Introduction The New Science of Reading | p. 1 |
From Neurons to Education | p. 2 |
Putting Neurons into Culture | p. 3 |
The Mystery of the Reading Ape | p. 4 |
Biological Unity and Cultural Diversity | p. 6 |
A Reader's Guide | p. 7 |
How Do We Read? | p. 11 |
The Eye: A. Poor Scanner | p. 13 |
The Search for Invariants | p. 18 |
Amplifying Differences | p. 21 |
Every Word is a Tree | p. 21 |
The Silent Voice | p. 25 |
The Limits of Sound | p. 29 |
The Hidden Logic of Our Spelling System | p. 31 |
The Impossible Dream of Transparent Spelling | p. 34 |
Two Routes for Reading | p. 38 |
Mental Dictionaries | p. 41 |
An Assembly of Daemons | p. 42 |
Parallel Reading | p. 46 |
Active Letter Decoding | p. 47 |
Conspiracy and Competition in Reading | p. 49 |
From Behavior to Brain Mechanisms | p. 51 |
The Brains Letterbox | p. 53 |
Joseph-Jules Déjerine's Discovery | p. 54 |
Pure Alexia | p. 57 |
A Lesion Revealed | p. 58 |
Modern Lesion Analysis | p. 61 |
Decoding the Reading Brain | p. 65 |
Reading is Universal | p. 69 |
A Patchwork of Visual Preferences | p. 72 |
How Fast Do We Read? | p. 76 |
Electrodes in the Brain | p. 78 |
Position Invariance | p. 82 |
Subliminal Reading | p. 88 |
How Culture Fashions the Brain | p. 93 |
The Brains of Chinese Readers | p. 97 |
Japanese and Its Two Scripts | p. 98 |
Beyond the Letterbox | p. 100 |
Sound and Meaning | p. 104 |
From Spelling to Sound | p. 107 |
Avenues to Meaning | p. 109 |
A Cerebral Tidal Bore | p. 113 |
Brain Limits on Cultural Diversity | p. 116 |
Reading and Evolution | p. 119 |
The Reading Ape | p. 121 |
Of Monkeys and Men | p. 123 |
Neurons for Objects | p. 125 |
Grandmother Cells | p. 129 |
An Alphabet in the Monkey Brain | p. 133 |
Proto-Letters | p. 137 |
The Acquisition of Shape | p. 141 |
The Learning Instinct | p. 142 |
Neuronal Recycling | p. 144 |
Birth of a Culture | p. 148 |
Neurons for Reading | p. 150 |
Bigram Neurons | p. 153 |
A Neuronal Word Tree | p. 158 |
How Many Neurons for Reading? | p. 160 |
Simulating the Reader's Cortex | p. 163 |
Cortical Biases That Shape Reading | p. 164 |
Inventing Reading | p. 171 |
The Universal Features of Writing Systems | p. 173 |
A Golden Section for Writing Systems | p. 176 |
Artificial Signs and Natural Shapes | p. 178 |
Prehistoric Precursors of Writing | p. 180 |
From Counting to Writing | p. 182 |
The Limits of Pictography | p. 184 |
The Alphabet: A Great Leap Forward | p. 190 |
Vowels: The Mothers of Reading | p. 192 |
Learning to Read | p. 195 |
The Birth of a Future Reader | p. 197 |
Three Steps for Reading | p. 199 |
Becoming Aware of Phonemes | p. 200 |
Graphemes and Phonemes: A Chicken and Egg Problem | p. 202 |
The Orthographic Stage | p. 204 |
The Brain of a Young Reader | p. 204 |
The Illiterate Brain | p. 208 |
What Does Reading Make Us Lose? | p. 210 |
When Letters Have Colors | p. 215 |
From Neuroscience to Education | p. 218 |
Reading Wars | p. 219 |
The Myth of Whole-Word Reading | p. 222 |
The Inefficiency of the Whole-Language Approach | p. 225 |
A Few Suggestions for Educators | p. 228 |
The Dyslexic Brain | p. 235 |
What Is Dyslexia? | p. 237 |
Phonological Trouble | p. 238 |
The Biological Unity of Dyslexia | p. 243 |
A Prime Suspect: The Left Temporal Lobe | p. 246 |
Neuronal Migrations | p. 249 |
The Dyslexic Mouse | p. 251 |
The Genetics of Dyslexia | p. 253 |
Overcoming Dyslexia | p. 256 |
Reading and Symmetry | p. 263 |
When Animals Mix Left and Right | p. 267 |
Evolution and Symmetry | p. 269 |
Symmetry Perception and Brain Symmetry | p. 270 |
Dr. Orton's Modern Followers | p. 274 |
The Pros and Cons of a Symmetrical Brain | p. 276 |
Single-Neuron Symmetry | p. 277 |
Symmetrical Connections | p. 280 |
Dormant Symmetry | p. 284 |
Breaking the Mirror | p. 288 |
Broken Symmetry ... or Hidden Symmetry? | p. 289 |
Symmetry, Reading, and Neuronal Recycling | p. 293 |
A Surprising Case of Mirror Dyslexia | p. 294 |
Toward a Culture of Neurons | p. 301 |
Resolving the Reading Paradox | p. 303 |
The Universality of Cultural Forms | p. 304 |
Neuronal Recycling and Cerebral Modules | p. 306 |
Toward a List of Cultural Invariants | p. 308 |
Why Are We the Only Cultural Species? | p. 312 |
Uniquely Human Plasticity? | p. 314 |
Reading Other Minds | p. 315 |
A Global Neuronal Workspace | p. 317 |
Conclusion The Future of Reading | p. 325 |
Acknowledgments | p. 329 |
Notes | p. 331 |
Bibliography | p. 346 |
Index | p. 376 |
Figure Credits | p. 387 |
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