Radar Cross Sections

by Knott, Eugene F.; Shaeffer, John F.; Tuley, Michael T.

• ISBN13: 9781891121258
• ISBN10: 1891121251
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-11-01
• Publisher: Scitech Pub Inc

Summary

The leading text and reference on radar cross section (RCS) theory and applications, this work presents a comparison of two radar signal strengths. One is the strength of the radar bean sweeping over a target, the other is the strength of the reflected echo senses by the receiver. This book shows how the RCS "gauge" can be predicted for theoretical objects.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition	v
Preface to the First Edition	vii
Introduction	1	(22)
Overview	1	(2)
Radar Systems	3	(2)
Electromagnetics	5	(2)
RCS Phenomenology	7	(2)
Absorbing Materials	9	(2)
Measurements	11	(2)
Basic Definitions	13	(7)
Summary	20	(3)
References	21	(2)
Radar Fundamentals	23	(40)
Introduction	23	(1)
History of Radar Development	23	(2)
Radar Frequency Bands	25	(2)
Radar System Fundamentals	27	(17)
Basic Radar System Elements	28	(3)
Continuous Wave Radars	31	(1)
Pulsed Radar	32	(2)
Range Discrimination	34	(3)
Angle Discrimination	37	(2)
Doppler Discrimination	39	(3)
An Instrumentation Radar Example	42	(2)
The Radar Range Equation	44	(3)
Derivation of the Radar Range Equation	44	(2)
The Decibel Scale	46	(1)
Radar Detection	47	(7)
The Decision Process	47	(1)
Noise Statistics	48	(1)
Single-Pulse Probability of Detection for a Nonfluctuating Target	49	(3)
Pulse Integration	52	(1)
Detection of Fluctuating Targets	52	(2)
Radar System Performance Examples	54	(5)
L Band Surveillance Radar	54	(2)
Airborne Interceptor Radar	56	(1)
Active Missile Seeker Radar	57	(1)
Performance Summary	58	(1)
Electronic Countermeasures	59	(2)
Summary	61	(2)
References	61	(2)
Physics and Overview of Electromagnetic Scattering	63	(52)
Introduction	63	(1)
Radar Cross Section Definition	64	(10)
IEEE RCS Definition	64	(1)
Intuitive Derivation for Scattering Cross Section	64	(4)
Other Cross-Section Concepts	68	(3)
Polarization Scattering Matrix	71	(3)
Fundamental Scattering Mechanisms	74	(8)
Electromagnetic Wave Fundamentals	74	(4)
The Scattering Process	78	(4)
Scattering Regimes	82	(8)
Low-Frequency Scattering	84	(4)
Resonant Region Scattering	88	(1)
High-Frequency Optics Region	89	(1)
Electromagnetic Theory	90	(22)
Source Quantities for Fields and Maxwell's Equations	90	(6)
Electromagnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials	96	(1)
Wave Equation	97	(4)
Waves at Boundaries	101	(1)
Reflection Coefficients	102	(7)
Wave Reflection from Surface Current Point of View	109	(1)
Stratton-Chu Equations for the Scattered Field	110	(2)
Summary	112	(3)
References	113	(1)
Select Bibliography	113	(2)
Exact Prediction Techniques	115	(68)
Introduction	115	(1)
Classical Modal Solutions	116	(5)
Integral Equation Solutions	121	(19)
EM Integral Equations	124	(4)
Boundary Conditions	128	(1)
Solution Procedures	129	(3)
Scattered Fields	132	(2)
Example Solutions	134	(6)
Phenomenology: Surface Currents, Near Fields, and Imaging	140	(20)
Time-Varying Vectors	140	(3)
Currents	143	(1)
Near Fields	144	(9)
Bistatic Image Analysis Using k Space Formulation	153	(7)
Differential Equation Solutions	160	(14)
Comparisons with High-Frequency Solutions	174	(4)
Summary	178	(5)
References	181	(2)
High-Frequency RCS Prediction Techniques	183	(42)
Overview	183	(2)
Geometric Optics	185	(4)
Physical Optics	189	(11)
Geometrical Theory of Diffraction	200	(3)
A Uniform Asymptotic Theory	203	(3)
The Method of Equivalent Currents	206	(3)
The Physical Theory of Diffraction	209	(5)
The Incremental Length Diffraction Coefficient	214	(2)
The Surface Traveling Wave	216	(5)
Summary	221	(4)
References	223	(2)
Phenomenological Examples of Radar Cross Section	225	(44)
Introduction	225	(5)
Specular Scattering	230	(12)
Surface Waves	242	(8)
Diffraction	250	(6)
Complex Shapes	256	(4)
Natural Targets	260	(4)
Summary	264	(5)
References	267	(2)
Radar Cross Section Reduction	269	(28)
Background	269	(1)
The Four Basic Methods of RCSR	270	(4)
Shaping	271	(1)
Radar Absorbing Materials	271	(1)
Passive Cancellation	272	(1)
Active Cancellation	273	(1)
The Penalties of RCSR	273	(1)
The RCSR Numbers Game	274	(3)
Shaping	277	(17)
Shaping Roadmap and Threat Sectors	279	(1)
Shaping Goals	279	(8)
Other Issues	287	(2)
Some Shaping Examples	289	(2)
Shaping Rule Summary	291	(3)
Summary	294	(3)
Radar Absorbing Materials	297	(64)
Introduction	297	(1)
Electromagnetic Loss Mechanisms	298	(2)
Specular Scattering from Dielectric Multilayers	300	(13)
Thin-Sheet Characterization Using Ohms per Square	301	(2)
Normal Incidence Scattering	303	(3)
Oblique Incidence Scattering	306	(2)
The Wave Matrix Approach to Scattering	308	(2)
An Approximate Scattering Analysis Procedure	310	(3)
Dielectric Multilayer Absorber Design and Performance	313	(14)
Salisbury Screens and Dallenbach Layers	314	(6)
Multilayer Dielectric Absorbers	320	(7)
Circuit Analog RAM and Frequency-Selective Surfaces	327	(7)
Magnetic RAM	334	(5)
Hybrid RAM and Radar Absorbing Structures	339	(4)
Nonspecular RAM	343	(13)
Magnetic and Dielectric Coatings for Surface Wave Control	344	(4)
Tapered Resistive Edge Treatments	348	(8)
Summary	356	(5)
References	357	(4)
Radar Absorber Measurement Techniques	361	(46)
Overview	361	(3)
Transmission Line Theory	364	(9)
Basic Relationships	364	(2)
TEM Lines and Waveguides	366	(5)
Sample Holders	371	(2)
Transmission Line Measurements	373	(14)
Open- and Short-Circuit Measurements	373	(5)
The Network Analyzer and the Scattering Matrix	378	(6)
Time-Domain Reflectometry	384	(3)
Free-Space Methods	387	(8)
The NRL Arch	388	(4)
The RCS Method	392	(3)
Other Methods	395	(10)
Large Waveguides	395	(3)
Interferometers	398	(3)
The Admittance Tunnel	401	(4)
Summary	405	(2)
References	406	(1)
Antenna RCS and RCSR	407	(42)
Introduction	407	(1)
Scattering Fundamentals	408	(9)
A Relationship Between Antenna Gain and Antenna RCS	408	(2)
Fundamental Antenna Scattering Equations	410	(4)
Structural Mode and Antenna Mode Scattering	414	(2)
The Minimum Scattering Antenna	416	(1)
Antenna Scattering Characteristics	417	(17)
Horn Antennas	418	(4)
Reflector Antennas	422	(4)
Spiral Antennas	426	(2)
Microstrip Antennas	428	(4)
Array Antennas	432	(2)
Antenna RCSR	434	(11)
Frequency-Selective Surfaces	434	(3)
Antenna Mode RCSR	437	(6)
Structural Mode RCSR	443	(2)
Summary	445	(4)
References	446	(3)
RCS Measurement Requirements	449	(36)
Measurement Objectives	449	(2)
Types of RCS Measurements	451	(7)
The Farfield Requirements	458	(4)
Great Circle versus Conical Cuts	462	(3)
Target Support Structures	465	(8)
Target-Ground Interactions	473	(6)
Calibration	479	(3)
Summary	482	(3)
References	483	(2)
Outdoor RCS Test Ranges	485	(38)
Overview	485	(1)
Instrumentation	486	(7)
The Ground-Plane Effect	493	(6)
Effect of the Antenna Pattern	499	(5)
Ground Reflection Coefficient	504	(4)
Passive Clutter and Multipath Reduction	508	(2)
Defeating the Ground Plane	510	(2)
Examples of Past and Existing Ranges	512	(9)
Summary	521	(2)
References	522	(1)
Indoor RCS Ranges	523	(24)
Introduction	523	(1)
Chamber Design	524	(8)
Chamber Geometry	525	(3)
RAM for Anechoic Chamber Applications	528	(4)
Compact Ranges	532	(7)
Theory of Operation	533	(2)
Reflector Options	535	(3)
Operating Limitations	538	(1)
Instrumentation	539	(3)
Range Operation	542	(2)
Summary	544	(3)
References	544	(3)
Hip-Pocket RCS Estimation, Data Presentation, and Reduction	547	(54)
Introduction	547	(1)
High-Frequency Scattering by a Complex Target	547	(11)
Phasor Addition	558	(2)
Hip-Pocket Radar Cross Section Estimation	560	(9)
Cylinder Ogive Geometry RCS Estimation	561	(4)
Hypothetical Target Estimation	565	(4)
Data Reduction	569	(4)
RCS Data Requirements	570	(3)
RCS Data Presentation Formats	573	(11)
RCS Values	574	(1)
Polar and Rectangular Plots	575	(1)
Regional or Global RCS Displays	575	(9)
RCS Data Statistical Averaging	584	(8)
Median, Linear, and Geometric Averages	585	(4)
Cumulative Averages	589	(1)
Standard Deviations, Probability Density Functions, and Cumulative Distribution Functions	589	(3)
Artificial Data Example	592	(3)
Data Reduction Recipes	595	(4)
Summary	599	(2)
References	600	(1)
Index	601