Religions of the World

by Hopfe, Lewis M.; Woodward, Mark R.

• ISBN13: 9780130282545
• ISBN10: 0130282545
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-07-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

For introductory courses in World Religions. Widely adopted for its accessible style and comprehensive, yet concise, presentation, this best-selling introduction to world religions is ideal for students with no previous exposure to the subject. It offers accurate, comparative descriptions of a broad range of religions. In addition to background material on religious theory and study, this text explores living religions in terms of the historical and cultural factors that produced them, the lives of their founders, their basic teachings, and their historical development and current status in the world. Primary source readings with specific representative samples are provided in each chapter.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction Overview	1	(4)
A Definition of Religion	5	(1)
The Universality of Religion	6	(1)
Theories of the Origin of Religions	6	(5)
Animistic Theories	7	(1)
The Nature-Worship Theory	8	(1)
The Theory of Original Monotheism	9	(1)
The Magic Theory	9	(1)
Theories of Religion as Projections of Human Needs	10	(1)
Types of Religions	11	(1)
Basic Religions	11	(1)
Religions Originating in India	12	(1)
Religions Originating in China and Japan	12	(1)
Religions Originating in the Middle East	12	(1)
Study Questions	12	(1)
Basic Religions	13	(57)
Characteristics of Basic Religions	14	(15)
Sources of Information Concerning Basic Religions	15	(1)
Prehistoric Beginnings of Basic Religions	16	(3)
Neanderthal Religion	16	(1)
Cro-Magnon Religion	16	(1)
Neolithic Religion	17	(2)
Common Features of Basic Religions	19	(8)
Animism	19	(2)
Magic	21	(1)
Divination	22	(1)
Taboo	22	(1)
Totems	23	(1)
Sacrifice	24	(1)
Myth	25	(1)
Rituals	25	(1)
Rites of Passage	26	(1)
Ancestor Veneration	27	(1)
Study Questions	27	(1)
Suggested Reading	28	(1)
Native American Religions	29	(20)
The Spirit World	30	(1)
Animism	31	(3)
Contacts with the Spirit World	34	(7)
Sacrifice	34	(1)
Taboos	34	(2)
Ceremonies and Rituals	36	(1)
The Vision Quest	37	(1)
Religious Leadership	38	(1)
Other Means of Contact with the Spirit World	39	(2)
Death and Life After Death	41	(1)
Native American Religions Today	42	(2)
Study Questions	44	(1)
Suggested Reading	45	(1)
Source Material	45	(4)
Native American Myths	45	(1)
Sioux Legend of the Buffalo Maiden	45	(2)
Wooing Wohpe	47	(2)
African Religions	49	(21)
Native Religions	50	(13)
The High God	51	(1)
The Lesser Spirits	52	(2)
Ancestors	54	(1)
Sacrific	55	(2)
Rites of Passage	57	(4)
Religious Leaders	61	(2)
Non-native African Religions	63	(1)
African Religions Today	64	(1)
Study Questions	65	(1)
Suggested Reading	65	(1)
Source Material	65	(5)
An African Divine King	65	(3)
An African Creation Story	68	(2)
Religions Originating in India	70	(97)
Hinduism	71	(44)
The Origins of Hinduism	72	(5)
Pre-Aryan India	72	(2)
The Coming of the Aryans	74	(2)
Aryan Religion	76	(1)
The Vedic Era	77	(13)
The Vedas	77	(4)
The Upanishads	81	(3)
The Law of Manu	84	(3)
Jainism and Buddhism	87	(1)
Bhagavad Gita	88	(2)
Postclassical Hinduism	90	(9)
Devotion to Three Major Gods	91	(4)
Devotion to Knowledge	95	(4)
Muslim Influences in India	99	(1)
Modern Hinduism	100	(4)
Hindu Holy Days	104	(1)
Holi	104	(1)
Divali	105	(1)
Dasehra	105	(1)
Hinduism Today	105	(1)
Study Questions	106	(1)
Suggested Reading	106	(1)
Source Material	107	(8)
Selections from the Rig-Veda	107	(1)
Varunda and Indra	107	(1)
``What God Shall We Adore with Our Oblation?''	108	(1)
Selections from Upanishads	108	(1)
Selections from the Law of Manu	109	(1)
Selections from the Bhagavad Gita	110	(2)
Shankara on the Nature of the Brahman	112	(3)
Jainism	115	(11)
The Life of Mahavira	115	(1)
The Teachings of Jainism	116	(4)
Jain Sects	120	(1)
Jain Festivals	120	(1)
Paijusana	121	(1)
Divali	121	(1)
Jainism Today	121	(1)
Study Questions	122	(1)
Suggested Reading	122	(1)
Source Material	122	(4)
A Jain Parable: The Man in the Well	122	(2)
Jain Respect for Life	124	(2)
Buddhism	126	(29)
The Life of Gautama	126	(5)
The Teachings of the Buddha	131	(1)
The Development of Buddhism	132	(1)
Theravada Buddhism	133	(2)
Mahayana Buddhism	135	(10)
The Principles of Mahayana	135	(2)
The Spread of Mahayana Buddhism	137	(1)
Mahayanist Sects	137	(5)
Tibetan Buddhism	142	(3)
Buddhist Festivals and Holy Days	145	(1)
New Year	146	(1)
Buddha's Birthday	146	(1)
The Festival of Souls (Ullambana)	146	(1)
The Robe Offering	146	(1)
Buddhism Today	146	(2)
Study Questions	148	(1)
Suggested Reading	148	(1)
Source Material	149	(6)
Gautama Speaks of His Ascetic Practices	149	(2)
The Buddha Explains the Eightfold Path	151	(1)
The Infinite Compassion of the Bodhisattva	152	(1)
The Importance of Sitting	153	(2)
Sikhism	155	(12)
The Life of Nanak	155	(2)
The Teachings of Nanak	157	(1)
The Historical Development of Sikhism	158	(1)
Divisions Within Sikhism	159	(1)
Sikh Religious Life	160	(1)
Sikh Holy Days	161	(1)
Sikhism Today	161	(1)
Study Questions	162	(1)
Suggested Reading	162	(1)
Source Material	162	(5)
The Japji	162	(5)
Religions Originating in China and Japan	167	(52)
Chinese Religions	168	(34)
Basic Chinese Religious Concepts	170	(4)
Recongnition of Multiple Gods and Spirits	170	(1)
Yin and Yang	171	(1)
Filial Piety and Ancestor Worship	171	(1)
Divination	172	(1)
Development of Belief in the Shang Ti	172	(1)
Decline of the Feudal System	173	(1)
Taoism	174	(8)
The Life of Lao-tzu	174	(1)
The Tao Te Ching	175	(1)
Teachings of the Taoist Philosophers	175	(4)
Schools that Rivaled the Early Taoists	179	(1)
Later Development of Taoism	180	(2)
Confucianism	182	(8)
The Life of Confucius	183	(1)
The Teachings of Confucius	184	(3)
The Development of Confucianism	187	(3)
Traditional Chinese Holidays	190	(1)
Chinese New Year	190	(1)
Pure and Bright Festival	190	(1)
The Dragon Boat Festival	191	(1)
All Soul's Day	191	(1)
Autumn Harvest Festival	191	(1)
Winter Holidays	191	(1)
Taoism and Confucianism Today	191	(2)
Study Questions	193	(1)
Suggested Reading	193	(1)
Source Material	193	(9)
Selections from Sacred Chinese Literature	193	(1)
Tao Te Ching	193	(3)
The Analects of Confucious	196	(3)
The Meaning and Value of Rituals	199	(3)
Shinto	202	(17)
Japanese Mythology	203	(1)
The History of Shinto	204	(5)
Shinto Prior to 300 C.E.	204	(1)
Chinese Influence on Shinto	204	(2)
The Revival of Shinto	206	(3)
The Modern Era	209	(1)
Three Forms of Shinto	209	(4)
State Shinto	209	(2)
Sectarian Shinto	211	(1)
Domestic Shinto	212	(1)
Japanese Festivals	213	(1)
New Year (Shogatsu)	213	(1)
Buddha's Birthday	214	(1)
All Soul's Day (Ullambana)	214	(1)
Autumn Festival (Niiname-sai)	214	(1)
Shinto Today	214	(1)
Study Questions	215	(1)
Suggested Reading	215	(1)
Source Material	215	(4)
Shinto Myths	215	(1)
Myths Regarding the Plain of High Heaven	216	(3)
Religions Originationg in the Middle East	219	(160)
Zoroastrianism	220	(20)
Pre-Zoroastrian Persian Religion	220	(2)
The Life of Zoroaster	222	(1)
The Teachings of Zoroaster	223	(8)
The Nature of God	223	(2)
The God of Evil	225	(1)
The Nature of Humankind	226	(1)
The Destiny of Humankind	227	(2)
Zoroastrian Ethics	229	(1)
Zoroastrian Worship	229	(2)
Historical Development of Zoroastrianism	231	(3)
Zoroastrian Holy Days	234	(1)
The Jasans	234	(1)
New Year's Day (No Ruz)	234	(1)
Seasonal Feasts (Gahambars)	234	(1)
All Souls' Day (Muktad)	234	(1)
Zoroastrianism Today	235	(1)
Study Questions	235	(1)
Suggested Reading	235	(1)
Source Material	236	(4)
Zoroastrian Eschatology	236	(2)
Zoroastrian Dualism	238	(2)
Judaism	240	(38)
Biblical Patriarchs	241	(2)
Exodus	243	(2)
Sinai and the Law	245	(1)
Post-Sinai Religious Institutions	245	(1)
Religion in the Time of the Hebrew Monarchy	246	(2)
The Temple	246	(1)
The Prophetic Movement	247	(1)
Exile and Return	248	(2)
Diaspora	250	(5)
The Synagogue	250	(2)
The Mishnah	252	(1)
The Talmud	253	(2)
Medieval Judaism	255	(4)
Judaism and Islam	255	(1)
Judaism in Spain	256	(1)
Judaism in Other European Nations	257	(1)
The Crusades	257	(1)
The Kabbalah	257	(2)
Judaism and the Modern World	259	(1)
Responses to Modernity	260	(8)
Shabbatai Zevi	260	(1)
Mendelssohn	260	(1)
Baal Shem Tov	260	(1)
Reform Judaism	261	(1)
Zionism	262	(1)
The Holocaust	263	(2)
The State of Israel	265	(1)
Current Variations in Judaism	265	(3)
Jewish Festivals and Holy Days	268	(2)
Sabbath (Shabbat)	268	(1)
Passover (Pesach)	268	(1)
The Feast of Weeks (Shavuot)	269	(1)
New Year (Rosh Hashanah)	269	(1)
The Day of Atonement (Yom KIppur)	269	(1)
The Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot)	269	(1)
The Feast of Dedication (Chanukah)	269	(1)
The Feast of Lots (Purim)	270	(1)
The Son of the Commandment (Bar Mitzvah)	270	(1)
Judaism Today	270	(1)
Study Questions	271	(1)
Suggested Reading	272	(1)
Source Material	272	(6)
Selections from Hebrew Scriptures	272	(1)
Deuteronomy	273	(1)
The Psalms, Book 1	274	(1)
Micah	275	(1)
The Mishnah: Pesahim (The Feast of Passover)	276	(2)
Christianity	278	(51)
The World of the First Century C.E.	278	(2)
The Life and Teachings of Jesus	280	(8)
Early Christianity	288	(8)
The Jerusalem Church	288	(1)
The Life of Paul	289	(1)
The Worship of the Early Church	290	(1)
Leadership in the Early Church	291	(2)
The Production of the New Testament	293	(1)
Early Theological Controversies	294	(2)
Growth of the Church of Rome	296	(3)
Emergence of Christianity as the Religion of the Roman Empire	296	(1)
Augustine	297	(1)
The Monastic Movement	298	(1)
Medieval Christianity	299	(3)
Division Between Eastern and Western Christianity	299	(2)
The Medieval Papacy	301	(1)
Thomas Aquinas	302	(1)
The Protestant Reformation	302	(6)
Early Reform Movements	303	(1)
Martin Luther	303	(2)
Ulrich Zwingli	305	(1)
John Calvin	305	(1)
Other Reformation Leaders and Movements	306	(2)
Modern Christianity	308	(3)
The Catholic Counter-Reformation	308	(2)
Catholic Dogmas Since the Counter-Reformation	310	(1)
Vatican II	311	(1)
Modern Movements	311	(3)
Modern Protestant Movements	311	(2)
The Missionary Movement	313	(1)
The Ecumenical Movement	313	(1)
The Christian Calendar and Holy Days	314	(2)
Sunday	314	(1)
Advent, Christmas, and Epiphany	315	(1)
Easter	315	(1)
Pentecost	316	(1)
Christianity Today	316	(2)
Study Questions	318	(1)
Suggested Reading	318	(1)
Source Material	318	(11)
Selections from the new Testament	318	(1)
Sermon on the Mount	319	(3)
Romans	322	(2)
I Corinthians	324	(2)
Revelations	326	(1)
The Martydom of Perpetua and Felicitas	326	(3)
Islam	329	(38)
Pre-Islamic Arab Religion	329	(2)
The Life of Muhammad	331	(4)
The Qur'an	335	(4)
The Nature of God	336	(2)
Predestination	338	(1)
Eschatology	339	(1)
Religious Institutions	339	(6)
The Mosque	339	(1)
The Five Pillars	340	(3)
Islam and Women	343	(1)
Islamic Taboos	344	(1)
Jihad	345	(1)
The Spread of Islam	345	(2)
The Caliphate	347	(1)
Variations Within Islam	348	(4)
The Sunnis	348	(1)
The Shiites	349	(1)
The Mystical Element	350	(2)
Islam in the Modern World	352	(3)
Muslim Calendar and Holy Days	355	(1)
Feast of Fast-Breaking (`Id al-Fitr)	355	(1)
Feast of Sacrifice (`Id al-Adha)	355	(1)
New Year	355	(1)
Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (Mawlid an-Nabi)	356	(1)
Islam Today	356	(1)
Study Questions	357	(1)
Suggested Reading	357	(1)
Source Material	358	(9)
The Muslim Vision of Allah	358	(3)
The Prescriptions of Islam	361	(3)
On the Day of Judgement	364	(3)
Baha'i	367	(12)
Origin and Development of Baha'i	367	(1)
The Teachings of Baha'i	368	(4)
Baha'i Practices	372	(2)
Baha'i Calendar and Holy Days	374	(1)
Baha'i Today	375	(1)
Study Questions	375	(1)
Suggested Reading	376	(1)
Source Material	376	(1)
Selections from the Writings of Bahaullah	376	(3)
Glossary	379	(10)
Credits	389	(2)
Index	391