Psychology

by Davis, Stephen F.; Palladino, Joseph J.

• ISBN13: 9780132208406
• ISBN10: 0132208407
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Designed to make the introductory psychology course an engaging, relevant, and interactive experience, the authors of the new fifth edition ofPsychologyoffer over 60 years of combined teaching experience to create an accessible textbook that encourages applied and active learning. The Study Guide, automatically packaged with this text, has been extensively revised for this new edition!

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xii
Preface	xiii
Psychology, Research, and You	2	(36)
Becoming A Psychological Detective	3	(6)
Arthur Conan Doyle's Belief in Fairies	5	(1)
Guidelines for the Psychological Detective	6	(3)
Research Methods In Psychology	9	(14)
The Case Study	10	(1)
Naturalistic Observation	10	(1)
Correlational Research	11	(2)
Survey Research	13	(1)
The Experimental Method	14	(4)
Statistics and Psychologists	18	(1)
Research Ethics	19	(4)
The Origins Of Modern Psychology	23	(7)
Wundt and Structuralism	23	(1)
Functionalism	24	(1)
Gestalt Psychology	24	(1)
The Behavioral Perspective	25	(1)
Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective	25	(1)
The Humanistic Perspective	26	(1)
The Physiological Perspective	26	(1)
The Evolutionary Perspective	27	(1)
The Cognitive Perspective	27	(1)
The Cultural and Diversity Perspective	28	(2)
The Environmental, Population, and Conservation Perspective	30	(1)
Present-Day Psychology	30	(2)
Psychological Specialties	32	(6)
Behavioral Neuroscience	38	(48)
Biology And Behavior	39	(2)
The Nervous System	41	(4)
The Peripheral Nervous System	41	(3)
The Central Nervous System	44	(1)
The Endocrine System	45	(4)
Major Endocrine Glands	45	(4)
Neurons: Basic Cells Of The Nervous System	49	(14)
Components of the Neuron	50	(2)
The Synapse and Neurotransmitters	52	(7)
The Neural Signal	59	(4)
The Brain: A Closer Look	63	(23)
Investigating Brain Functioning	63	(6)
Major Components of the Brain	69	(9)
The Split Brain	78	(3)
The Plastic Brain	81	(5)
Sensation and Perception	86	(46)
Sensation, Perception, And Psychophysics	87	(4)
Sensation and Perception	87	(1)
Psychophysics	88	(1)
Thresholds	89	(2)
Sensory Systems	91	(22)
Vision	91	(10)
Audition (Hearing)	101	(4)
The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell	105	(5)
Somatosensory Processes	110	(3)
Perception	113	(14)
Motivation and Attention	114	(1)
Basic Perceptual Abilities: Patterns and Constancies	115	(3)
Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization	118	(2)
Perception of Movement	120	(1)
Perceptual Hypotheses and Illusions	121	(3)
Contemporary Issues and Findings in Perception Research	124	(3)
Paranormal Phenomena	127	(5)
Skeptical Scientists	128	(1)
A Believing Public	128	(4)
States of Consciousness	132	(52)
What Is Consciousness?	133	(1)
The Rhythms Of Life	134	(7)
Circadian Rhythms	134	(4)
Problems with Circadian Rhythms	138	(3)
The Study Of Sleep	141	(19)
A Night in a Sleep Lab	142	(1)
The Stages of Sleep	142	(2)
Differences in Individual Sleep Patterns	144	(3)
The Functions of Sleep	147	(2)
Sleep Problems	149	(6)
Dreams: Nighttime Theater	155	(5)
Hypnosis	160	(5)
The History of Hypnosis	160	(1)
Hypnotic Induction	160	(1)
Hypnotic Phenomena	161	(2)
Explanations of Hypnosis	163	(2)
Altering Consciousness With Drugs	165	(19)
Depressants	169	(6)
Stimulants	175	(3)
Opiates	178	(1)
Hallucinogens	179	(5)
Learning	184	(46)
What Is Learning?	185	(1)
Classical Conditioning	186	(17)
The Basic Elements of Classical Conditioning	187	(4)
Classical Conditioning Processes	191	(4)
Applications of Classical Conditioning: Phobias and Beyond	195	(4)
Classical Conditioning After Pavlov	199	(1)
Evolution and Classical Conditioning: Taste-Aversion Learning and Preparedness	200	(3)
Operant Conditioning	203	(19)
Reinforcers: The Basic Concept of Operant Conditioning	203	(3)
Contingencies and Behavior	206	(6)
Schedules of Reinforcement	212	(5)
Punishment: The Opposite of Reinforcement	217	(5)
Cognitive And Social Perspectives On Learning	222	(8)
The Role of Cognition	222	(2)
Observational Learning	224	(6)
Motivation and Emotion	230	(52)
What Is Motivation?	231	(1)
Theories Of Motivation	232	(7)
Biological Theories	232	(3)
Cognitive Theories	235	(4)
Specific Motives	239	(16)
Hunger	239	(8)
Sex	247	(5)
Achievement	252	(3)
The What And The Why Of Emotion	255	(1)
Relating Emotions and Behavior: The Evolutionary Perspective	256	(1)
The Physiological Components Of Emotion	256	(10)
Early Theories of Emotions	257	(1)
Physiological Differences among Emotions	258	(2)
The Role of the Brain in Emotion	260	(2)
Evaluating the Lie Detector	262	(4)
The Expressive Of Emotions	266	(10)
Universal Elements in the Facial Expression of Emotion	266	(7)
Nonverbal Communication	273	(1)
Gender Effects	274	(2)
The Cognitive Components Of Emotion	276	(6)
The Language of Emotion	277	(1)
The Development of Emotion	278	(4)
Memory	282	(40)
Initial Studies	283	(4)
The Curve of Forgetting	284	(2)
Recognition and Relearning	286	(1)
Models Of Memory	287	(10)
Human Memory as an Information Processing System	287	(2)
The Stages-of-Memory Model	289	(8)
Other Approaches To Memory	297	(15)
The Levels-of-Processing Model	297	(3)
Different Types of Long-Term Memory	300	(3)
Retrieval	303	(5)
The Repressed/Recovered Memory Controversy	308	(3)
Memory Illusions	311	(1)
Techniques For Improving Memory	312	(5)
Influential Factors	313	(1)
Processing Strategies	313	(4)
The Physiological Basis Of Learning And Memory	317	(5)
Amnesias	318	(4)
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence	322	(53)
Thinking	323	(20)
Cognitive Psychology	324	(3)
Problem Solving	327	(5)
Making Decisions	332	(5)
Creativity	337	(6)
Language	343	(8)
Language Development	343	(4)
Thinking and Language	347	(4)
Intelligence	351	(24)
Cultural Views of Intelligence	351	(1)
The History of Intelligence Testing	352	(2)
Principles of Psychological Tests	354	(3)
Extremes of Intelligence	357	(3)
Kinds of Intelligence	360	(3)
Misuse of Intelligence Tests	363	(1)
Hereditary and Environmental Determinants of Intelligence	364	(11)
Development Across the Lifespan	375	(55)
Basic Issues In Developmental Psychology	378	(2)
Nature and Nurture	378	(1)
Research Methods	379	(1)
Development From Conception To Birth	380	(6)
Heredity	381	(2)
Prenatal Development	383	(3)
Birth	386	(1)
Development In Infancy	386	(5)
Sensory Abilities	387	(1)
How Newborns Learn	387	(1)
Maturation	388	(3)
Psychosocial Development In Childhood	391	(7)
Temperament	392	(1)
Personality Development	392	(1)
Attachment	393	(3)
The Father's Role	396	(1)
Day Care	396	(1)
The Peer Group	397	(1)
Television	397	(1)
Cognitive Development In Childhood	398	(7)
Piaget's Theory	399	(3)
Moral Development	402	(3)
Adolescence	405	(5)
Physical Changes	405	(2)
Cognitive and Intellectual Changes	407	(1)
Personality and Social Changes	408	(2)
Early Adulthood	410	(5)
Physical Changes	410	(1)
Cognitive and Intellectual Changes	411	(1)
Personality and Social Changes	412	(3)
Middle Adulthood	415	(4)
Physical Changes	415	(1)
Cognitive and Intellectual Changes	416	(1)
Personality and Social Changes	416	(3)
Late Adulthood	419	(7)
Physical Changes	420	(3)
Cognitive and Intellectual Changes	423	(1)
Personality and Social Changes	424	(2)
Death, Dying, And Bereavement	426	(4)
Attitudes toward Death	426	(1)
Confronting Death	427	(1)
Bereavement, Grief, and Support	428	(2)
Sex and Gender	430	(46)
Sex And Gender: An Introduction	431	(22)
The Biology of Sex	432	(3)
Sexual Behavior	435	(9)
The Development of Gender Roles	444	(3)
Gender Stereotyping	447	(1)
Cultural Differences in Views of Masculinity and Femininity	448	(5)
Similarities And Differences Between Males And Females	453	(8)
Biological Differences: Fact and Fiction	453	(1)
Early Analyses of Sex Differences	454	(1)
The Cognitive Realm	455	(3)
The Social Realm	458	(3)
Social Issues	461	(15)
Education	461	(3)
Work and Careers	464	(9)
Family Responsibilities	473	(3)
Personality	476	(40)
Analyzing Personality	477	(7)
Defining Personality	477	(1)
Assessing Personality	478	(4)
Is Behavior Consistent?	482	(2)
Trait Approaches	484	(7)
Factors of Personality: Raymond B. Cattell	485	(1)
Categorization of Traits: Hans Eysenck	485	(1)
The ``Big Five'' Traits	486	(2)
Alternatives to the Big Five	488	(3)
Biological Factors In Personality	491	(7)
Early Biological Approaches	491	(3)
Twin Studies	494	(2)
Personality and the Evolutionary Perspective	496	(2)
The Psychodynamic Perspective	498	(9)
Basic Concepts	499	(1)
The Structure of the Mind	500	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	501	(1)
Stages of Psychosexual Development	501	(3)
Freud in Perspective	504	(1)
The Neo-Freudians	504	(3)
The Social-Cognitive Perspective	507	(3)
Learning and Cognitive Perspectives	508	(2)
The Humanistic Perspective	510	(6)
Psychological Disorders	516	(56)
Abnormal Behavior	517	(5)
Criteria of Abnormality	517	(1)
A Working Definition	518	(1)
The Concept of Insanity	519	(2)
Models of Abnormal Behavior	521	(1)
Classifying And Counting Psychological Disorders	522	(5)
DSM-IV-TR	523	(1)
The Labeling Issue	524	(1)
The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders	525	(2)
Anxiety, Somatoform, And Dissociative Disorders	527	(14)
Anxiety Disorders	528	(7)
Somatoform Disorders	535	(2)
Dissociative Disorders	537	(4)
Mood Disorders	541	(13)
Depression	542	(6)
Bipolar Disorder	548	(1)
Causes of Mood Disorders	549	(5)
Schizophrenia	554	(11)
Symptoms of Schizophrenia	555	(1)
Subtypes of Schizophrenia	556	(1)
Causes of Schizophrenia	557	(8)
Personality And Sexual Disorders	565	(7)
Personality Disorders	565	(4)
Sexual Disorders	569	(3)
Therapy	572	(40)
Therapy Through The Ages	573	(7)
The History of Therapy	573	(4)
Therapy and Therapists	577	(3)
Psychologically Based Therapies	580	(18)
Psychoanalytic Therapy	581	(1)
Humanistic Therapies	582	(2)
Cognitive Therapies	584	(5)
Behavior Therapies	589	(4)
Group Therapies	593	(1)
Self-help	594	(4)
The Effectiveness Of Psychotherapy	598	(5)
Characteristics of Effective Psychotherapy	599	(1)
Psychotherapy and the Needs of Diversity	599	(2)
When to Begin Psychotherapy and What to Expect	601	(2)
Biomedical Therapies	603	(9)
Drug Therapy	603	(4)
Drug Therapy	607	(1)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	607	(3)
Psychosurgery	610	(2)
Health Psychology	612	(32)
Health Psychology: An Overview	613	(2)
Stress And Illness	615	(8)
The General Adaptation Syndrom	615	(2)
Sources of Stress	617	(2)
What Makes Events Stressful?	619	(1)
How Stress and Disease May Be Related	620	(3)
Lifestyle Influences On Disease Risk	623	(13)
Smoking	623	(2)
Heart Disease	625	(5)
Environmental Factors	630	(1)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)	631	(2)
Stress in the Workplace	633	(3)
Coping With Stress	636	(8)
Psychological Moderators of Stress	636	(2)
Reducing Arousal with Relaxation and Physical Activity	638	(6)
Social Psychology: The Individual in Society	644	(44)
Social Psychology And Culture	645	(1)
How We View Others And Their Behavior	646	(11)
Impression Formation	646	(4)
Social Judgments: Attributing Causes to Behaviors	650	(1)
Attitudes	651	(6)
Interpersonal Relations	657	(12)
Attraction	657	(2)
Friendship	659	(1)
Love	659	(2)
Prosocial Behavior: Helping Others	661	(2)
Aggression	663	(6)
Social Influences On Behavior	669	(10)
Persuasion	670	(5)
Obedience	675	(1)
Conformity and Compliance	676	(3)
The Individual As Part Of A Social Group	679	(9)
Social Facilitation	679	(1)
Social Loafing	680	(1)
Audiences and Coactors	680	(1)
Group Interactions and Group Decisions	681	(2)
Prejudice and Discrimination	683	(5)
Industrial, Organizational, and Other Applications of Psychology	688	(26)
Research Methods In Industrial/Organizational Psychology	689	(2)
Human Resources Psychology	691	(9)
Personnel Selection	692	(5)
Training	697	(2)
Performance Appraisal	699	(1)
Organizational Psychology	700	(2)
Motivation	700	(1)
Job Satisfaction	701	(1)
Human-Factors Psychology	702	(5)
Human-Machine System	703	(1)
Workplace Design	704	(3)
Other Applications Of Psychology In The Real World	707	(7)
Forensic Psychology	708	(2)
Occupational Health Psychology	710	(1)
Sport Psychology	711	(3)
Appendix	714	(16)
References	730	(32)
Credits	762	(4)
Glossary and Index	766