The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination

by Whitley, Bernard E.

• ISBN13: 9780534642716
• ISBN10: 0534642713
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-27
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

In the first comprehensive textbook on prejudice with a strong psychological research base, Whitley and Kite cover a broad range of topics including race and ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and ageism. By integrating theory and research with students' own experiences, the authors increase students' awareness of influences that shape prejudices. As students are asked to evaluate research results and their personal, subjective beliefs, they develop an appreciation of scientific evidence regarding stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
Introducing the Concepts of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination	1	(31)
Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination	4	(8)
Stereotypes	5	(2)
Prejudice	7	(1)
Discrimination	8	(2)
The Relationships among Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination	10	(1)
Isms	11	(1)
Group Privilege	12	(3)
Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination	15	(8)
Scientific Racism	16	(1)
Psychodynamic Theory	17	(1)
Sociocultural Theory	18	(1)
Intergroup Relations Theory	19	(1)
Cognitive Theory	20	(2)
Evolutionary Theory	22	(1)
Targets of Prejudice	23	(4)
Race and Ethnicity	24	(1)
Religion	25	(1)
Gender and Sexual Orientation	25	(1)
Age, Ability, and Appearance	26	(1)
Where Do We Go from Here?	27	(1)
Chapter Summary	28	(2)
Suggested Readings	30	(1)
Key Terms	30	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	30	(2)
How Psychologists Study Prejudice and Discrimination	32	(41)
The Research Process	33	(7)
Theories and Hypotheses	34	(1)
Hypotheses and Predictions	35	(2)
Data Collection	37	(1)
Drawing Conclusions	37	(2)
Verifying Results	39	(1)
Theory and Application	39	(1)
Research Strategies	40	(12)
Correlational Studies	40	(3)
Experiments	43	(6)
Ethnographic Studies	49	(1)
Content Analysis	49	(1)
Using Multiple Research Strategies	50	(2)
Measuring Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination	52	(14)
Reliability and Validity	52	(2)
Self-Report Measures	54	(3)
Unobtrusive Measures	57	(1)
Physiological Measures	58	(2)
Implicit Cognition Measures	60	(2)
Self-Report versus Physiological and Implicit Cognition Measures	62	(2)
Using Multiple Measures	64	(2)
Chapter Summary	66	(2)
Suggested Readings	68	(2)
Key Terms	70	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	71	(2)
Social Categorization and Stereotypes	73	(40)
Social Categorization	74	(6)
Why We Categorize	75	(1)
Types of Categorization	76	(3)
Ingroups and Outgroups	79	(1)
Origins of Stereotypes	80	(7)
The Outgroup Homogeneity Effect	80	(5)
Social Role Theory	85	(1)
Illusory Correlations	86	(1)
Transmission of Stereotypic Beliefs	87	(6)
Sources of Stereotypic Beliefs	88	(4)
Interpersonal Communication and Social Inference	92	(1)
Stereotype Accuracy	93	(5)
Defining Accuracy	94	(1)
The Risks of Assuming Accuracy	95	(1)
Shifting Standards	96	(2)
Functions of Stereotypes	98	(2)
Cognitive Function	98	(1)
Ego-Defensive Function	98	(1)
Social Adjustment Function	99	(1)
Stereotype Maintenance	100	(8)
Perception and Recall of Social Information	100	(3)
Behavior Confirmation	103	(1)
Linguistic Intergroup Bias	104	(2)
Stereotype Change	106	(1)
Changing Stereotypic Beliefs	107	(1)
Chapter Summary	108	(1)
Suggested Readings	109	(2)
Key Terms	111	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	111	(2)
Stereotype Activation and Application	113	(48)
Categorization	115	(3)
Prototypicality	116	(1)
Situational Influences	116	(1)
Prejudice	117	(1)
Stereotype Activation	118	(12)
Automatic Activation	120	(6)
Motivated Activation	126	(3)
The Activated Stereotype	129	(1)
Stereotype Application	130	(14)
Motivation to Inhibit Stereotyping	130	(8)
Ability to Inhibit Stereotyping	138	(6)
Consequences of Stereotype Use	144	(11)
Biased Interpretation of Behavior	145	(1)
Biased Evaluation	146	(5)
Biased Memory	151	(1)
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies	152	(3)
Chapter Summary	155	(3)
Suggested Readings	158	(1)
Key Terms	158	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	159	(2)
Old-Fashioned and Contemporary Forms of Prejudice	161	(47)
The Transformation of Prejudice	164	(5)
Prejudice Continues . . .	164	(1)
But Only Bad People Are Prejudiced . . .	165	(3)
So ``They'' Should Stop Complaining	168	(1)
Theories of Contemporary Prejudice	169	(1)
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice	169	(10)
Characteristics of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice	171	(2)
Psychological Bases of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice	173	(3)
Historical Roots of Modern-Symbolic Prejudice	176	(1)
Modern-Symbolic Prejudice and Behavior	177	(1)
Concluding Comments	178	(1)
Subtle Prejudice	179	(1)
Aversive Prejudice	180	(9)
Characteristics of Aversive Prejudice	180	(1)
Psychological Bases of Aversive Prejudice	181	(1)
Research on Aversive Prejudice	182	(1)
Aversive Prejudice and Behavior	183	(6)
Ambivalent Prejudice	189	(7)
Ambivalent Attitudes	191	(1)
Psychological Conflict	192	(1)
Response Amplification	193	(3)
Putting the Theories Together	196	(3)
Benevolent Prejudice	199	(5)
Chapter Summary	204	(1)
Suggested Readings	205	(1)
Key Terms	206	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	206	(2)
Individual Differences and Prejudice	208	(52)
The ``Big 3'': Authoritarianism, Social Dominance Orientation, and Empathy	210	(11)
Authoritarianism	210	(4)
Social Dominance Orientation	214	(5)
Empathy	219	(2)
The Self	221	(5)
Self-Esteem	221	(3)
Intergroup Anxiety	224	(2)
Personal Values	226	(11)
Value Orientations	227	(2)
Perceived Value Differences	229	(8)
Social Ideologies	237	(14)
Religion	237	(7)
Political Orientation	244	(7)
Chapter Summary	251	(3)
Suggested Readings	254	(3)
Key Terms	257	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	257	(3)
The Development of Prejudice in Children (Dana B. Narter)	260	(40)
Awareness of Social Categories	263	(4)
Implicit Awareness of Social Categories	264	(1)
Explicit Awareness of Social Categories	265	(2)
The Development of Prejudice	267	(15)
The Development of Racial Prejudice	268	(8)
The Development of Gender-Based Prejudice	276	(6)
Theories of Prejudice Development	282	(13)
Social Learning Theory	282	(4)
Inner State Theories	286	(3)
Cognitive Developmental Theories	289	(5)
So Where Does Prejudice Come From?	294	(1)
Chapter Summary	295	(2)
Suggested Readings	297	(1)
Key Terms	297	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	298	(2)
The Social Context of Prejudice	300	(44)
Realistic Conflict Theory	301	(5)
The Work of Muzafer Sherif	302	(1)
John Duckitt's Extension of Realistic Conflict Theory	302	(4)
Social Identity Theory	306	(10)
Social Identity and Intergroup Bias	306	(3)
Factors that Influence Social identity	309	(4)
Issues in Social Identity Theory	313	(2)
Looking Back at Social Identity Theory	315	(1)
Relative Deprivation Theory	316	(8)
Relative Deprivation, Dissatisfaction, and Resentment	317	(2)
Relative Deprivation and Prejudice	319	(2)
Relative Gratification	321	(1)
Scapegoating	321	(3)
Integrated Threat Theory	324	(2)
Hate Group Membership	326	(13)
Why People Join Hate Groups	327	(6)
Recruiting Hate Group Members	333	(2)
Group Socialization	335	(2)
Leaving the Group	337	(2)
Chapter Summary	339	(1)
Suggested Readings	340	(2)
Key Terms	342	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	342	(2)
Prejudice Based on Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Age	344	(51)
Gender-Based Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination	345	(19)
Gender Stereotypes	346	(6)
Attitudes toward Women and Men	352	(2)
Subtypes of Women and Men	354	(5)
Face-Ism	359	(1)
Women in Leadership Roles	360	(4)
Heterosexism and Anti-Gay Prejudice	364	(9)
Stereotypes of Lesbians and Gay Men	365	(1)
Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men	366	(4)
Heterosexism in the Workplace	370	(3)
Ageism	373	(15)
When Does Old Age Begin?	374	(1)
Beliefs about Older Adults	375	(8)
Age-Based Discrimination	383	(5)
Chapter Summary	388	(3)
Suggested Readings	391	(1)
Key Terms	392	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	392	(3)
From Prejudice to Discrimination	395	(58)
What Is Discrimination?	396	(7)
Forms of Discrimination	397	(4)
Levels of Discrimination	401	(2)
Interpersonal Discrimination	403	(15)
The Relation between Prejudice and Discrimination	403	(2)
Motivation to Control Prejudice	405	(6)
Regressive Prejudice	411	(5)
Reactions to Having Acted in a Prejudiced Manner	416	(2)
Discrimination in Organizations	418	(18)
Organizational Research	421	(8)
Individuals in Organizations	429	(7)
Hate Crimes	436	(9)
Hate Crime Offenders	439	(1)
Motivations for Hate Crimes	439	(4)
Effects on Victims	443	(2)
Chapter Summary	445	(3)
Suggested Readings	448	(2)
Key Terms	450	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	450	(3)
The Experience of Discrimination	453	(42)
Social Stigma	454	(9)
What Defines a Stigmatized Group?	455	(2)
Stigma by Association	457	(1)
Tokenism	458	(5)
Responses to Prejudice and Discrimination	463	(7)
Attributional Ambiguity	463	(2)
Personal/Group Discrimination Discrepancy	465	(5)
Consequences of Prejudice to the Target	470	(15)
Stereotype Threat	471	(7)
Vulnerability to Stress	478	(4)
Threats to Self-Esteem	482	(3)
Coping with Discrimination	485	(4)
Psychological Disengagement and Disidentification	486	(1)
Behavioral Compensation	487	(2)
Chapter Summary	489	(1)
Suggested Readings	490	(3)
Key Terms	493	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	493	(2)
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination	495	(60)
Individual-Level Processes	497	(12)
Stereotype Suppression	497	(4)
Self-Regulation	501	(5)
Value Confrontation	506	(3)
Intergroup Contact	509	(18)
Conditions for Success	510	(4)
Effectiveness of Intergroup Contact	514	(3)
Models of Contact Processes	517	(10)
Educational Interventions	527	(5)
School Desegregation	527	(3)
Cooperative Learning	530	(1)
Multicultural and Anti-Bias Education	531	(1)
Workplace Interventions	532	(6)
Affirmative Action	533	(2)
Valuing Diversity	535	(2)
Managing Diversity	537	(1)
What Should Be Our Goal? Color-Blindness versus Multiculturalism	538	(4)
What You Can Do to Reduce Prejudice	542	(4)
Influencing Your Own Attitudes	542	(3)
Influencing Other People's Attitudes	545	(1)
Envoi	546	(1)
Chapter Summary	546	(4)
Suggested Readings	550	(2)
Key Terms	552	(1)
Questions for Review and Discussion	553	(2)
Glossary	555	(10)
References	565	(77)
Name Index	642	(13)
Subject Index	655