Laying The Foundation-Prepare | |
Introduction to Communication | p. 2 |
Benefits of Communication | p. 4 |
Personal Benefits | p. 4 |
Professional Benefits | p. 5 |
Media Interaction 1.1: Communication Media Source | p. 5 |
Social Benefits | p. 6 |
Media Interaction 1.2: Communication Skills | p. 6 |
Preparing to Participate 1.1: The Benefits of Studying Communication | p. 7 |
The Communication Process | p. 7 |
People | p. 7 |
Messages | p. 8 |
Critical Interaction 1.1: Frame of Reference | p. 8 |
Channel | p. 9 |
Interference | p. 10 |
Feedback | p. 10 |
Context | p. 11 |
Preparing to Participate 1.2: Understanding the Communication Process | p. 11 |
Models of Communication | p. 12 |
Action Model | p. 12 |
Interaction Model | p. 13 |
Transaction Model | p. 13 |
Preparing to Participate 1.3: Modeling Communication | p. 14 |
Critical Interaction 1.2: What Is Communication? | p. 15 |
Themes for the Text | p. 15 |
Communication Competence | p. 15 |
Communication Confidence | p. 16 |
Ethical Communication | p. 16 |
Critical Thinking | p. 16 |
Citizens in a Democracy | p. 17 |
Preparing to Participate 1.4: Putting It All Together | p. 18 |
Summary | p. 18 |
Key Terms | p. 18 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 19 |
Communication Confidence | p. 20 |
Natural Nervousness | p. 22 |
Communication Apprehension Defined | p. 22 |
Preparing to Participate 2.1: Nervousness and Communication Apprehension | p. 23 |
Media Interaction 2.1: Measuring Your Communication Apprehension | p. 23 |
Causes of Communication Apprehension | p. 23 |
Heredity | p. 23 |
Learned Apprehension | p. 24 |
Skills Deficit | p. 24 |
Preparing to Participate 2.2: Causes of Communication Apprehension | p. 25 |
Effects of Communication Apprehension | p. 25 |
Internal Effects | p. 25 |
External Effects | p. 26 |
Preparing to Participate 2.3: Effects of Communication Apprehension | p. 26 |
Managing Communication Apprehension | p. 26 |
Systematic Desensitization | p. 27 |
Congnitive Restructuring | p. 27 |
Critical Interaction 2.1: Worst Case Scenario | p. 28 |
Visualization | p. 29 |
Skills Training | p. 29 |
Preparing to Participate 2.4: Managing Communication Apprehension | p. 30 |
Summary | p. 30 |
Key Terms | p. 31 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 31 |
Ethical Communication | p. 32 |
Ethics and Ethical Communication | p. 34 |
Preparing to Participate 3.1: Defining Ethical Communication | p. 34 |
Ethical Standards | p. 34 |
A Political Perspective | p. 35 |
A Dialogical Perspective | p. 35 |
A Human Perspective | p. 36 |
A Situational Perspective | p. 37 |
Critical Interaction 3.1: Ethical Dilemmas | p. 37 |
Preparing to Participate 3.2: Four Ethical Standards | p. 38 |
Media Interaction 3.1: Ethical Codes in Journalism | p. 38 |
Ethical Credo | p. 38 |
Preparing to Participate 3.3: Understanding Ethical Credos | p. 39 |
Becoming Ethical Producers of Information | p. 40 |
Add to the Body of Knowledge | p. 40 |
Be Credible and Reliable | p. 41 |
Avoid Plagiarism | p. 41 |
Media Interaction 3.2: Avoiding Plagiarism | p. 41 |
Critical Interaction 3.2: Plagiarism Check | p. 42 |
Preparing to Participate 3.4: Becoming an Ethical Producer of Information | p. 42 |
Document Your Resources | p. 42 |
Persuade Ethically | p. 43 |
Becoming Ethical Consumers of Information | p. 43 |
Ethical Norms | p. 44 |
Summary | p. 44 |
Key Terms | p. 45 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 45 |
Listening | p. 46 |
Importance of Listening | p. 48 |
Preparing to Participate 4.1: The Importance of Listening | p. 49 |
Process of Listening | p. 49 |
Hearing | p. 50 |
Understanding | p. 50 |
Remembering | p. 50 |
Interpreting | p. 50 |
Media Interaction 4.1: Interpreting a Message | p. 50 |
Evaluating | p. 51 |
Responding | p. 51 |
Preparing to Participate 4.2: The Listening Process | p. 51 |
Barriers to Listening | p. 51 |
Physical Distractions | p. 52 |
Mental Distractions | p. 52 |
Factual Distractions | p. 52 |
Semantic Distractions | p. 52 |
Preparing to Participate 4.3: Listening Barriers | p. 53 |
Critical Interaction 4.1: Overcoming Listening Barriers | p. 53 |
Types of Listening | p. 53 |
Discriminative Listening | p. 54 |
Comprehensive Listening | p. 54 |
Appreciative Listening | p. 54 |
Empathetic Listening | p. 54 |
Critical Listening | p. 55 |
Preparing to Participate 4.4: Listening Types | p. 55 |
Critical Listening and Critical Thinking | p. 55 |
Preparing to Participate 4.5: Critical Listening and Critical Thinking | p. 56 |
Critical Interaction 4.2: Critical Thinking Self-Assessment (CTSA) | p. 58 |
Improving Your Listening | p. 59 |
Preparing to Participate 4.6: Improving Listening | p. 60 |
Evaluating Messages Using Critical Listening | p. 61 |
Preparing to Participate 4.7: Using Critical | |
Listening to Evaluate Speeches | p. 62 |
Summary | p. 62 |
Key Terms | p. 63 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 63 |
Message Clarity-Present | |
Choosing Topics | p. 64 |
Selecting a Topic | p. 66 |
Generating Ideas | p. 66 |
Narrowing the Topic | p. 68 |
Media Interaction 5.1: Concept Maps | p. 69 |
Preparing to Participate 5.1: Selecting a Topic | p. 70 |
General Purpose | p. 70 |
Speeches to Inform | p. 71 |
Speeches to Persuade | p. 72 |
Preparing to Participate 5.2: General and Specific Purposes | p. 72 |
Speeches to Entertain | p. 73 |
Speeches to Commemorate | p. 73 |
Specific Purpose | p. 73 |
Moving from the General to the Specific Purpose | p. 74 |
Guidelines for the Specific-Purpose Statement | p. 74 |
Critical Interaction 5.1: Specific Purpose-Effective of Ineffective? | p. 75 |
Preparing to Participate 5.3: Guidelines for a Specific-Purpose Statement | p. 76 |
Thesis Statements | p. 76 |
Moving from the Specific Purpose to the Thesis Statement | p. 76 |
Guidelines for Writing a Thesis Statement | p. 78 |
Critical Interaction 5.2: Thesis Statements-Effective or Ineffective? | p. 79 |
Preparing to Participate 5.4: Thesis Statements | p. 79 |
Summary | p. 80 |
Key Terms | p. 80 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 80 |
Analyzing Your Audience | p. 82 |
Considering Your Audience | p. 84 |
Media Interaction 6.1: Coding Commercials | p. 84 |
Preparing to Participate 6.1: Considering Your Audience | p. 85 |
Identifying and Understanding Your Audience | p. 85 |
Analyzing Audience Characteristics | p. 85 |
Preparing to Participate 6.2: Audience Demographics | p. 87 |
Analyzing the Situation | p. 87 |
Preparing to Participate 6.3: The Speaking Situation | p. 89 |
Critical Interaction 6.1: Audience Analysis | p. 90 |
Gathering Information | p. 90 |
Informal Methods | p. 90 |
Formal Methods | p. 91 |
Preparing to Participate 6.4: Gathering Information | p. 92 |
Adapting Your Message | p. 93 |
Media Interaction 6.2: Analyzing Political Rhetoric | p. 93 |
Media Interaction 6.3: Making Audience Connections | p. 94 |
Summary | p. 95 |
Key Terms | p. 95 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 95 |
Integrating Support Material | p. 96 |
Information Literacy | p. 98 |
Preparing to Participate 7.1: Information Literacy | p. 98 |
Developing a Research Strategy | p. 98 |
Create Research Questions | p. 99 |
Critical Interaction 7.1: Developing a Research Strategy | p. 100 |
Generate a List of Synonyms | p. 100 |
Search Information Sources | p. 101 |
Preparing to Participate 7.2: Research Strategies | p. 103 |
Types of Supporting Materials | p. 104 |
Statistics | p. 104 |
Analogies | p. 104 |
Media Interaction 7.1: Learn about Statistics | p. 104 |
Facts | p. 105 |
Examples | p. 105 |
Testimony | p. 106 |
Preparing to Participate 7.3: Types of Supporting Material | p. 107 |
Evaluating Supporting Materials | p. 107 |
Media Interaction 7.2: Evaluating Websites | p. 107 |
Preparing to Participate 7.4: Evaluating Supporting Materials | p. 109 |
Incorporating and Documenting Supporting Materials | p. 110 |
Preparing to Participate 7.5: Oral Citations | p. 111 |
Summary | p. 112 |
Key Terms | p. 112 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 112 |
Organizing Ideas | p. 114 |
Importance of Organizing Your Ideas Clearly | p. 116 |
Preparing to Participate 8.1: Organize Ideas | p. 117 |
Organizing Ideas Strategically | p. 117 |
Chronological Order | p. 118 |
Spatial Order | p. 120 |
Topical Order | p. 120 |
Causal Order | p. 121 |
Preparing to Participate 8.2: Choose an Organizational Pattern | p. 121 |
Critical Interaction 8.1: Organizational Patterns | p. 122 |
Incorporating Transitional Devices | p. 122 |
Transitions | p. 122 |
Internal Previews | p. 123 |
Internal Summaries | p. 123 |
Signposts | p. 124 |
Critical Interaction 8.2: Transitions | p. 125 |
Media Interaction 8.1: Analyzing Organization in Sample Speeches | p. 126 |
Preparing to Participate 8.3: Transitional Devices | p. 126 |
Summary | p. 126 |
Key Terms | p. 127 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 127 |
Outlining the Presentation | p. 128 |
Preparing to Participate 9.1: Importance of Outlining | p. 130 |
Developing A Preparation Outline | p. 130 |
Label the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion as Separate Elements | p. 131 |
Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbols | p. 131 |
Media Interaction 9.1: Outlining Tips | p. 132 |
Include Transitions | p. 132 |
Integrate Supporting Material | p. 132 |
Provide a List of References | p. 132 |
Use Complete Sentences | p. 133 |
Media Interaction 9.2: Style Wizard | p. 133 |
Preparing to Participate 9.2: Preparation Outline | p. 135 |
Sample Preparation Outline with Commentary | p. 135 |
Developing a Speaking Outline | p. 138 |
Critical Interaction 9.1: Outline Formats | p. 139 |
Preparing to Participate 9.3: Speaking Outline | p. 140 |
Sample Speaking Outline with Commentary | p. 140 |
Critical Interaction 9.2: Speaking Outlines | p. 142 |
Summary | p. 142 |
Key Terms | p. 143 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 143 |
Beginning and Ending the Presentation | p. 144 |
Importance of Introductions and Conclusions | p. 146 |
Preparing to Participate 10.1: Importance of Introductions and Conclusions | p. 146 |
Beginning the Presentation | p. 147 |
Capturing Attention | p. 147 |
Media Interaction 10.1: Quotations | p. 148 |
Establishing the Relevance of Your Topic to Your Audience | p. 150 |
Establishing Speaker Credibility | p. 151 |
Previewing the Presentation | p. 151 |
Preparing to Participate 10.2: Goals of an Introduction | p. 152 |
Recommendations for Integrating Elements of the Introduction | p. 152 |
Ending the Presentation | p. 153 |
Providing a Summary | p. 153 |
Providing a Memorable Close | p. 153 |
Preparing to Participate 10.3: Goals of a Conclusions | p. 154 |
Critical Interaction 10.1: Matching Outline | p. 155 |
Summary | p. 156 |
Key Terms | p. 156 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 157 |
Using Appropriate Language | p. 158 |
The Importance of Language | p. 160 |
Critical Interaction 11.1: Name Change | p. 161 |
Preparing to Participate 11.1: Principles of Language | p. 162 |
Oral Style and Written Style | p. 162 |
Preparing to Participate 11.2: Differences Between Oral Style and Written Style | p. 164 |
Choosing Language | p. 164 |
Clarity | p. 164 |
Accuracy | p. 167 |
Critical Interaction 11.2: Active/Passive Voice | p. 167 |
Vividness | p. 168 |
Appropriateness | p. 171 |
Media Interaction 11.1: Speech Analysis | p. 171 |
Media Interaction 11.2: Sample Speech Analysis-Language | p. 171 |
Critical Interaction 11.3: Inclusive Language | p. 171 |
Preparing to Participate 11.3: Effective Word Choice | p. 172 |
Summary | p. 172 |
Key Terms | p. 172 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 173 |
Designing Presentation Aids | p. 174 |
Benefits of Visual Literacy | p. 176 |
Critical Interaction 12.1: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words | p. 176 |
Preparing to Participate 12.1: Visual Literacy | p. 177 |
Types of Presentation Aids | p. 177 |
Written Language | p. 177 |
Data Graphics | p. 179 |
Media Interaction 12.1: Red and Blue States | p. 183 |
Diagrams | p. 183 |
Illustrations/Paintings | p. 184 |
Photographs | p. 184 |
Films/Videos/Animations | p. 186 |
Objects | p. 187 |
Preparing to Participate 12.2: Types of Presentation Aids | p. 187 |
Display Technologies | p. 188 |
Screen | p. 188 |
Preparing to Participate 12.3: Display Technologies | p. 189 |
Paper | p. 189 |
Design Considerations | p. 189 |
Critical Interaction 12.2: Analyzing Figures | p. 189 |
Contrast | p. 190 |
Repetition | p. 190 |
Alignment | p. 190 |
Proximity | p. 190 |
Preparing to Participate 12.4: Design Considerations | p. 191 |
Integrating the Presentation Aid into the Speech | p. 191 |
Preparing to Participate 12.5: Integrating the Presentation Aid | p. 191 |
Media Interaction 12.2: Using Presentation Aids | p. 192 |
Summary | p. 192 |
Key Terms | p. 192 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 192 |
Delivering the Presentation | p. 194 |
Importance of Delivery | p. 196 |
Methods of Delivery | p. 196 |
Preparing to Participate 13.1: Importance of Delivery | p. 197 |
Impromptu | p. 197 |
Manuscript | p. 197 |
Memorized | p. 198 |
Extemporanceous | p. 198 |
Preparing to Participate 13.2: Methods of Delivery | p. 199 |
Verbal Delivery | p. 199 |
Articulation | p. 199 |
Pronunciation | p. 200 |
Volume | p. 200 |
Rate | p. 201 |
Pause | p. 201 |
Pitch | p. 201 |
Vocal Variety | p. 202 |
Preparing to Participate 13.3: Verbal Delivery | p. 203 |
Nonverbal Delivery | p. 203 |
Critical Interaction 13.1: What Did You Say? | p. 203 |
Eye Contact | p. 204 |
Face | p. 204 |
Body | p. 204 |
Movement | p. 206 |
Media Interaction 13.1: Analyzing Delivery in a Sample Speech | p. 206 |
Preparing to Participate 13.4: Nonverbal Delivery | p. 206 |
Critical Interaction 13.2: Sarah Palin at RNC 2008 | p. 207 |
Summary | p. 207 |
Key Terms | p. 208 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 208 |
Constructing Persuasive Messages-Participate | |
Understanding Persuasive Principles | p. 210 |
Why Should I Study Persuasion? | p. 212 |
Media Interaction 14.1: Deadly Persuasion | p. 213 |
Preparing to Participate 14.1: Persuasive Public Speaking | p. 213 |
Persuasive Public Speaking | p. 214 |
Analyzing the Audience | p. 214 |
Developing Persuasive Claims | p. 216 |
Advocating Factual Claims | p. 216 |
Burdens of Proof | p. 216 |
Organizing Speeches on Claims of Fact | p. 217 |
Advocating Value Claims | p. 218 |
Burdens of Proof | p. 219 |
Preparing to Participate 14.2: Fact, Value, and Policy | p. 219 |
Organizing Speeches on Claims of Value | p. 219 |
Advocating Policy Claims | p. 221 |
Burdens of Proofs | p. 221 |
Organizing Speeches on Claims of Policy | p. 223 |
Preparing to Participate 14.3: Organizational Patterns | p. 226 |
Critical Interaction 14.1: Thinking Critically About Fact, Value, and Policy Claims | p. 227 |
Summary | p. 227 |
Key Terms | p. 228 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 228 |
Building Arguments | p. 230 |
Argument Model | p. 232 |
Claims | p. 232 |
Evidence | p. 233 |
Evidence Credibility Statements | p. 233 |
Warrant | p. 234 |
Qualifiers | p. 235 |
Rebuttals | p. 235 |
Preparing to Participate 15.1: Defining Argument | p. 236 |
Persuading Through Logos | p. 236 |
Inductive Reasoning | p. 237 |
Deductive Reasoning | p. 237 |
Causal Reasoning | p. 238 |
Analogical Reasoning | p. 239 |
Persuading Through Ethos | p. 240 |
Factors of Speaker Credibility | p. 240 |
Types of Speaker Credibility | p. 241 |
Persuading Through Pathos | p. 241 |
Developing Emotional Appeals | p. 242 |
Applying Ethics to Emotional Appeals | p. 243 |
Preparing to Participate 15.2: Persuasive Appeals | p. 243 |
Critically Evaluating Arguments for Fallacies | p. 243 |
Ad Hominem | p. 244 |
Bandwagon | p. 244 |
Slippery Slope | p. 244 |
False Dilemma | p. 245 |
Appeal to Authority | p. 245 |
Critical Interaction 15.1: Thinking Critically about Advertisements | p. 246 |
Red Herring | p. 246 |
Media Interaction 15.1: Speptic's Dictionary: Fallacies | p. 246 |
Preparing to Participate 15.3: Fallacies of Reasoning | p. 247 |
Summary | p. 247 |
Key Terms | p. 247 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 248 |
Using Communication in the 21st Century | p. 250 |
Communicating in a Democracy | p. 252 |
Preparing to Participate 16.1: Citizenship | p. 254 |
Use Communication for the Common Good | p. 255 |
Media Interaction 16.1: Political Engagement | p. 257 |
Critical Interaction 16.1: Promoting Political Engagement through Public Speaking/Communication | p. 258 |
Preparing to Participate 16.2: Common Good | p. 259 |
Consuming Messages | p. 259 |
Critical Interaction 16.2: Common, Community, and Communication | p. 259 |
Preparing to Participate 16.3: Consuming Messages | p. 261 |
Summary | p. 261 |
Key Terms | p. 262 |
Additional Engagement Opportunities | p. 262 |
Appendix | p. 265 |
Outline For Informative Speech: Tornadoes | p. 265 |
Outline For Informative Speech: Roman Coliseum | p. 269 |
Outline For Informative Speech: Delta Blues: Where the Soul of Man Never Dies | p. 272 |
Glossary | p. 276 |
Index | p. 285 |
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