Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach (FlexChoice Version)

by Beebe, Steven A.; Beebe, Susan J.

• ISBN13: 9780205346943
• ISBN10: 0205346944
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach brings theory and practice together in an understandable and applicable manner. Its distinctive and popular approach emphasizes the importance of analyzing and considering the audience at every point along the way, with marginal icons highlighting audience-related discussions. This model of public speaking serves as a foundation as the text guides students through the step-by-step process of public speaking, focuses their attention on the importance and dynamics of diverse audiences, and narrows the gap between the classroom and the real world. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Introduction to Public Speaking	1	(16)
Why Study Public Speaking?	4	(1)
Empowerment	4	(1)
Employment	4	(1)
Public Speaking and Conversation	5	(2)
Public Speaking is More Planned	6	(1)
Public Speaking Is More Formal	6	(1)
The Roles of public Speakers and Audiences Are More Clearly Defined	7	(1)
The Communication Process	7	(2)
Communication as Action	7	(1)
Communication as Interaction	8	(1)
Communication as Transaction	9	(1)
The Rich Heritage of Public Speaking	9	(1)
Public Speaking and Diversity	10	(3)
Speaker's Homepage: The Power of the Internet	11	(1)
Summary	12	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 1.1: Listen to a Speech	13	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 1.2: Analyze a Speech	15	(2)
Overview of the Speechmaking Process	17	(26)
Improving your Confidence as a Speaker	20	(5)
Understanding Your Nervousness	20	(2)
Building Your Confidence	22	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: Resources to Help Manage Your Speaking Anxiety	24	(1)
Preparing Your First Speech: An Overview of the Speechmaking Process	25	(12)
Consider Your Audience	26	(1)
Select and Narrow Your Topic	26	(1)
Determine Your Purpose	27	(1)
Develop Your Central Idea	28	(1)
Generate the Main Ideas	29	(1)
Gather Verbal and Visual Supporting Material	30	(1)
Organize Your Speech	31	(3)
Rehearse Your Speech	34	(1)
Deliver Your Speech	35	(1)
Summary	35	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 2.1: Become a Confident Speaker	37	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 2.2: Demographic Analysis Worksheet	39	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 2.3: Conducting an Attitudinal Audience Analysis	41	(2)
Ethics and Free Speech	43	(16)
Speaking Freely	47	(1)
Speaking Ethically	48	(5)
Have a Clear, Responsible Goal	48	(1)
Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning	49	(1)
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences	49	(1)
Be Honest	50	(1)
Avoid Plagiarism	50	(3)
Listening Ethically	53	(4)
Communicate Your Expectations and Feedback	53	(1)
Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences	53	(1)
Listen Critically	54	(1)
Summary	54	(3)
Speech Preparation Activity 3.1: Ethics and Public Speaking	57	(2)
Listening	59	(22)
Stages in Listening	62	(3)
Selecting	63	(1)
Attending	63	(1)
Understanding	64	(1)
Remembering	64	(1)
Barriers to Effective Listening	65	(3)
Information Overload	65	(1)
Personal Concerns	65	(1)
Outside Distractions	66	(1)
Prejudice	66	(1)
Watching Speech Race and Thought Rate Differences	67	(1)
Becoming a Better Listener	68	(4)
Adapt to the Speaker's Delivery	68	(1)
Listen With Your Eyes as Well as Your Ears	68	(1)
Avoid Overreacting co a Message	68	(1)
Avoid Jumping to Conclusions	69	(1)
Be a Selfish Listener	69	(1)
Listen for Major Ideas	69	(1)
Identify Your Listening Goal	70	(2)
Practice Listening	72	(1)
Become an Active Listener	72	(1)
Improving Your Note-Taking Skills	72	(2)
Listening and Critical Thinking	74	(1)
Analyzing and Evaluating Speeches	74	(5)
Speaker's Homepage: Practicing Your Critical Listening Skills	75	(1)
Giving Feedback to Others	75	(2)
Giving Feedback to Yourself	77	(1)
Summary	78	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 4.1: Rank Your Listening Barriers	79	(2)
Analyzing Your Audience	81	(24)
Becoming an Audience-Centered Speaker	84	(1)
What is Audience Analysis	84	(2)
Analyzing Your Audience before You Speak	86	(11)
Demographic Analysis	86	(5)
Attitudinal Analysis	91	(3)
Environmental Analysis	94	(1)
Gathering Information About Your Audience	95	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet to Gather Information About Your Audience	97	(1)
Adapting to Your Audience as You Speak	97	(3)
Identifying Nonverbal Audience Cues	98	(1)
Responding to Nonverbal Cues	99	(1)
Analyzing Your Audience After You Speak	100	(3)
Nonverbal Responses	101	(1)
Verbal Responses	101	(1)
Survey Responses	101	(1)
Behavioral Responses	102	(1)
Summary	102	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 5.1: Audience Adaptation Exercise	103	(2)
Developing Your Speech	105	(28)
Select and Narrow Your Topic	108	(7)
Guide lines for Selecting a Topic	109	(2)
Strategies for Selecting a Topic	111	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Web to Prime Your Creative Pump for a Speech Topic	113	(1)
Narrowing the Topic	114	(1)
Determine Your Purpose	115	(4)
General Purpose	115	(2)
Specific Purpose	117	(2)
Develop Your Central Idea	119	(2)
A Complete Declarative Sentence	119	(1)
Specific Language	119	(1)
A Single Idea	120	(1)
An Audience-Centered Idea	120	(1)
Generate and Preview Your Main Ideas	121	(3)
Generating your Main Ideas	121	(2)
Previewing your Main Ideas	123	(1)
Meanwhile, Back at the Computer...	124	(3)
Summary	124	(3)
Speech Preparation Activity 6.1: Using Your Experience to Select a Topic	127	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 6.2: Brainstorming Topics	129	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 6.3: Narrowing Your Topic and Determining Your Purpose	131	(2)
Gathering Supporting Material	133	(30)
Personal Knowledge and Experience	136	(1)
The Internet	136	(6)
The World Wide Web	137	(1)
Accessing the Web	137	(2)
Evaluating Web Resources	139	(3)
Speaker's Homepage: Evaluating Websites	142	(1)
Library Resources	142	(6)
Books	142	(1)
Periodicals	143	(1)
Full-Text Databases	144	(1)
Newspapers	145	(1)
Reference Resources	145	(2)
Government Documents	147	(1)
Special Services	147	(1)
Interviews	148	(3)
Determining the Purpose of the Interview	148	(1)
Setting Up the Interview	149	(1)
Planning the Interview	149	(1)
Conducting the Interview	150	(1)
Following Up the Interview	151	(1)
Resources From Special-Interest Groups and Organizations	151	(1)
Research Strategies	152	(7)
Develop a Preliminary Bibliography	152	(2)
Locate Resources	154	(1)
Consider the Potential Usefulness of Resources	155	(1)
Take Notes	155	(1)
Identify Possible Visual Aids	156	(1)
Summary	157	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 7.1: Using Five Key Research Sources	159	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 7.2: Research Action Steps	161	(2)
Supporting Your Speech	163	(28)
Illustrations	166	(4)
Brief Illustrations	167	(1)
Extended Illustrations	168	(1)
Hypothetical Illustrations	168	(1)
Using Illustrations Effectively	169	(1)
Descriptions and Explanations	170	(2)
Describing	170	(1)
Explaining How	170	(1)
Explaining Why	171	(1)
Using Descriptions and Explanations Effectively	171	(1)
Definitions	172	(2)
Definitions by Classification	172	(1)
Operational Definitions	173	(1)
Using Definitions Effectively	173	(1)
Analogies	174	(2)
Literal Analogies	174	(1)
Figurative Analogies	175	(1)
Using Analogies Effectively	175	(1)
Statistics	176	(4)
Using Statistics as Support	176	(1)
Using Statistics Effectively	177	(3)
Opinions	180	(3)
Expert Testimony	180	(1)
Lay Testimony	180	(1)
Literary Quotations	181	(1)
Using Opinions Effectively	181	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet to Find Interesting Supporting Material	183	(2)
Summary	184	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 8.1: Identifying Supporting Materials	185	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 8.2: Supporting Materials for Your Speech	187	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 8.3: Selecting Supporting Material	189	(2)
Organizing Your Speech	191	(26)
Organizing Your Main Ideas	195	(7)
Ordering Ideas Chronologically	196	(1)
Organizing Ideas Topically	197	(2)
Arranging Ideas Spatially	199	(1)
Organizing Ideas to Show Cause and Effect	200	(1)
Organizing Ideas by Problem and Solution	200	(2)
Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization	202	(1)
Speakers Homepage: Internet Resources to Help you Organize Your Speech	202	(1)
Subdividing Your Main Ideas	202	(1)
Integrating Your Supporting Material	203	(2)
Organizing Your Supporting Material	205	(2)
Primary or Recency	205	(1)
Specificity	206	(1)
Complexity	206	(1)
``Soft'' to ``Hard'' Evidence	206	(1)
Developing Signposts	207	(4)
Transitions	208	(1)
Previews	209	(1)
Summaries	210	(1)
Supplementing Signposts with Visual Aids	211	(2)
Summary	212	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 9.1: Using Organizational Patterns	213	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 9.2: Using Transitions	215	(2)
Introducing and Concluding your Speech	217	(26)
Purposes of Introductions	220	(4)
Get the Audience's Attention	221	(1)
Introduce the Subject	221	(1)
Give the Audience a Reason co Listen	222	(1)
Establish Your Credibility	222	(1)
Preview your Main Ideas	223	(1)
Effective Introductions	224	(8)
Illustrations or Anecdotes	224	(1)
Startling Facts or Statistics	225	(1)
Quotations	226	(1)
Humor	227	(1)
Questions	228	(1)
References to Historical Events	229	(1)
References to Recent Events	229	(1)
Persona) References	230	(1)
References to the Occasion	231	(1)
References to Preceding Speeches	231	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Web to Find an Attention-Catching Introduction	231	(1)
Purposes of Conclusions	232	(3)
Summarize the Speech	232	(1)
Reemphasize the Central Idea in a Memorable Way	233	(1)
Motivate the Audience to Respond	233	(1)
Provide Closure	234	(1)
Effective Conclusions	235	(1)
Methods Also Used for Introductions	235	(1)
References to the Introduction	235	(1)
Inspirational Appeals or Challenges	236	(3)
Appeals to Action	237	(1)
Summary	237	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 10.1: Write Your Introduction	239	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 10.2: Write Your Conclusion	241	(2)
Outlining Your Speech	243	(14)
Preparation Outline	246	(3)
Developing a Preparation Outline	246	(2)
Sample Preparation Outline	248	(1)
Delivery Outline	249	(4)
Speaker's Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Improve Your Outlining Skill	249	(1)
Developing a Delivery Outline	250	(1)
Sample Delivery Outline	250	(1)
Speaking Notes	250	(2)
Summary	252	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 11.1: Writing Your Preparation Outline	253	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 11.2: Writing Your Delivery Outline	255	(2)
Using Words Well: Speaker Language and Style	257	(18)
Oral Versus Written Language Style	260	(2)
Oral Style Is More Personal	261	(1)
Oral Style Is Less Formal	261	(1)
Oral Style Is More Repetitious	262	(1)
Using Words Effectively	262	(5)
Use Concrete Words	262	(1)
Use Unbiased Words	263	(1)
Use Vivid Words	264	(1)
Use Simple Words	265	(1)
Use Words Correctly	265	(2)
Crafting Memorable Word Structures	267	(4)
Creating Figurative Images	267	(1)
Creating Drama	268	(1)
Creating Cadence	269	(2)
Speaker's Homepage: Using Internet Resources to Polish Your Spoken Prose	271	(1)
Analyzing a Memorable Word Structure	271	(1)
Tips for Using Language Effectively	271	(2)
Summary	272	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 12.1: Using Similes	273	(2)
Delivering Your Speech	275	(30)
Rehearsing Your Speech	278	(1)
Importance of Delivery	279	(2)
The Role of Nonverbal Behavior in Delivery	279	(1)
Communicating Emotions and Attitudes	280	(1)
Audiences Believe What They See	281	(1)
Methods of Delivery	281	(4)
Manuscript Speaking	281	(1)
Memorized Speaking	282	(1)
Impromptu Speaking	282	(2)
Extemporaneous Speaking	284	(1)
Characteristic of Effective Delivery	285	(12)
Body Language	285	(4)
Eye Contact	289	(1)
Facial Expression	290	(1)
Vocal Delivery	291	(5)
Personal Appearance	296	(1)
Audience Diversity and Delivery	297	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Net Resources to Help You Evaluate Speaker Delivery	298	(1)
Rehearsing Your Speech: Some Final Tips	298	(1)
Delivering Your Speech	299	(2)
Adapting Your Speech Delivery for Television	301	(2)
Summary	302	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 13.1: Impromptu Speaking	303	(2)
Visual Aids	305	(26)
Why Use Visual Aids?	308	(2)
Types of Visual Aids	310	(10)
Three-Dimensional Visual Aids	310	(1)
Two-Dimensional Visual Aids	311	(8)
Audiovisual Aids	319	(1)
Guidelines for Developing Visual Aids	320	(3)
Make Them Easy to See	320	(1)
Keep Them Simple	320	(2)
Select the Right Visual Aids	322	(1)
Prepare Polished Visual Aids	322	(1)
Do Not Use Dangerous or Illegal Visual Aids	322	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Using the Internet as a Source for Visuals for Your Speech	322	(1)
Guidelines for Using Visual Aids	323	(6)
Rehearse With Your Visual Aids	323	(1)
Have Eye Contact with Your Audience, Not Your Visual Aids	323	(1)
Explain Your Visual Aids	323	(1)
Do Not Pass Objects Among Your Audience	324	(1)
Use Animals with Caution	324	(1)
Use Handouts Effectively	324	(1)
Time Your Visuals co Control Your Audience's Attention	325	(1)
Use Technology Effectively	326	(1)
Remember Murphy's Law	326	(1)
Summary	326	(3)
Speech Preparation Activity 14.1: Make a Visual Aid	329	(2)
Speaking to Inform	331	(22)
Goals of Informative Speaking	334	(1)
Types of Informative Speeches	335	(6)
Speeches About Objects	336	(1)
Speeches About Procedures	337	(1)
Speeches About People	338	(1)
Speeches About Events	339	(1)
Speeches About Ideas	340	(1)
Strategies for Informing Your Listener	341	(4)
Strategies to Explain New Ideas	341	(1)
Strategies to Clarify Complex Processes	342	(2)
Strategies to Change Common Misconceptions	344	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: What's Happening Now: Finding Late-Breaking News and Information for Your Speech	345	(1)
Making Your Informative Speech Memorable	345	(6)
Present Information That Relates to Your Listeners	345	(1)
Establish a Motive for Your Audience to Listen to You	346	(1)
Build in Redundancy	346	(1)
Use Simple Ideas Rather Than Complex Ones	346	(1)
Reinforce Key Ideas Verbally	347	(1)
Reinforce Key Ideas Nonverbally	347	(1)
Pace Your Information Flow	347	(1)
Relate New Information to Old	348	(1)
Create Memorable Visual Aids	348	(1)
Summary	348	(3)
Speech Preparation Activity 15.1: Informative Speaking	351	(2)
Principles of Persuasive Speaking	353	(22)
What Is Persuasion?	357	(2)
Motivating Listeners	359	(6)
Using Dissonance to Motivate Listeners	359	(3)
Using Needs co Motivate Listeners	362	(1)
Using Positive Motivation	363	(1)
Using Negative Motivation	364	(1)
Developing Your Persuasive Speech	365	(5)
Choosing a Persuasive Speech Topic	366	(1)
Developing Your Purpose	366	(4)
Putting Persuasive Principles into Practice	370	(3)
Speaker's Homepage: Finding Out About Congressional Legislation for Persuasive Speeches	372	(1)
Summary	372	(1)
Speech Preparation Activity 16.1: Analyze a Controversial Topic	373	(2)
Strategies for Speaking Persuasively	375	(38)
Establishing Credibility	378	(2)
Enhancing Your Credibility	379	(1)
Using Logic and Evidence to Persuade	380	(9)
Understanding Types of Reasoning	381	(3)
Persuading the Diverse Audience	384	(1)
Supporting Your Reasoning with Evidence	385	(1)
Avoiding Faulty Reasoning: Ethical Issues	386	(3)
Using Emotion to Persuade	389	(5)
Speaker's Homepage: Information Triage: Identifying Reasoning Fallacies	390	(1)
Tips for Using Emotion to Persuade	391	(2)
Using Emotional Appeals: Ethical Issues	393	(1)
Strategies for Adapting Ideas to People and People to Ideas	394	(3)
Persuading the Receptive Audience	394	(1)
Persuading the Neutral Audience	395	(1)
Persuading the Unreceptive Audience	396	(1)
Strategies for Organizing Persuasive Messages	397	(8)
Problem-Solution	397	(1)
Refutation	398	(1)
Cause and Effect	399	(1)
The Motivated Sequence	400	(3)
Summary	403	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 17.1: Persuasive Speaking:Problem-SolutionOrganization	405	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 17.2: Persuasive Speaking: Refutation Organization	407	(2)
Speech Preparation Activity 17.3: Persuasive Speaking: Cause-and-Effect Organization	409	(4)
Speech Preparation Activity 17.4: Persuasive Speaking: The Motivated Sequence	411	(2)
Special-Occasion Speaking	413	(2)
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Public Speaking in the Workplace	3	(2)
Reports	3	(1)
Public-Relations Speeches	4	(1)
Ceremonial Speaking	5	(8)
Introductions	5	(1)
Toasts	6	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: A Toast to You and yours: Tips for Making Toasts	7	(1)
Award Presentations	7	(1)
Nominations	8	(1)
Acceptances	9	(1)
Keynote Addresses	10	(1)
Commencement Addresses	11	(1)
Commemorative Addresses and Tributes	11	(1)
Eulogies	12	(1)
After-Dinner Speaking	13	(402)
Summary	14	(401)
Speaking in Small Groups	415
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Solving Problems in Groups	4	(3)
Identify and Define the Problem	4	(1)
Analyze the Problem	5	(1)
Generate Possible Solutions	5	(1)
Select the Best Solution	6	(1)
Test and Implement the Solution	7	(1)
Tips for Participating in Small Groups	7	(2)
Come Prepared for Group Discussions	7	(1)
Do Not Suggest Solutions before Analyzing the Problem	8	(1)
Evaluate Evidence	8	(1)
Help Summarize the Group's Progress	8	(1)
Listen and Respond Courteously to Others	8	(1)
Help Manage Conflict	8	(1)
Using the Power of Technology in Groups	9	(1)
Leadership in Small Groups	10	(2)
Leadership Responsibilities	10	(1)
Leadership Styles	10	(2)
Managing Meetings	12	(4)
How to Give Meetings Structure	13	(1)
How to Foster Group Interaction	14	(1)
Speaker's Homepage: Using Parliamentary Procedures to Give Structure to Large Groups	15	(1)
Presenting Group Recommendations	16	(2)
Symposium Presentation	17	(1)
Forum Presentation	17	(1)
Panel Discussion	17	(1)
Written Report	17	(1)
Tips for Planning a Group Presentation	18
Summary	19
Epilogue	E-1
Appendix A: The Classical Tradition of Rhetoric	A-1
Appendix B: Suggested Speech Topics	A-10
Appendix C: Preparing Visual Aids for Presentations	A-14
Appendix D: Speeches for Analysis and Discussion	A-27
Notes	N-1
Index	1