physiological Differences Among Emotions	164	(2)
The Role of the Brain	166	(3)
Evaluating the Lie Detector	169	(3)
The Expressive Components of Emotions	172	(10)
Universal Elements in the Facial Expression of Emotion	172	(7)
Nonverbal Communication	179	(2)
Gender Effects	181	(1)
The Cognitive Components of Emotions	182	(7)
The Language of Emotion	183	(2)
The Development of Emotion	185	(4)
States of Consciousness	189	(44)
What is Consciousness?	190	(1)
The Rhythms of Life	191	(6)
Circadian Rhythms	191	(3)
Problems with Circadian Rhythms	194	(3)
The Study of Sleep	197	(16)
A Night in a Sleep Lab	198	(1)
The Stages of Sleep	198	(2)
Differences in Individual Sleep Patterns	200	(2)
Sleep Deprivation	202	(1)
The Functions of Sleep	202	(1)
Sleep Problems	203	(7)
Dreams: Nighttime Theater	210	(3)
Hypnosis	213	(6)
The History of Hypnosis	214	(1)
Hypnotic Induction	214	(1)
Hypnotic Phenomena	215	(2)
Explanations of Hypnosis	217	(2)
Altering Consciousness with Drugs	219	(14)
Depressants	221	(6)
Stimulants	227	(1)
Opioids	228	(1)
Hallucinogens	228	(5)
Basic Principles of Learning	233	(42)
What is Learning?	234	(1)
Classical Conditioning	235	(15)
Pavlov and the Elements of Classical Conditioning	235	(3)
Phobias	238	(1)
John Watson, Little Albert, and the Ethics of Research	239	(2)
Pleasant Unconditioned Stimuli	241	(1)
Other Aspects of Classical Conditioning	241	(4)
Classical Conditioning and Our Motives	245	(1)
Current Trends in Classical Conditioning	245	(2)
Taste-Aversion Learning and Preparedness	247	(3)
Operant Conditioning	250	(14)
Reinforcers	250	(2)
B. F. Skinner and the ``Skinner Box''	252	(1)
Shaping	253	(1)
Schedules of Reinforcement	254	(4)
The Role of Cognition	258	(3)
Punishment: The Opposite of Reinforcement	261	(3)
Extinction	264	(3)
The Partial Reinforcement Effect	264	(1)
Operant Conditioning and Stimulus Control	265	(2)
Observational Learning	267	(2)
Behavior Modification	269	(6)
Memory	275	(42)
Initial Studies	276	(3)
The Curve of Forgetting	277	(1)
Recognition and Relearning	277	(2)
Traditional Models of Memory	279	(10)
Human Memory as an Information Processing System	279	(2)
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model	281	(8)
Other Approaches to Learning and Memory	289	(16)
The Levels-of-Processing Model	289	(3)
Alternate Approaches	292	(1)
Different Types of Long-Term Memory	293	(4)
Retrieval	297	(5)
The Repressed-Memory Controversey	302	(2)
Memory Illusions	304	(1)
Techniques for Improving Memory	305	(6)
Influential Factors	305	(1)
Processing Strategies	306	(5)
The Physiological Basis of Learning and Memory	311	(6)
Amnesias	312	(5)
Thinking and Intelligence	317	(46)
Thinking	318	(21)
Cognitive Psychology	318	(4)
Thinking and Language	322	(2)
Problem Solving	324	(5)
Making Decisions	329	(4)
Creativity	333	(6)
Intelligence	339	(24)
The History of Intelligence Testing	341	(3)
Principles of Psychological Tests	344	(2)
Extremes of Intelligence	346	(3)
Kinds of Intelligence	349	(3)
Misuse of Intelligence Tests	352	(1)
Heredity and Environmental Determinants of Intelligence	352	(11)
Developmental Psychology I: Conception Through Childhood	363	(48)
Basic Issues in Developmental Psychology	364	(4)
Nature and Nurture	364	(2)
Research Methods	366	(2)
Development From Conception of Birth	368	(11)
Heredity	369	(3)
Prenatal Development	372	(4)
Birth	376	(3)
Development in Infancy	379	(6)
Sensory Abilities	379	(1)
How Newborns Learn	380	(2)
Maturation	382	(3)
Psychosocial Development in Childhood	385	(13)
Temperament	385	(1)
Personality Development	386	(3)
Attachment	389	(3)
The Father's Role	392	(1)
Day Care	393	(1)
Parenting Styles	394	(4)
Cognitive Development in Childhood	398	(5)
Piaget's Theory	398	(5)
Language	403	(8)
Language Development	403	(2)
Moral Development	405	(6)
Developmental Psychology II: Adolescence Through Old Age	411	(38)
Physical Changes	412	(7)
Adolescence	413	(1)
Early Adulthood	414	(1)
Middle Adulthood	414	(1)
Late Adulthood	415	(4)
Intellectual Changes	419	(8)
Adolescence	419	(1)
Early Adulthood	420	(2)
Middle Adulthood	422	(1)
Late Adulthood	423	(1)
Schaie's Stages of Thought and Cognition	424	(3)
Personality and Social Changes	427	(11)
Adolescence	427	(3)
Early Adulthood	430	(3)
Middle Adulthood	433	(2)
Late Adulthood	435	(3)
Death, Dying, and Bereavement	438	(4)
Attitudes Toward Death	438	(1)
Confronting Death	439	(1)
Bereavement, Grief, and Support	440	(2)
Highlighting Cultural Views and Practices	442	(7)
Birthing and Parenting Practices	442	(1)
Intelligence	443	(1)
Educational Achievement	444	(1)
Aging	445	(4)
Sex and Gender	449	(42)
Sex and Gender: An Introduction	450	(16)
The Biology of Sex	451	(3)
The Hormonal Basis of Sex	454	(2)
The Development of Gender Roles	456	(3)
Gender Stereotyping	459	(7)
Similarities and Differences between Males and Females	466	(7)
Biological Differences	466	(1)
Early Analyses of Sex Differences	467	(1)
The Cognitive Realm	468	(2)
The Social Realm	470	(3)
Social Issues	473	(18)
Education	474	(3)
Work and Careers	477	(10)
Family Responsibilities	487	(4)
Personality	491	(40)
Analyzing Personality	492	(13)
Defining Personality	492	(1)
Personality Tests	493	(5)
Traits Approaches	498	(4)
Is Behavior Consistent?	502	(3)
Biological Factors in Personality	505	(7)
Early Biological Approaches	506	(2)
Twin Studies	508	(4)
The Psychodynamic Perspective	512	(9)
Basic Concepts	513	(1)
The Structure of the Mind	514	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	515	(1)
Stages of Psychosexual Development	516	(2)
Freud in Perspective	518	(3)
The Social-Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives	521	(10)
Learning and Cognitive Perspectives	521	(3)
The Humanistic Perspective	524	(7)
Psychological Disorders	531	(48)
Abnormal Behavior	532	(5)
Criteria of Abnormality	532	(1)
A Working Definition	533	(1)
The Concept of Insanity	534	(1)
Models of Abnormal Behavior	535	(2)
Classifying and Counting Psychological Disorders	537	(5)
DSM-IV	538	(1)
The Labeling Issue	538	(1)
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders	539	(3)
Anxiety, Somatoform, and Dissociative Disorders	542	(11)
Anxiety Disorders	543	(5)
Somatoform Disorders	548	(2)
Dissociative Disorders	550	(3)
Mood Disorders	553	(10)
Depression	553	(5)
Bipolar Disorder	558	(1)
Causes of Mood Disorders	559	(4)
Schizophrenia	563	(8)
Symptoms of Schizophrenia	564	(1)
Subtypes of Schizophrenia	565	(1)
Causes of Schizophrenia	566	(5)
Personality and Sexual Disorders	571	(8)
Personality Disorders	572	(2)
Sexual Disorders	574	(5)
Therapy	579	(46)
Therapy through the Ages	580	(7)
The History of Therapy	580	(4)
Therapy and Therapists	584	(3)
Psychologically Based Therapies	587	(19)
Psychoanalytic Therapy	588	(2)
Humanistic Therapies	590	(1)
Cognitive Therapies	591	(5)
Behavior Therapies	596	(6)
Group Therapies	602	(2)
Self-Help	604	(2)
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy	606	(7)
Eysenck's Challenge	606	(1)
Characteristics of Effective Psychotherapy	607	(1)
Changing Psychotherapy to Meet the Needs of Diversity	608	(2)
When to Begin Psychotherapy and What to Expect	610	(3)
Biomedical Therapies	613	(12)
Drug Therapy	613	(6)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	619	(1)
Psychosurgery	620	(5)
Health Psychology	625	(44)
Health Psychology: An Overview	626	(1)
Stress and Illness	627	(11)
The General Adaptation Syndrome	628	(3)
Sources of Stress	631	(4)
What Makes Events Stressful?	635	(1)
How Stress and Disease May Be Related	636	(2)
Lifestyle Influences on Disease Risk	638	(19)
Smoking	638	(3)
Heart Disease	641	(5)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	646	(3)
Nutrition and Eating	649	(8)
Coping with Stress	657	(12)
Psychological Moderators of Stress	657	(4)
Ways of Reducing Arousal: Relaxation and Physical Activity	661	(8)
Social Psychology: The Individual in Society	669	(48)
Social Psychology and Culture	670	(1)
How We View Others and Their Behavior	671	(12)
Impression Formation	671	(3)
Social Judgements: Attributing Causes to Behavior	674	(4)
Attitudes	678	(5)
Interpersonal Relations	683	(11)
Attraction	683	(1)
Friendship	684	(1)
Love	685	(2)
Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others	687	(2)
Aggression	689	(5)
Social Influences on Behavior	694	(11)
Persuasion	694	(6)
Obedience	700	(2)
Conformity and Compliance	702	(3)
The Individual as Part of a Social Group	705	(12)
Social Facilitation	705	(1)
Social Loafing	706	(1)
Audiences and Coactors	706	(2)
Group Interactions and Group Decisions	708	(1)
Prejudice and Discrimination	709	(8)
Industrial and Organizational Psychology	717	(17)
Industrial and Organizational Psychology	718	(1)
Personnel Psychology	718	(6)
Using Personality Tests in Selecting Police Officers	721	(1)
Training	722	(1)
Performance Appraisal	723	(1)
Organizational Psychology	724	(3)
Motivation	725	(1)
Job Satisfaction	726	(1)
Human Factors Psychology	727	(7)
Human-Machine System	727	(1)
Workplace Design	728	(2)
Safety	730	(4)
Appendix	734	(17)
References	751	(29)
Credits	780	(6)
Glossary and Index	786